Energiemanagement in Haushalten: Nutzung von smarten Technologien für thermische und elektrische Anwendungen

In the context of the energy and heat transition, households will no longer be passive energy con-sumers but active elements in the entire energy system: as energy producers, storage and consum-ers. To play this active role, digital, smart technologies such as Home Energy Management Sys-tems are needed. This paper addresses two current fields of application for energy management in households: electrical and thermal. The field of electrical applications is concerned with the topic of bidirectional charging of battery electrical vehicles (BEV), in particular with the vehicle-to-home (V2H) concept. The context for this study is a modern single-family home with its own photovoltaic and electric heat pump gen-eration system. A V2H simulation tool was developed to model the system, which methodically analyses various scenarios and sensitivities based on a typical reference household. The results of the study demonstrate that, in comparison to a unidirectional BEV, a bidirectional V2H system can enhance the degree of self-sufficiency. Further findings can be summarized as follows: The degree of self-sufficiency is influenced by a number of factors, including the charging power and charging strategies, as well as the availability of the BEV. The contribution of the simulation is a modular tool that can be used to assess potential and further develop V2H concepts. Furthermore, the results of this study confirm existing research findings and highlight the need for further de-velopment of this innovative technology. This work also addresses the field of thermal energy management in households. As space heating represents the largest energy consumption in households, an empirical application test was con-ducted in which 14 flats in an apartment block were almost completely equipped with smart home technologies. This included the installation of 63 smart thermostats. The readings from the smart thermostats enabled the development of a new measurement method for analysing and evaluating heating behaviour, which was not previously possible at this high resolution. In addition to the target and actual temperature, the smart thermostats also provided other data points, including the valve opening and relative humidity. Various heating types were derived from this extensive data, which enabled a correlated assessment of the heating behaviour with the actual monthly energy consumption. This represents a novel approach to assessing heating behaviour, which can be used for targeted feedback to users. The test group demonstrated a saving in comparison to the control group during the heating period between November 2023 and January 2024. The savings were not attributed to the smart thermo-stats, but rather to individual heating behaviour. This finding supports the hypothesis that users require more information for efficient heating and can be supported in this by the data collection methodology developed. It is essential that consumers have an understanding of their own energy consumption patterns, including the potential for optimisation. Furthermore, it is important to un-derstand the components of consumption.