[en] Secondary education can be a challenging environment for autistic students. Previous investigations show that autistic learners go through negative and distressful school experiences, possibly due to a lack of identification and understanding of their unique needs. Yet, research on the needs of autistic students, and particularly from their own perspective, is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to distinguish different need‐profiles for autistic males in the Netherlands and Mexico (n = 44), two countries with an inclusive educational approach. Using Q‐methodology, a combined quantitative and qualitative technique, we were able to identify three groups of autistic males with distinct need‐profiles in each country. In this paper, we explore the similarities and differences between the most and least pressing needs of these groups of learners. Notably, autistic students across factors and countries had a strong need for teachers' understanding of their autism and the implications it has for the way they learn. Our findings indicate that there are several ways teachers can best support autistic male adolescents in mainstream secondary education.
Disciplines :
Education & enseignement
Auteur, co-auteur :
ESQUEDA VILLEGAS, Maria Fernanda ; University of Luxembourg ; Department of Inclusive and Special Needs Education, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
Van Der Steen, Steffie ; Department of Inclusive and Special Needs Education, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
Minnaert, Alexander ; Department of Inclusive and Special Needs Education, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
Co-auteurs externes :
yes
Langue du document :
Anglais
Titre :
The needs of autistic male students in secondary education in the Netherlands and Mexico: A Q‐methodology study
American Psychiatric Association. (2022) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
Anderson, C., Wood, C.I., Franklin, L., Iampieri, A. & Sarsony, C. (2024) “Getting autism”: educators, parents, and autistic adults and teens reflect on the importance of teachers who understand. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1–18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-024-06353-y
Ashburner, J., Ziviani, J. & Rodger, S. (2010) Surviving in the mainstream: capacity of children with autism spectrum disorders to perform academically and regulate their emotions and behavior at school. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(1), 18–27. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.07.002
Aubineau, M. & Blicharska, T. (2020) High-functioning autistic students speak about their experience of inclusion in mainstream secondary schools. School Mental Health, 12(3), 537–555. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-020-09364-z
Bak, M.Y.S., Dueñas, A.D., Reilly, A.M., Pan, Q. & Abas, H. (2023) The demographics of autistic individuals in social communication evidence-based practice: a systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1–13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-023-00424-z
Baldwin, S. & Costley, D. (2016) The experiences and needs of female adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 20(4), 483–495. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315590805
Banasick, S. (2019) KADE: a desktop application for Q methodology. Journal of Open Source Software, 4(36), 1360. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01360
Binelli, C. & Rubio-Codina, M. (2013) The returns to private education: evidence from Mexico. Economics of Education Review, 36, 198–215. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.06.004
Bolourian, Y., Losh, A., Hamsho, N., Eisenhower, A. & Blacher, J. (2022) General education teachers’ perceptions of autism, inclusive practices, and relationship building strategies. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(9), 3977–3990. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05266-4
Brede, J., Remington, A., Kenny, L., Warren, K. & Pellicano, E. (2017) Excluded from school: autistic students’ experiences of school exclusion and subsequent re-integration into school. Autism & Developmental Language Impairments, 2. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/2396941517737511
Brown, S.R. (1980) Political subjectivity: applications of Q methodology in political science. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Buijsman, R., Begeer, S. & Scheeren, A.M. (2023) ‘Autistic person’ or ‘person with autism’? Person-first language preference in Dutch adults with autism and parents. Autism, 27(3), 788–795. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221117914
Campbell, M., Hwang, Y.-S., Whiteford, C., Dillon-Wallace, J., Ashburner, J., Saggers, B. et al. (2017) Bullying prevalence in students with autism Spectrum disorder. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 41(2), 101–122. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/jse.2017.5
Civitillo, S., Moor, J.d. & Vervloed, M.P.J. (2016) Pre-service teachers' beliefs about inclusive education in the Netherlands: An exploratory study. Support for Learning, 31, 104–121. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9604.12119
Costley, D., Emerson, A., Ropar, D. & Sheppard, E. (2021) The anxiety caused by secondary schools for autistic adolescents: In their own words. Education in Science, 11(11), 726.
Cridland, E.K., Jones, S.C., Caputi, P. & Magee, C.A. (2014) Being a girl in a boys’ world: investigating the experiences of girls with autism Spectrum disorders during adolescence. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(6), 1261–1274. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1985-6
Crompton, C.J., Hallett, S., Axbey, H., McAuliffe, C. & Cebula, K. (2023) ‘Someone like-minded in a big place’: autistic young adults' attitudes towards autistic peer support in mainstream education. Autism, 27(1), 76–91. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221081189
Dean, M., Kasari, C., Shih, W., Frankel, F., Whitney, R., Landa, R. et al. (2014) The peer relationships of girls with ASD at school: comparison to boys and girls with and without ASD. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 55(11), 1218–1225. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12242
Diario Oficial de la Federación. (2011) Ley General para la Inclusión de las Personas con Discapacidad. [General Law for the Inclusion of People with Disability]. Ciudad de México. Available from: https://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LGIPD.pdf
Diario Oficial de la Federación. (2015) Ley General para la Atención y Protección a Personas con la Condición del Espectro Autista. [General Law for the Attention and Protection of People with Autism Spectrum Condition]. Ciudad de México. Available from: https://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LGAPPCEA_270516.pdf
Diario Oficial de la Federación. (2016) Reglamento de la Ley General para la Atención y Protección a Personas con la Condición del Espectro Autista. [Regulation of the General Law for the Attention and Protection of People with Autism Spectrum Condition]. Ciudad de México. Available from: https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5445374&fecha=21/07/2016#gsc.tab=0
Esqueda Villegas, F., van der Steen, S. & Minnaert, A. (2022) Interactions between teachers and students with autism spectrum disorder in mainstream secondary education: fundamental, yet under-researched. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11(2), 442–457. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-022-00346-2
Esqueda Villegas, F., van der Steen, S., van Dijk, M., Esqueda Villegas, D.A. & Minnaert, A. (2025) Teacher-student interactions of autistic adolescents: relationships between teacher autonomy support, structure, involvement and student engagement. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-025-06723-0
Excelsior. (2019) OCDE revela que 70% de niños en primaria y secundaria sufre acoso escolar Excelsior. Available from: https://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/ocde-revela-que-70-de-ninos-en-primaria-y-secundaria-sufre-acoso-escolar/1309900
Fleury, V.P., Hedges, S., Hume, K., Browder, D.M., Thompson, J.L., Fallin, K. et al. (2014) Addressing the academic needs of adolescents with autism Spectrum disorder in secondary education. Remedial and Special Education, 35(2), 68–79. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932513518823
García-Cedillo, I., Romero-Contreras, S. & Ramos-Abadie, L. (2015) Where do Mexico and Chile stand on inclusive education? International Journal of Special Education, 30(2), 145–156.
Gobierno de México. (2022) Indicadores nacionales de la mejora continua de la educación en México. Cifras del ciclo escolar 2020-2021 [National Indicators of Continuous Improvement in Education in Mexico. Figures from the 2020–2021 school year]. Comisión Nacional para la Mejora Continua de la Educación. Available from: https://www.mejoredu.gob.mx/images/publicaciones/indicadores-nacionales-2022.pdf
Goodall, C. (2018) ‘I felt closed in and like I couldn't breathe’: a qualitative study exploring the mainstream educational experiences of autistic young people. Autism & Developmental Language Impairments, 3, 1–16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/2396941518804407
Goodall, C. (2019) ‘There is more flexibility to meet my needs’: educational experiences of autistic young people in mainstream and alternative education provision. Support for Learning, 34(1), 4–33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9604.12236
Goodall, C. & MacKenzie, A. (2019) What about my voice? Autistic young girls’ experiences of mainstream school. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 34(4), 499–513. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2018.1553138
Gubbels, J., Coppens, K.M. & de Wolf, I. (2018) Inclusive education in the Netherlands: how funding arrangements and demographic trends relate to dropout and participation rates. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 22(11), 1137–1153. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2017.1416684
Haar, T., Brownlow, C., Hall, G., Heyworth, M., Lawson, W., Poulsen, R. et al. (2024) ‘We have so much to offer’: community members’ perspectives on autism research. Autism. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613241248713
Hasson, L., Keville, S., Gallagher, J., Onagbesan, D. & Ludlow, A.K. (2024) Inclusivity in education for autism spectrum disorders: experiences of support from the perspective of parent/carers, school teaching staff and young people on the autism spectrum. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 70(2), 201–212. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2022.2070418
Horgan, F., Kenny, N. & Flynn, P. (2023) A systematic review of the experiences of autistic young people enrolled in mainstream second-level (post-primary) schools. Autism, 27(2), 526–538. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221105089
Howe, F.E.J. & Stagg, S.D. (2016) How sensory experiences affect adolescents with an autistic Spectrum condition within the classroom. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(5), 1656–1668. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2693-1
Humphrey, N. & Hebron, J. (2015) Bullying of children and adolescents with autism spectrum conditions: a ‘state of the field’ review. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 19(8), 845–862. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2014.981602
Inspectorate of Education. (2023) The State of Education 2023. Available from: https://english.onderwijsinspectie.nl/documents/annual-reports/2023/5/31/state-of-education-2023
Irvine, B., Elise, F., Brinkert, J., Poole, D., Farran, E.K., Milne, E. et al. (2024) ‘A storm of post-it notes’: experiences of perceptual capacity in autism and ADHD. Neurodiversity, 2. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/27546330241229004
Jarman, B. & Rayner, C. (2015) Asperger's and girls: what teachers need to know. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 39(2), 128–142. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/jse.2015.7
Kenny, L., Hattersley, C., Molins, B., Buckley, C., Povey, C. & Pellicano, E. (2016) Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community. Autism, 20(4), 442–462. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315588200
Lavin, C.E., Francis, G.L., Mason, L.H. & LeSueur, R.F. (2022) Perceptions of inclusive education in Mexico City: an exploratory study. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 69(3), 1065–1079. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2020.1749572
Lebenhagen, C. (2024) Autistic students’ views on meaningful inclusion: a Canadian perspective. Journal of Education, 204(1), 13–28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/00220574221101378
Lebenhagen, C. & Dynia, J. (2024) Factors affecting autistic students’ school motivation. Education Sciences, 14(5), 527.
Lee, B. (2017) The fundamentals of Q-methodology. Journal of Research Methodology, 2(2), 57–95. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21487/jrm.2017.11.2.2.57
Lei, J., Jones, L. & Brosnan, M. (2021) Exploring an e-learning community's response to the language and terminology use in autism from two massive open online courses on autism education and technology use. Autism, 25(5), 1349–1367. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320987963
Lundberg, A., de Leeuw, R. & Aliani, R. (2020) Using Q methodology: sorting out subjectivity in educational research. Educational Research Review, 31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100361
Lundberg, A. & de Leeuw, R.R. (2024) Introducing and discussing the virtual special issue on using Q methodology in higher education. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2023.100301
Lundy, L. (2007) ‘Voice’ is not enough: conceptualising article 12 of the United Nations convention on the rights of the child. British Educational Research Journal, 33(6), 927–942. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920701657033
Maïano, C., Normand, C.L., Salvas, M.-C., Moullec, G. & Aimé, A. (2016) Prevalence of school bullying among youth with autism Spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism Research, 9(6), 601–615. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1568
Martínez-González, A.E., Cervin, M. & Piqueras, J.A. (2022) Relationships between emotion regulation, social communication and repetitive behaviors in autism Spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(10), 4519–4527. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05340-x
McKeown, B. & Thomas, D. (1988) Q methodology, Second edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
McKeown, B. & Thomas, D. (2013) Q Methodology. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384412
McKinlay, J., Wilson, C., Hendry, G. & Ballantyne, C. (2022) “It feels like sending your children into the lions' den” – a qualitative investigation into parental attitudes towards ASD inclusion, and the impact of mainstream education on their child. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 120, 104128. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104128
Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. (2007) The education system in the Netherlands 2007. Dutch Eurydice Unit, Ministry of Education, Culture and Science.
Minnaert, A. (2013) Goals are motivational researchers’ best friend, but to what extent are achievement goals and achievement goal orientations also the best friend of educational outcomes? International Journal of Educational Research, 61, 85–89. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2013.08.002
Montt, G. (2011) Cross-national differences in educational achievement inequality. Sociology of Education, 84(1), 49–68. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040710392717
OECD. (2012) Education at a glance 2012: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1787/eag-2012-en
OECD. (2021) Education at a glance 2021: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1787/b35a14e5-en
OECD. (2024a) Netherlands, in education at a glance 2024: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. Available from: https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?plotter=h5&primaryCountry=NLD&treshold=5&topic=EO
OECD. (2024b) Mexico, in education at a glance 2024: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. Available from: https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=MEX&treshold=10&topic=EO
OECD. (2024c) PISA 2022 results (volume V): learning strategies and attitudes for life. Paris: OECD Publishing, Paris. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1787/c2e44201-en
Pellicano, E., Dinsmore, A. & Charman, T. (2014) What should autism research focus upon? Community views and priorities from the United Kingdom. Autism, 18(7), 756–770. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361314529627
Portway, S. & Johnson, B. (2003) Asperger syndrome and the children who' Don't quite fit. Early Child Development and Care, 173(4), 435–443. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/0300443032000079113
Ramlo, S. (2016) Mixed method lessons learned from 80 years of Q methodology. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 10(1), 28–45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689815610998
Ravet, J. (2018) ‘But how do I teach them?’: Autism & Initial Teacher Education (ITE). International Journal of Inclusive Education, 22(7), 714–733. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2017.1412505
Remington, A., Hanley, M., O'Brien, S., Riby, D.M. & Swettenham, J. (2019) Implications of capacity in the classroom: simplifying tasks for autistic children may not be the answer. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 85, 197–204. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.12.006
Roberts, J. & Simpson, K. (2016) A review of research into stakeholder perspectives on inclusion of students with autism in mainstream schools. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 20(10), 1084–1096. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2016.1145267
Saggers, B. (2015) Student perceptions: improving the educational experiences of high school students on the autism spectrum. Improving Schools, 18(1), 35–45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480214566213
Saggers, B., Campbell, M., Dillon-Wallace, J., Ashburner, J., Hwang, Y.-S., Carrington, S. et al. (2017) Understandings and experiences of bullying: impact on students on the autism spectrum. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 41(2), 123–140. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/jse.2017.6
Saggers, B., Tones, M., Dunne, J., Trembath, D., Bruck, S., Webster, A. et al. (2019) Promoting a collective voice from parents, educators and allied health professionals on the educational needs of students on the autism Spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(9), 3845–3865. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04097-8
Salceanu, C. (2020) Development and inclusion of autistic children in public schools. BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 11(1), 14–31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/11.1/12
Samson, A.C., Huber, O. & Gross, J.J. (2012) Emotion regulation in Asperger's syndrome and high-functioning autism. Emotion, 12(4), 659–665. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027975
SEP. (2014) Tercera Encuesta Nacional sobre Exclusión, Intolerancia y Violencia en Escuelas de Educación Media Superior [Third National Survey on Exclusion, Intolerance, and Violence in Upper Secondary Education Schools]. Available from: https://www.inee.edu.mx/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Tercera-Encuesta-Nacional.pdf
Shemmings, D. & Ellingsen, I.T. (2012) Using Q methodology in qualitative interviews. In: Gubrium, J.F., Holstein, J., Marvasti, A.B. & McKinney, K.D. (Eds.) The SAGE handbook of interview research: The complexity of the craft, 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218403
Soto-Chodiman, R., Pooley, J.A., Cohen, L. & Taylor, M.F. (2012) Students with ASD in mainstream primary education settings: teachers' experiences in Western Australian classrooms. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 36(2), 97–111. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/jse.2012.10
Sproston, K., Sedgewick, F. & Crane, L. (2017) Autistic girls and school exclusion: perspectives of students and their parents. Autism & Developmental Language Impairments, 2. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/2396941517706172
Statistics Netherlands. (2022) Nearly 240 thousand bullying victims in 2021. Available from: https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2022/28/nearly-240-thousand-bullying-victims-in-2021
Stephenson, J., Browne, L., Carter, M., Clark, T., Costley, D., Martin, J. et al. (2021) Facilitators and barriers to inclusion of students with autism spectrum disorder: parent, teacher, and principal perspectives. Australasian Journal of Special and Inclusive Education, 45(1), 1–17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/jsi.2020.12
Sterzing, P.R., Shattuck, P.T., Narendorf, S.C., Wagner, M. & Cooper, B.P. (2012) Bullying involvement and autism spectrum disorders: prevalence and correlates of bullying involvement among adolescents with an autism Spectrum disorder. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 166(11), 1058–1064. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.790
Tamm, L., Duncan, A., Vaughn, A., McDade, R., Estell, N., Birnschein, A. et al. (2020) Academic needs in middle school: perspectives of parents and youth with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(9), 3126–3139. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03995-1
UNESCO. (2017) Ensuring the right to equitable and inclusive quality education. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Available from: https://www.right-to-education.org/sites/right-to-education.org/files/resource-attachments/Unesco_Ensuring_the_right_to_equitable_and_inclusive_quality_education_2017_en.pdf
UNESCO. (2019) Behind the numbers: Ending school violence and bullying. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://doi.org/10.54675/TRVR4270
UNICEF. (2019) Panorama Estadístico de la Violencia Contra Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes en México [Statistical Overview of Violence Against Girls, Boys, and Adolescents in Mexico]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/mexico/media/1731/file/UNICEF%20PanoramaEstadistico.pdf
van Doodewaard, C. & Knoppers, A. (2021) Shaping students for inclusion: a gift and a project. Dutch preservice teachers and the complexity of inclusive teaching practices in physical education. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 28(8), 1–16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2021.1991493
Watts, S. & Stenner, P. (2012) Doing Q methodological research: Theory, method and interpretation. London: Sage Publications. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446251911
Wendelspiess, F. (2010) Do children in private Schools learn more than in public Schools? Evidence from Mexico. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Available from: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30506/