Gossamer space structures; International collaboration; Lightsails; Solar sails; Space exploration; Space sails; Drag sails; Historical review; International collaborations; Lightsail; Membrane reflectors; Planned missions; Power; Space explorations; Space sail; Aerospace Engineering; Mechanics of Materials; Mechanical Engineering
Abstract :
[en] Space sails are a continuum of lightweight, thin, large-area, deployable technologies which are pushing forward new frontiers in space mobility and exploration. They encompass solar sails, laser-driven sails, drag sails, magnetic sails, electric sails, deployable membrane reflectors, deployable membrane antennas, and solar power sails. Some have been flight tested with operational heritage, while some are concepts planned to reach maturity in the coming decades. The number of flown and planned missions has increased rapidly in the past fifteen years. In this context, it is time to recognise the advantages of space sails for supporting the achievement of a wide range of major space exploration goals. This paper evaluates, for the first time, synergies between the broad spectrum of space sail technologies, and major space exploration ambitions around the world. The study begins by looking to the past, performing a global, historical review of space sails and related enabling technologies. The current state of the art is mapped against this technological heritage. Looking to the future, a review of major space exploration goals in the next decades is conducted, highlighting domains where space sails may offer transformational opportunities. It is hoped that this paper will further the ongoing transition of space sails from a promising flight-proven technology into a go-to component of space mission programme planning.
Disciplines :
Aerospace & aeronautics engineering
Author, co-author :
Berthet, Maximilien ; University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Schalkwyk, James ; Breakthrough Initiatives, Moffett Field, United States
Çelik, Onur ; Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
Sengupta, Debdut ; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Fujino, Ken ; University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
HEIN, Andreas ; University of Luxembourg > Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SNT) > SPASYS
Tenorio, Luciana ; Future Design Labs, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Tokyo, Japan
Cardoso dos Santos, Josué ; Institute of Space and Astronautical Science/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, Japan ; University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, United States
Worden, S. Peter ; Breakthrough Initiatives, Moffett Field, United States
Mauskopf, Philip D. ; Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
Miyazaki, Yasuyuki ; Institute of Space and Astronautical Science/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, Japan
Funaki, Ikkoh ; Institute of Space and Astronautical Science/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, Japan
Tsuji, Shinjiro; University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Fil, Piotr ; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Suzuki, Kojiro ; University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt
Funding text :
To identify expected future space sailing-applied and -applicable activities, one indicator is the number of projects supported by the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) programme. This provides insight into early-stage research and development areas which are well-positioned to grow further. NIAC projects are funded by STMD in line with envisioned future priorities in NASA Technology Strategy. Between 2015 and 2024, at least 12 projects have been supported by NIAC in which space sailing mission concepts, material studies, and related ideas were present (some have been supported multiple times or at multiple stages). 5 5 One example is an exoplanet imaging mission from the solar gravitation lens, with 16 small spacecraft equipped with a 1000 m area solar sail [268] . Another is a diffractive solar sail project investigating more efficient use of the technology [106] . A project awarded funding in 2024 consists of a swarm of laser-driven picospacecraft for coordinated, autonomous exploration of the Alpha Centauri system [269] .To progress beyond research and development, a movement towards commercialisation of space sails for near-Earth applications is being promoted, including by space agencies. For instance, the French private company Gama, founded in 2020, has been supported by CNES and DLR to develop its series of solar sails. One was launched into LEO in 2023, and multiple successor missions are planned for 2025-2030 [39] . Japanese private company Cosmobloom, founded in 2023, is offering consulting services for gossamer space structure development and utilisation, including for applications like space solar power in Earth orbit and starshades for astronomical observation. These build on the founders\u2019 heritage in solar sail, solar power sail, and deployable antenna development, with support from advisors at JAXA [331] . German private company HPS GmbH, in collaboration with ESA and DLR, is developing a commercial European passive de-orbit sail system for LEO satellites, as part of a portfolio of thin-film membrane space structures including deployable membrane reflector antennas and thin-film sunshades [128] . Finnish company Aurora Propulsion Technologies is commercialising the plasma brake electric sail, with applications both for de-orbit from LEO and for exploration in deep space, and has been supported by an ESA Business Incubator Centre programme [328] . This trend towards the commercialisation of space sails is expected to continue. Space agencies are playing an important role in this regard, by providing funding (e.g., awarding contracts), a favourable regulatory environment (e.g., stricter de-orbit requirements, thereby prompting investments into drag sail technologies), and other incentives for space sail research and development. Looking to the future, more and more space sail systems are expected to become commercial off-the-shelf components, leading to significantly wider adoption in the space industry.The authors wish to thank the University of Tokyo's Deep Space Education Program (DESP) and the Breakthrough Initiatives for hosting the international symposium \u201CLarge Area Structures and Light: A Pathway to New Frontiers in Space?\u201D, in Kashiwa, Japan, in September 2023. Ideas exchanged, conversations held, and acquaintances made during the symposium provided the groundwork for this study. The University of Tokyo's Graduate School of Frontier Sciences (GSFS), Science Communications Improvement Lab (SCIL), and the University of Tokyo's Kashiwa Campus Library are gratefully acknowledged for contributing to positive outcomes of the event. Kyran Grattan is warmly thanked for assisting with project management. The anonymous reviewer helped to increase the quality of the manuscript, and the authors appreciate their constructive comments.
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