Unveiling the Potential of iMarkers: Invisible Fiducial Markers for Advanced Robotics

Fiducial markers are widely used in various robotics tasks, facilitating enhanced navigation, object recognition, and scene understanding. While offering significant advantages for robots and Augmented Reality (AR) applications, they normally disrupt the visual aesthetics of environments because they are visible to humans, making them unsuitable for many everyday use cases. To address this gap, this paper presents iMarkers—innovative, unobtrusive fiducial markers detectable exclusively by robots and AR devices equipped with adequate sensors and detection algorithms. These markers offer high flexibility in production, allowing customization of their visibility range and encoding algorithms to suit various demands. The paper also introduces the hardware designs and open-sourced software algorithms developed for detecting iMarkers, highlighting their adaptability and robustness in the detection and recognition stages. Various evaluations have demonstrated the effectiveness of iMarkers compared to conventional (printed) and blended fiducial markers and confirmed their applicability in diverse robotics scenarios.