scarcity cues; dark patterns; user experience; benevolence; countdown timers; task load; Human-Computer Interaction; General Social Sciences; Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Developmental and Educational Psychology
Disciplines :
Social & behavioral sciences, psychology: Multidisciplinary, general & others
BONGARD-BLANCHY, Kerstin ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences > Team Vincent KOENIG
DISTLER, Verena ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences > Team Vincent KOENIG
DOUBLET, Sophie ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences (DBCS) > Cognitive Science and Assessment
KOENIG, Vincent ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences > Team Vincent KOENIG
External co-authors :
yes
Language :
English
Title :
Running out of time(rs): effects of scarcity cues on perceived task load, perceived benevolence and user experience on e-commerce sites
Aggarwal, P., S. Y. Jun, and J. H. Huh. 2011. “ Scarcity Messages.” Journal of Advertising 40 (3): 19–30. https://doi.org/10.2753/JOA0091-3367400302.
Aguinis, H., R. K. Gottfredson, and S. A. Culpepper. 2013. “ Best-practice Recommendations for Estimating Cross-level Interaction Effects Using Multilevel Modeling.” Journal of Management 39 (6): 1490–1528. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313478188.
Armstrong, J. S., and T. S. Overton. 1977. “ Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys.” Journal of Marketing Research 14 (3): 396–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377701400320.
Auinger, A., W. Wetzlinger, and L. Schwarz. 2016, July 17–22. “ The Influence of Trust Building User Interface Elements of Web Shops on E-Trust." HCI in Business, Government, and Organizations: eCommerce and Innovation: Third International Conference, HCIBGO 2016, Held as Part of HCI International 2016, Toronto, Canada.
Babakus, E., and G. W. Boller. 1992. “ An Empirical Assessment of the SERVQUAL Scale.” Journal of Business Research 24 (3): 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(92)90022-4.
Baraković, S., and L. Skorin-Kapov. 2017. “ Survey of Research on Quality of Experience Modelling for Web Browsing.” Quality and User Experience 2 (1): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41233-016-0003-0.
Beggs, J. N. 2016. “ Private-sector nudging: the good, the bad, and the uncertain.” In Nudge Theory in Action: Behavioral Design in Policy and Markets, 125–158. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bergman, K. 2021. Dark patterns: malicious interface design from a users' perspective (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Utrecht.
Biraglia, A., B. Usrey, and A. Ulqinaku. 2021. “ The Downside of Scarcity: Scarcity Appeals Can Trigger Consumer Anger and Brand Switching Intentions.” Psychology & Marketing 38 (8): 1314–1322. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.v38.8.
Blanca Mena, M. J., R. Alarcón Postigo, J. Arnau Gras, R. Bono Cabré, and R. Bendayan. 2017. “ Non-normal Data: Is ANOVA Still a Valid Option.” Psicothema 29 (4): 552–557. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.383.
Bohnsack, R., and M. M. Liesner. 2019. “ What the Hack? A Growth Hacking Taxonomy and Practical Applications for Firms.” Business Horizons 62 (6): 799–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.09.001.
Bongard-Blanchy, K., A. Rossi, S. Rivas, S. Doublet, V. Koenig, and G. Lenzini. 2021, June. “ I am Definitely Manipulated, Even When I am Aware of it. It’s Ridiculous! - Dark Patterns from the End-User Perspective.” Proceedings of ACM DIS Conference on Designing Interactive Systems. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3461778.3462086.
Bösch, C., B. Erb, F. Kargl, H. Kopp, and S. Pfattheicher. 2016, October. “ Tales From the Dark Side: Privacy Dark Strategies and Privacy Dark Patterns.” Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies2016 (4): 237–254. https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2016-0038.
Branaghan, R. J., and C. A. Sanchez. 2008, Sep 22–26. “ Feedback, Subjective Time Estimates, and User Satisfaction." Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting, New York, NY, USA.
Branding, B. M. 2019. “Man Wearing White Crew-Neck Shirt and Black Denim Jeans with Hands in Pocket Photo.” https://unsplash.com/photos/7WE1LbSc4zM.
Browne, W., and M. S. Jones. 2017. “What Works in e-commerce-a Meta-analysis of 6700 Online Experiments.” Qubit Digital Ltd, 21.
Burke, M., A. Hornof, E. Nilsen, and N. Gorman. 2005. “ High-cost Banner Blindness: Ads Increase Perceived Workload, Hinder Visual Search, and are Forgotten.” ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 12 (4): 423–445. https://doi.org/10.1145/1121112.1121116.
Calawen, D. S. 2022. Dark patterns: effect on overall user experience and site revisitation (Unpublished master's thesis). Technological University Dublin.
Caraban, A., E. Karapanos, D. Gonçalves, and P. Campos. 2019. “ 23 Ways to Nudge: A Review of Technology-Mediated Nudging in Human-Computer Interaction." Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–15. Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
Chen, S. C., and G. S. Dhillon. 2003. “ Interpreting Dimensions of Consumer Trust in E-commerce.” Information Technology and Management 4 (2): 303–318. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022962631249.
Cialdini, R. B. 2009. Influence: Science and Practice (Vol. 4). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
Competition & Markets Authority. 2022. “Online Choice Architecture. How Digital Design Can Harm Competition and Consumers.” https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/online-choice-architecture-how-digital-design-can-harm-competition-and-consumers.
Costello, F. J., J. Yun, and K. C. Lee. 2022. “Digital Dark Nudge: An Exploration of When Digital Nudges Unethically Depart.” In Proceedings of the 55th hawaii international conference on system sciences.
Doney, P. M., and J. P. Cannon. 1997. “ An Examination of the Nature of Trust in Buyer–seller Relationships.” Journal of Marketing 61 (2): 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299706100203.
Duanea, J. N. 2021. “Designing Ethical Nudges For E-Commerce Sites: A Pilot Study.” In Academy of management proceedings (Vol. 2021, p. 15485).
European Consumer Organization. 2022. “Dark Patterns” and the EU Consumer Law Acquis. Recommendations for Better Enforcement and Reform.” https://www.beuc.eu/publications/dark-patterns-and-eu-consumer-law-acquis/html.
Finstad, K. 2010. “ Response Interpolation and Scale Sensitivity: Evidence Against 5-point Scales.” Journal of Usability Studies 5 (3): 104–110.
Flavián, C., M. Guinalíu, and R. Gurrea. 2006, January. “ The Role Played by Perceived Usability, Satisfaction and Consumer Trust on Website Loyalty.” Information & Management 43 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2005.01.002.
Friedrich, T., and K. Figl. 2018. “Consumers' Perceptions of Different Scarcity Cues on E-commerce Websites.” Proceedings of the 39th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), San Francisco, USA.
Ghose, A., H. A. Lee, K. Nam, and W. Oh. 2023. “ EXPRESS: The Effects of Pressure and Self-Assurance Nudges on Product Purchases and Returns in Online Retailing: Evidence From a Randomized Field Experiment.” Journal of Marketing Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222437231180494.
Gierl, H., M. Plantsch, and J. Schweidler. 2008. “ Scarcity Effects on Sales Volume in Retail.” The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 18 (1): 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593960701778077.
Goldstein, D. G., S. Suri, R. P. McAfee, M. Ekstrand-Abueg, and F. Diaz. 2014. “ The Economic and Cognitive Costs of Annoying Display Advertisements.” Journal of Marketing Research 51 (6): 742–752. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.13.0439.
Gray, C. M., J. Chen, S. S. Chivukula, and L. Qu. 2021, October. “ End User Accounts of Dark Patterns As Felt Manipulation.” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5 (2): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3479516.
Gray, C. M., Y. Kou, B. Battles, J. Hoggatt, and A. L. Toombs. 2018, April. “The Dark (Patterns) Side of UX Design.” Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–14. ACM.
Hagtvedt, H., and V. M. Patrick. 2009. “ The Broad Embrace of Luxury: Hedonic Potential As a Driver of Brand Extendibility.” Journal of Consumer Psychology 19 (4): 608–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2009.05.007.
Hancock, P. A., and J. Weaver. 2005. “ On Time Distortion Under Stress.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 6 (2): 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639220512331325747.
Hanson, J. D., and D. A. Kysar. 1999. “ Taking Behavioralism Seriously: The Problem of Market Manipulation.” New York University Law Review 74: 630.
Harman, H. H., and H. H. Harman. 1976. Modern Factor Analysis. University of Chicago Press.
Hart, S. G. 2006. “NASA-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX); 20 Years Later.” In Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting (Vol. 50, pp. 904–908).
Hart, S. G., and L. E. Staveland. 1988. “Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research.” In Advances in psychology (Vol. 52, pp. 139–183). Elsevier.
Hassenzahl, M. 2001. “ The Effect of Perceived Hedonic Quality on Product Appealingness.” International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 13 (4): 481–499. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327590IJHC1304_07.
Hassenzahl, M. 2003. “The Thing and I: Understanding the Relationship Between User and Product.” In Funology (pp. 31–42). Springer.
Hassenzahl, M., M. Burmester, and F. Koller. 2003. “AttrakDiff: Ein Fragebogen zur Messung Wahrgenommener Hedonischer und Pragmatischer Qualität.” In Mensch & computer 2003 (pp. 187–196). Springer.
Hausmann, O. 2020. “Man in White Button up Shirt Standing During Daytime.” https://unsplash.com/photos/fbwPvGN6U1Y.
Helmers, C., P. Krishnan, and M. Patnam. 2019. “ Attention and Saliency on the Internet: Evidence From An Online Recommendation System.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 161: 216–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.04.010.
Hong, W., J. Y. Thong, and K. Y. Tam. 2007. “ How Do Web Users Respond to Non-banner-ads Animation? The Effects of Task Type and User Experience.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 58 (10): 1467–1482. https://doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)1532-2890.
Hornuf, L., and S. Mangold. 2022. “Digital Dark Nudges.” In Diginomics research perspectives: the role of digitalization in business and society (pp. 89–104). Springer.
Jang, W. E., Y. J. Ko, J. D. Morris, and Y. Chang. 2015. “ Scarcity Message Effects on Consumption Behavior: Limited Edition Product Considerations.” Psychology & Marketing 32 (10): 989–1001. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20836.
Katner, K., and R. Jianu. 2019. “The Effectiveness of Nudging in Commercial Settings and Impact on User Trust.” In Extended abstracts of the 2019 chi conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1–6).
Khemani, R., and D. Shapiro. 1993. “Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law, Compiled by, Commissioned by the Directorate for Financial, Fiscal and Enterprise Affairs.” OECD, Retrieved from: http://www.oecd.org.
Koschate-Fischer, N., and S. Gartner. 2015, April. “ Brand Trust: Scale Development and Validation.” Schmalenbach Business Review 67 (2): 171–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03396873.
Krishnamoorthy, K., F. Lu, and T. Mathew. 2007. “ A Parametric Bootstrap Approach for ANOVA with Unequal Variances: Fixed and Random Models.” Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 51 (12): 5731–5742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2006.09.039.
Kristofferson, K., B. McFerran, A. C. Morales, and D. W. Dahl. 2017. “ The Dark Side of Scarcity Promotions: How Exposure to Limited-quantity Promotions Can Induce Aggression.” Journal of Consumer Research 43 (5): 683–706. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucw056.
Kumar, N., L. K. Scheer, and J. B. E. Steenkamp. 1995. “ The Effects of Supplier Fairness on Vulnerable Resellers.” Journal of Marketing Research 32 (1): 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224379503200107.
Larzelere, R. E., and T. L. Huston. 1980. “ The Dyadic Trust Scale: Toward Understanding Interpersonal Trust in Close Relationships.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 42 (3): 595–604. https://doi.org/10.2307/351903.
Lee, Y., A. N. Chen, and V. Ilie. 2012. “ Can Online Wait Be Managed? The Effect of Filler Interfaces and Presentation Modes on Perceived Waiting Time Online.” Mis Quarterly 36 (2): 365–394. https://doi.org/10.2307/41703460.
Lee, E. M., J. O. Jeon, Q. Li, and H. H. Park. 2015. “ The Differential Effectiveness of Scarcity Message Type on Impulse Buying: A Cross-cultural Study.” Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science 25 (2): 142–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/21639159.2015.1012811.
Lembcke, T. B., N. Engelbrecht, A. B. Brendel, and L. Kolbe. 2019. “To Nudge or Not to Nudge: Ethical Considerations of Digital Nudging based on Its Behavioral Economics Roots.”
Li, C., Y. Wang, X. Lv, and H. Li. 2021. “ To Buy Or Not to Buy? The Effect of Time Scarcity and Travel Experience on Tourists' Impulse Buying.” Annals of Tourism Research 86: 103083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103083.
Lin, X., M. Featherman, S. L. Brooks, and N. Hajli. 2019. " Exploring Gender Differences in Online Consumer Purchase Decision Making: An Online Product Presentation Perspective.” Information Systems Frontiers 21 (5): 1187–1201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-018-9831-1.
Lissitz, R. W., and S. B. Green. 1975. “ Effect of the Number of Scale Points on Reliability: A Monte Carlo Approach.” Journal of Applied Psychology 60 (1): 10. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076268.
Luguri, J., and L. J. Strahilevitz. 2021, March. “ Shining a Light on Dark Patterns.” Journal of Legal Analysis 13 (1): 43–109. https://doi.org/10.1093/jla/laaa006.
Lynn, M. 1991. “ Scarcity Effects on Value: A Quantitative Review of the Commodity Theory Literature.” Psychology & Marketing 8 (1): 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6793.
Mansikka, H., K. Virtanen, and D. Harris. 2019. “ Comparison of NASA-TLX Scale, Modified Cooper–Harper Scale and Mean Inter-beat Interval As Measures of Pilot Mental Workload During Simulated Flight Tasks.” Ergonomics 62 (2): 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2018.1471159.
Mathur, A., G. Acar, M. J. Friedman, E. Lucherini, J. Mayer, M. Chetty, and A. Narayanan. 2019, November. “ Dark Patterns At Scale: Findings From a Crawl of 11K Shopping Websites.” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3 (CSCW): 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359183.
Mathur, A., M. Kshirsagar, and J Mayer. 2021, May. “What Makes a Dark Pattern…Dark?: Design Attributes, Normative Considerations, and Measurement Methods.” In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1–18). ACM.
Mavlanova, T., R. Benbunan-Fich, and G. Lang. 2016. “ The Role of External and Internal Signals in E-commerce.” Decision Support Systems 87: 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2016.04.009.
Mayer, J. D., and Y. N. Gaschke. 1988. “ The Experience and Meta-experience of Mood.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 (1): 102. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.1.102.
Mejtoft, T., C. Ristiniemi, U. Söderström, and E Mårell-Olsson. 2019. “User Experience Design and Digital Nudging in A Decision Making Process.”
Mertens, S., M. Herberz, U. J. Hahnel, and T. Brosch. 2022. “ The Effectiveness of Nudging: A Meta-analysis of Choice Architecture Interventions Across Behavioral Domains.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119 (1): e2107346118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2107346118.
Meyer, C. 2018. “Man Standing on Edge Photo.” https://unsplash.com/photos/EqK8AOpesjw.
Mills, S. 2020. “ Nudge/sludge Symmetry: on the Relationship Between Nudge and Sludge and the Resulting Ontological, Normative and Transparency Implications.” Behavioural Public Policy7: 309–332. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2020.61.
Mirsch, T., C. Lehrer, and R. Jung. 2018. “Making Digital Nudging Applicable: The Digital Nudge Design Method.”
Moser, C., S. Y. Schoenebeck, and P. Resnick. 2019, May. “Impulse Buying: Design Practices and Consumer Needs.” In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1–15). ACM.
Nemoto, T., and D. Beglar. 2014. “Likert-Scale Questionnaires.” In Jalt 2013 conference proceedings (pp. 1–8).
Nielsen, J. 1994. “Usability Inspection Methods.” In Conference companion on human factors in computing systems (pp. 413–414).
Oliveira, T., M. Alhinho, P. Rita, and G. Dhillon. 2017. “ Modelling and Testing Consumer Trust Dimensions in E-commerce.” Computers in Human Behavior 71: 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.050.
Osborne, J. W., and A. Overbay. 2004. “ The Power of Outliers (and why Researchers Should Always Check for them).” Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation 9 (1): 6. https://doi.org/10.7275/qf69-7k43.
Peiris, P. M., D. Kulkarni, and C. R. de Silva Mawatha. 2015. “ Implications of Trust and Usability on E-Commerce Adoption.” International Journal of Business & Information 10 (4).
Podsakoff, P. M., S. B. MacKenzie, J. Y. Lee, and N. P. Podsakoff. 2003. “ Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: a Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies.” Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (5): 879. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879.
Redd. 2016. “Man Wearing Brown Fitted Jeans and Sneakers Standing on Road at Daytime Photo.” https://unsplash.com/photos/jC7nVH_Sw8k.
Revilla, M. A., W. E. Saris, and J. A. Krosnick. 2014. “ Choosing the Number of Categories in Agree–disagree Scales.” Sociological Methods & Research 43 (1): 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124113509605.
Roy, M. C., O. Dewit, and B. A. Aubert. 2001. “ The Impact of Interface Usability on Trust in Web Retailers.” Internet Research 11 (5): 388–398. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662240110410165.
Saeng, N. 2019. “Man Standing Near Post Photo.” https://unsplash.com/photos/pcvz4AJdllI.
Schins, M. 2014. “The Influence of Quantity Scarcity and Time Restrictions on Consumer Preference and Purchase Intention.” Management, Economics and Consumer Studies.
Schrepp, M., A. Hinderks, and J. Thomaschewski. 2017a. “ Construction of a Benchmark for the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ).” International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence 4 (4): 40–45. https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2017.445.
Schrepp, M., A. Hinderks, and J. Thomaschewski. 2017b. “ Design and Evaluation of a Short Version of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ-S).” International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence 4 (6): 103–108. https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2017.09.001.
Seckler, M., S. Heinz, S. Forde, A. N. Tuch, and K. Opwis. 2015. “ Trust and Distrust on the Web: User Experiences and Website Characteristics.” Computers in Human Behavior 45: 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.064.
Sergeeva, A., B. Rohles, V. Distler, and V. Koenig. 2023. “We Need a Big Revolution in Email Advertising': Users' Perception of Persuasion in Permission-based Advertising Emails.” In Proceedings of the 2023 chi conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1–21).
Shuey, K. N. 2014. The Effects of Discount Level and Scarcity on the Perceived Product Value in e-mail Advertising (Unpublished master's thesis). Texas Tech University.
Simola, J., J. Kuisma, A. Öörni, L. Uusitalo, and J. Hyönä. 2011. “ The Impact of Salient Advertisements on Reading and Attention on Web Pages.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied17 (2): 174. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024042.
Sin, R., T. Harris, S. Nilsson, and T. Beck. 2022. “ Dark Patterns in Online Shopping: Do they Work and Can Nudges Help Mitigate Impulse Buying.” Behavioural Public Policy 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2022.11.
Smith Jr, E. V., M. B. Wakely, R. E. De Kruif, and C. W. Swartz. 2003. “ Optimizing Rating Scales for Self-efficacy (and Other) Research.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 63 (3): 369–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164403063003002.
Song, M., S. Choi, and J. Moon. 2021. “ Limited Time Or Limited Quantity? The Impact of Other Consumer Existence and Perceived Competition on the Scarcity Messaging-Purchase Intention Relation.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management47: 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.03.012.
Stevens, C., and D. Bavelier. 2012. “ The Role of Selective Attention on Academic Foundations: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective.” Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 2: S30–S48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2011.11.001.
Sugden, R., M. Wang, and D. J. Zizzo. 2019. “ Take it Or Leave it: Experimental Evidence on the Effect of Time-limited Offers on Consumer Behaviour.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 168: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.09.008.
Sunstein, C. R. 2017. “ Nudges that Fail.” Behavioural Public Policy 1 (1): 4–25. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2016.3.
Thaler, R. H. 2018. Nudge, Not Sludge (Vol. 361). American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Thaler, R. H., and C. R. Sunstein. 2009. Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Penguin.
Tiemessen, J. 2022. The time is ticking: the effect of deceptive countdown timers on consumers' buying behavior and experience (Unpublished master's thesis). Radbound University.
Todri, V., A. Ghose, and P. V. Singh. 2020. “ Trade-offs in Online Advertising: Advertising Effectiveness and Annoyance Dynamics Across the Purchase Funnel.” Information Systems Research 31 (1): 102–125. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2019.0877.
Vaithiyanathan, S. 2020. “Man in White t-shirt and Black Pants Standing on White Floor Photo.” https://unsplash.com/photos/ylHcWlrMlzs.
van der Lans, R., R. Pieters, and M. Wedel. 2021. “ Online Advertising Suppresses Visual Competition During Planned Purchases.” Journal of Consumer Research 48 (3): 374–393. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucab017.
Voigt, C., S. Schlögl, and A. Groth. 2021. “Dark Patterns in Online Shopping: Of Sneaky Tricks, Perceived Annoyance and Respective Brand Trust.” In HCI in business, government and organizations (pp. 143–155).
Wang, E. Y., L. H. N. Fong, N. S. T. Lo, and F. Shi. 2021. “ My Deal Expires Soon: Can Time Restriction and Exclusivity Induce Clickthrough in Hospitality Promotional Offers.” International Journal of Hospitality Management 92: 102711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102711.
Weijters, B., E. Cabooter, and N. Schillewaert. 2010. “ The Effect of Rating Scale Format on Response Styles: The Number of Response Categories and Response Category Labels.” International Journal of Research in Marketing 27 (3): 236–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2010.02.004.
whereslugo. 2017. “Man Wearing Black Shirt and Gray Jacket with Pants While Running into Plain Field.” https://unsplash.com/photos/IQBp2Dy9TJQ.
Widmer, P. S., N. K. Semmer, W. Kälin, N. Jacobshagen, and L. L. Meier. 2012. “ The Ambivalence of Challenge Stressors: Time Pressure Associated with Both Negative and Positive Well-being.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 80 (2): 422–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.09.006.
Winegeart, K. 2020. “Man in Maroon Long Sleeve Shirt and Blue Denim Jeans.” https://unsplash.com/photos/karOfdL_-5g.
Wu, W. Y., H. Y. Lu, Y. Y. Wu, and C. S. Fu. 2012. “ The Effects of Product Scarcity and Consumers' Need for Uniqueness on Purchase Intention.” International Journal of Consumer Studies 36 (3): 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijc.2012.36.issue-3.
Yoo, C. Y., and K. Kim. 2005. “ Processing of Animation in Online Banner Advertising: The Roles of Cognitive and Emotional Responses.” Journal of Interactive Marketing 19 (4): 18–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/dir.20047.
