Orthogonal-state-based Measurement Device Independent Quantum Communication

We attempt to propose the first orthogonal-state-based protocols of measurement-device-independent quantum
secure direct communication and quantum dialogue employing single basis, i.e., Bell basis as decoy qubits for
eavesdropping detection. Orthogonal-state-based protocols are inherently distinct from conventional conjugatecoding
protocols, offering unconditional security derived from the duality and monogamy of entanglement. Notably,
these orthogonal-state-based protocols demonstrate improved performance over conjugate-coding based
protocols under certain noisy environments, highlighting the significance of selecting the best basis choice of decoy
qubits for secure quantum communication under collective noise. Furthermore, we rigorously analyze the security
of the proposed protocols against various eavesdropping strategies, including intercept-and-resend attack,
entangle-and-measure attack, information leakage attack, flip attack, and disturbance or modification attack.
Our findings also show that, with appropriate modifications, the proposed orthogonal-state-based measurementdevice-
independent quantum secure direct communication protocol can be transformed into orthogonal-statebased
measurement-device-independent versions of quantum key distribution protocols, expanding their applicability.
Our protocols leverage fundamentally distinct resources to close the security loopholes linked to measurement
devices, while also effectively doubling the distance for secure direct message transmission compared
to traditional quantum communication methods.