Satellite and Mobile Network Operator Cooperation Models for Efficient Handover in 6G-TN-NTN

Cooperation between satellite and mobile network operators enables the integration of non-terrestrial (NTN) satellite networks with terrestrial (TN) networks, allowing users to seamlessly switch from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) to Satellite Network Operators (SNOs) in areas with limited MNO coverage or during high-speed travel. However, mobility issues, such as connection failures, the Ping-Pong effect, and high interruption times, can occur during these transitions. This paper examines various cooperation models, including roaming and handover protocols, and proposes key enhancements to these models to reduce service interruption time. It also discusses the use of machine learning (ML) techniques to reduce the above mobility issue and increase the success rate of cooperation among network operators.