Student Teachers’ Judgments of Students’ Academic and Social Characteristics: Exploring the Roles of Teaching Motivation and Students’ Socioeconomic Status - 2026
Student Teachers’ Judgments of Students’ Academic and Social Characteristics: Exploring the Roles of Teaching Motivation and Students’ Socioeconomic Status
[en] We explored preservice teachers’ judgments of students from various socioeconomic backgrounds and the relationships between these judgments and preservice teachers’ motivation for becoming teachers. In an experimental vignette study, preservice teachers judged a welfare student less favorable than students with low and high socioeconomic status (SES), respectively. Four motivational profiles emerged—most preservice teachers were highly motivated, balanced, or altruistic, whereas a few were extrinsically motivated. Altruistic, balanced, and extrinsically motivated teachers judged the academic performance of high-SES student most favorably, whereas most extrinsically motivated teachers judged welfare students unfavorable in general.. However, the altruistic and intrinsic profiles did not support the ratings of welfare students.
Research center :
Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education (FLSHASE) > Luxembourg Centre for Educational Testing (LUCET)
Disciplines :
Education & instruction
Author, co-author :
Shevchuk, Anna; University of Freiburg > Department of Educational Science, Faculty of Economics and Behavioral Sciences
PIT-TEN CATE, Ineke ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > LUCET
Dickert, Janina; University of Wuppertal > Institute of Educational Research, School of Education
Glock, Sabine; University of Wuppertal > Institute of Educational Research, School of Education
External co-authors :
yes
Language :
English
Title :
Student Teachers’ Judgments of Students’ Academic and Social Characteristics: Exploring the Roles of Teaching Motivation and Students’ Socioeconomic Status
Alba, R. D., J., Handl, and W., Müller. 2017. “Ethnische Ungleichheit im deutschen Bildungssyste [Ethnic Disparities in the German School System].” KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift Für Soziologie Und Sozialpsychologie69 (Supplement 1): 619–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-017-0421-x.
Auwarter, A. E., and M. S., Aruguete. 2008. “Effects of Student Gender and Socioeconomic Status on Teacher Perceptions.” The Journal of Educational Research101 (4): 243–246. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.101.4.243-246.
Bachsleitner, A., R., Lämmchen, and K., Maaz. 2022. Soziale Ungleichheit des Bildungserwerbs von der Vorschule bis zur Hochschule. Eine Forschungssynthese zwei Jahrzehnte nach PISA. Waxmann Verlag GmbH. https://doi.org/10.25656/01.
Baker, J. A., R. W., Kamphaus, A. M., Horne, and A. P., Winsor. 2006. “Evidence for Population-Based Perspectives on Children’s Behavioral Adjustment and Needs for Service Delivery in Schools.” School Psychology Review35 (1): 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2006.12088000.
Bandura, A., 1977. “Self-Efficacy: Toward an Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change.” Psychological Review84 (2): 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191.
Bergey, B. W., and J., Ranellucci. 2021. “Motivation Profiles of Urban Preservice Teachers: Relations to Socialization, Initial Career Perceptions, and Demographics.” Contemporary Educational Psychology64 (December): 101936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101936.
Bergmark, U., S., Lundström, L., Manderstedt, A., Palo, U., Bergmark, S., Lundström, L., Manderstedt, and A., Palo. 2018. “Why Become a Teacher? Student Teachers’ Perceptions of the Teaching Profession and Motives for Career Choice.” European Journal of Teacher Education41 (3): 266–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2018.1448784.
Blossfeld, H.-P., S., Buchholz, J., Skopek, and M., Triventi. 2016. “Preface.” In Models of Secondary Education and Social Inequality: An International Comparison, edited by H.-P., Blossfeld, S., Buchholz, J., Skopek, and M., Triventi, XXXI–XXXII. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Bonefeld, M., 2022. “Reflexion Eigener Stereotype als Motor zur Nachhaltigen Stereotypreduktion bei Angehenden Lehrkräften.” In Stereotype in der Schule II: Ursachen und Möglichkeiten der Intervention, edited by S., Glock, 341–377. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
Bonefeld, M., and O., Dickhäuser. 2018. “(Biased) Grading of Students’ Performance: Students’ Names, Performance Level, and Implicit Attitudes.” Frontiers in Psychology9 (481): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00481.
Brandmiller, C., H., Dumont, and M., Becker. 2020. “Teacher Perceptions of Learning Motivation and Classroom Behavior: The Role of Student Characteristics.” Contemporary Educational Psychology63 (101893): 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101893.
Burić, I., and L. E., Kim. 2020. “Teacher Self-Efficacy, Instructional Quality, and Student Motivational Beliefs: An Analysis Using Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling.” Learning and Instruction66:101302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2019.101302.
Canaan, S., 2020. “The Long-Run Effects of Reducing Early School Tracking.” Journal of Public Economics187 (104206): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104206.
Canrinus, E. T., M., Helms-Lorenz, D., Beijaard, J., Buitink, and A., Hofman. 2011. “Profiling Teachers’ Sense of Professional Identity.” Educational Studies37 (5): 593–608. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2010.539857.
Cheadle, J. E., and P. R., Amato. 2011. “A Quantitative Assessment of Lareau’s Qualitative Conclusions About Class, Race, and Parenting.” Journal of Family Issues32 (5): 679–706. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X10386305.
Chwastek, S., B., Leyendecker, A., Heithausen, C., Ballero Reque, and J., Busch. 2021. “Pre-School Teachers’ Stereotypes and Self-Efficacy Are Linked to Perceptions of Behavior Problems in Newly Arrived Refugee Children.” Frontiers in Psychiatry11 (January): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.574412.
Combette, L. T., E., Camenen, J. Y., Rotge, and L., Schmidt. 2021. “Identified Motivation as a Key Factor for School Engagement During the Covid-19 Pandemic-Related School Closure.” Frontiers in Psychology12:752650. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.752650.
Dæhlen, M., 2015. “School Performance and Completion of Upper Secondary School in the Child Welfare Population in Norway.” Nordic Social Work Research5 (3): 244–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/2156857X.2015.1042019.
Dickert, J., and S., Glock. 2025. “Exploring the Role of Parental Education Level in Preservice Teachers’ Judgments.” The Journal of Experimental Education: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2025.2459383.
Dodson, L., 2013. “Stereotyping Low-Wage Mothers Who Have Work and Family Conflicts.” Journal of Social Issues69 (2): 257–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12014.
Doyle, L., M. J., Easterbrook, and P. R., Harris. 2023. “Roles of Socioeconomic Status, Ethnicity and Teacher Beliefs in Academic Grading.” British Journal of Educational Psychology93 (1): 91–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12541.
Dunkake, I., and C., Schuchart. 2015. “Stereotypes and Teacher Characteristics as an Explanation for the Class-Specific Disciplinary Practices of Pre-Service Teachers.” Teaching and Teacher Education50:56–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.04.005.
Eagly, A. H., and S., Chaiken. 1993. The Psychology of Attitudes. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Fehringer, B. C. O. F., M., Bonefeld, and F., Schunk. 2025. “Bias Awareness in Teachers: A German Adaptation of the Bias Awareness Scale for Teachers.” Social Psychology of Education28 (1): 71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-025-10016-w.
Fiske, S. T., A. J. C., Cuddy, P., Glick, and J., Xu. 2002. “A Model of (Often Mixed) Stereotype Content: Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow from Perceived Status and Competition.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology82 (6): 878–902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878.
Fiske, S. T., and S. L., Neuberg. 1990. “A Continuum of Impression Formation from Category-Based to Individuating Processes: Influences of Information and Motivation on Attention and Interpretation.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology23 (C): 1–74.
Francis, B., C., Skelton, and B., Read. 2010. “The Simultaneous Production of Educational Achievement and Popularity: How Do Some Pupils Accomplish It?” British Educational Research Journal36 (2): 317–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920902919265.
Fray, L., and J., Gore. 2018. “Why People Choose Teaching: A Scoping Review of Empirical Studies, 2007–2016.” Teaching and Teacher Education75:153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.06.009.
Gentrup, S., G., Lorenz, C., Kristen, and I., Kogan. 2020. “Self-Fulfilling Prophecies in the Classroom: Teacher Expectations, Teacher Feedback and Student Achievement.” Learning and Instruction66:101296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2019.101296.
Gentrup, S., M., Olczyk, and G., Lorenz. 2024. “Teacher Stereotypes and Teacher Expectations at the Intersection of Student Gender and Socioeconomic Status.” Zeitschrift Für Entwicklungspsychologie Und Pädagogische Psychologie56 (1–2): 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000291.
Gibson, S., and M. H., Dembo. 1984. “Teacher Efficacy: A Construct Validation.” Journal of Educational Psychology76 (4): 569–582. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.76.4.569.
Gilbert, D. T., and J. G., Hixon. 1991. “The Trouble of Thinking: Activation and Application of Stereotypic Beliefs.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology60 (4): 509–517. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.509.
Glock, S., J., Dickert, and H., Kleen. 2025. “Students’ Gender and Social Background: Intersectional and Dominance Effects in Preservice Teachers’ Stereotypical Judgments.” Basic and Applied Social Psychology47 (6): 351–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2025.2527110.
Glock, S., and H., Kleen. 2017. “Gender and Student Misbehavior: Evidence from Implicit and Explicit Measures.” Teaching and Teacher Education67:93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.05.015.
Glock, S., and H., Kleen. 2020. “Preservice Teachers’ Attitudes, Attributions, and Stereotypes: Exploring the Disadvantages of Students from Families with Low Socioeconomic Status.” Studies in Educational Evaluation67:100929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2020.100929.
Glock, S., and H., Kleen. 2022. “A Look into Preservice Teachers’ Responses to Students’ Misbehavior: What Roles Do Students’ Gender and Socioeconomic Status Play?” Studies in Educational Evaluation75:101207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2022.101207.
Glock, S., and H., Kleen. 2023. “Disentangling the Confounding Effects of Students’ Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Background on Preservice Teachers’ Judgments.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations95:101830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2023.101830.
Glock, S., S., Krolak-Schwerdt, and T., Hörstermann. 2016. “The Higher the SES the Better? Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Influence Preservice Teachers´ Judgments of Students.” In Stereotypes and Stereotyping: Misperceptions, Perspectives and Role of Social Media, edited by C. Fields, 1–21. Nova Science Publishers.
Glock, S., A., Oude Groote Beverborg, and B. C. N., Müller. 2016. “Pre-Service Teachers’ Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Obesity Influence Their Judgments of Students.” Social Psychology of Education19 (1): 97–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-015-9315-9.
Gorard, S., O., Maria Ventista, R., Morris, and B. H., See. 2023. “Who Wants to Be a Teacher? Findings from a Survey of Undergraduates in England.” Educational Studies49 (6): 914–936. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2021.1915751.
Hachfeld, A., S., Schroeder, Y., Anders, A., Hahn, and M., Kunter. 2012. “Multikulturelle Überzeugungen: Herkunft oder Überzeugung? Welche Rollen spielen der Migrationshintergrund und multikulturelle Überzeugungen für das Unterrichten von Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund?” Zeitschrift Für Pädagogische Psychologie26 (2): 101–120. https://doi.org/10.1024/1010-0652/a000064.
Han, J., and H., Yin. 2016. “Teacher Motivation: Definition, Research Development and Implications for Teachers.” Cogent Education3 (1): 1217819. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2016.1217819.
Hartl, A., and D., Holzberger. 2022. “Identifying Teachers’ Motivational Profiles and Their Changes from Teacher Education into Practice: A Longitudinal Study.” Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft25 (2): 427–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-022-01093-0.
Heinz, M., 2015. “Why Choose Teaching? An International Review of Empirical Studies Exploring Student Teachers’ Career Motivations and Levels of Commitment to Teaching.” Educational Research and Evaluation: An International Journal on Theory and Practice21 (3): 258–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803611.2015.1018278.
Heinz, M., and E., Keane. 2018. “Socio-Demographic Composition of Primary Initial Teacher Education Entrants in Ireland.” Irish Educational Studies37 (4): 523–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2018.1521731.
Hennessy, J., and R., Lynch. 2017. ““I Chose to Become a Teacher Because”. Exploring the Factors Influencing Teaching Choice Amongst Pre-Service Teachers in Ireland.” Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education45 (2): 106–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2016.1183188.
Heyder, A., and U., Kessels. 2013. “Is School Feminine? Implicit Gender Stereotyping of School as a Predictor of Academic Achievement.” Sex Roles69 (11–12): 605–617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0309-9.
Heyder, A., and U., Kessels. 2017. “Boys Don’t Work? On the Psychological Benefits of Showing Low Effort in High School.” Sex Roles77 (1–2): 72–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0683-1.
Hughes, B. T., R., Jacobson, N. O., Rule, and S., Srivastava. 2025. “Stereotypes and Social Decisions: The Interpersonal Consequences of Socioeconomic Status.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology128 (5): 1226–1242. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000541.
Jeynes, W. H., 2005. “A Meta-Analysis of the Relation of Parental Involvement to Urban Elementary School Student Academic Achievement.” Urban Education40 (3): 237–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085905274540.
Jussim, L., J., Eccles, and S. J., Madon. 1996. “Social Perception, Social Stereotypes, and Teacher Expectations: Accuracy and the Quest for the Powerful Self-Fulfilling Prophecy.” In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, edited by M. P., Zanna, 281–388. 28th ed. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60240-3.
Kast, J., K. T., Lindner, A., Gutschik, and S., Schwab. 2021. “Austrian Teachers’ Attitudes and Self-Efficacy Beliefs Regarding At-Risk Students During Home Learning Due to COVID-19.” European Journal of Special Needs Education36 (1): 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2021.1872849.
Keane, E., M., Heinz, and A., Lynch. 2023. “Identity Matters? ‘Working Class’ Student Teachers in Ireland, the Desire to Be a Relatable and Inclusive Teacher, and Sharing the Classed Self.” International Journal of Inclusive Education27 (3): 337–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2020.1853255.
Khattab, N., 2003. “Explaining Educational Aspirations of Minority Students: The Role of Social Capital and Students’ Perceptions.” Social Psychology of Education6 (4): 283–302. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025671617454.
Kilinç, A., H. M. G., Watt, and P. W., Richardson. 2012. “Factors Influencing Teaching Choice in Turkey.” Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education40 (3): 199–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2012.700048.
Kirkøen, B., T., Engell, I. B., Follestad, S., Holen, and K. A., Hagen. 2021. “Early Academic Struggles Among Children with Home-Based Support from Child Welfare Services.” Children and Youth Services Review131:131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106268.
Kite, M. E., and B. E., Withley. 2016. Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination. Routledge.
Klemenz, S., S., Tachtsoglou, M., Lünnemann, K., Darge, J., König, and M., Rothland. 2014. EMW: Entwicklung von berufsspezifischer Motivation und pädagogischem Wissen in der Lehrerausbildung. [EMU: Development of Occupational Motivation and Pedagogical Knowledge in Teacher Education]. Universität Zu Köln. https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/10045/1/Klemenz_Tachtsoglou_et_al_EMW_MZP2_Codebook.pdf.
Klusmann, U., U., Trautwein, O., Lüdtke, M., Kunter, and J., Baumert. 2009. “Eingangsvoraussetzungen beim Studienbeginn: Werden die Lehramtskandidaten unterschätzt? [Cognitive and Psychosocial Characteristics Upon Entry into Teacher Training: Are Teacher Candidates Underestimated?].” Zeitschrift Für Padagogische Psychologie23 (34): 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1024/1010-0652.23.34.265.
König, J., and M., Rothland. 2013. “Pädagogisches Wissen und berufsspezifische Motivation am Anfang der Lehrerausbildung. Zum Verhältnis von kognitiven und nicht-kognitiven Eingangsmerkmalen von Lehramtsstudierenden [Pedagogical knowledge and job-specific motivation at the beginning of teac.” Zeitschrift Für Pädagogik59 (1): 43–65. https://doi.org/10.25656/01//.
Koutrouba, K., E., Antonopoulou, G., Tsitsas, and E., Zenakou. 2009. “An Investigation of Greek Teachers’ Views on Parental Involvement in Education.” School Psychology International30 (3): 311–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034309106497.
Kundu, A., Y., Liu, and J., Ahn. 2023. ““I Got It from My Mama:” The Influence of Working-Class Parents on Young People’s Cultural Capital for Success in School and Work.” Equity in Education & Society3 (3): 297–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/27526461231170233.
Lindqvist, A., F., Björklund, and M., Bäckström. 2017. “The Perception of the Poor: Capturing Stereotype Content with Different Measures.” Nordic Psychology69 (4): 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2016.1270774.
Lintner, T., 2022. “A Social Network Perspective on Formation of Peer Relationships in Czech Lower-Secondary Classrooms.” Issues in Educational Research32 (1): 182–204.
Liu, J., P., Peng, B., Zhao, and L., Luo. 2022. “Socioeconomic Status and Academic Achievement in Primary and Secondary Education: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Educational Psychology Review34 (4): 2867–2896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-022-09689-y.
Louie, N., A. P., Adiredja, and N., Jessup. 2021. “Teacher Noticing from a Sociopolitical Perspective: The FAIR Framework for Anti-Deficit Noticing.” ZDM–Mathematics Education53 (1): 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-021-01229-2.
Macrae, C. N., and G. V., Bodenhausen. 2000. “Social Cognition: Thinking Categorically About Others.” Annual Review of Psychology51 (1): 93–120. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.93.
Manuel, J., and J., Hughes. 2006. “‘It Has Always Been My Dream’: Exploring Pre-Service Teachers’ Motivations for Choosing to Teach.” Teacher Development10 (1): 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530600587311.
Mavropoulou, S., and S., Padeliadu. 2002. “Teachers’ Causal Attributions for Behaviour Problems in Relation to Perceptions of Control.” Educational Psychology22 (2): 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410120115256.
Mehmet, A. Y., Y., Isa, and A., Durdağı. 2022. “Motivation Factors of Candidates Teachers for Their Professions.” GIST Education and Learning Research Journal24:43–63. https://doi.org/10.26817/16925777.1319.
Muntoni, F., and J., Retelsdorf. 2018. “Gender-Specific Teacher Expectations in Reading—The Role of Teachers’ Gender Stereotypes.” Contemporary Educational Psychology54:212–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.06.012.
Pit-ten Cate, I. M., S., Rivas, and G., Busana. 2021. “Increasing the Diversity of the Teacher Workforce: Socio-Political Challenges to Reducing Inequalities in Access to Teacher Education Programs.” Frontiers in Education6 (May): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.685113.
Pop, M. M., and J. E., Turner. 2009. “To Be or Not to Be a Teacher? Exploring Levels of Commitment to Perceptions of Teaching Among Students Enrolled in a Teacher Education Program.” Teachers and Teaching15 (6): 683–700. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540600903357017.
Retelsdorf, J., and J., Möller. 2012. “Grundschule oder Gymnasium? Zur Motivation ein Lehramt zu studieren [Primary or Secondary School? On the Motivation for Choosing Teacher Education].” Zeitschrift Für Pädagogische Psychologie26 (1): 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1024/1010-0652/a000056.
Savage, C., A., Ayaita, N., Hübner, and M., Biewen. 2021. “Who Chooses Teacher Education and Why? Evidence from Germany.” Educational Researcher50 (7): 483–487. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X211000758.
Scheiner, T., 2021. “Towards a More Comprehensive Model of Teacher Noticing.” ZDM - Mathematics Education53 (1): 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-020-01202-5.
Scheiner, T., 2022. “Exploring Deficit-Based and Strengths-Based Framings in Noticing Student Mathematical Thinking.” Proceedings of the 45th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, edited by C., Fernández, S., Llinares, A., Gutiérrez and N., Planas, Vol. 3, 395–402. PME.
Schofield, T., A., Suomi, and P., Butterworth. 2022. “One ‘Welfare Recipient’ Stereotype or Many? Using the Stereotype Content Model to Examine the Stereotypes of Different Categories of Benefit Recipients.” International Journal of Social Welfare31 (3): 280–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12519.
Schuchart, C., and I., Dunkake. 2014. “Schichtspezifische Stereotype Unter Angehenden Lehrkräften [Social Class Specific Stereotypes Among Future Teachers].” Zeitschrift Für Soziologie Der Erziehung Und Sozialisation34 (1): 89–107.
Schwartz, S. H., and J. A., Howard. 1984. “Internalized Values as Motivators of Altruism.” In Development and Maintenance of Prosocial Behavior - International Perspectives on Positive Morality, edited by E., Staub, D., Bar-Tal, J., Karylowski, and J., Reykowski, 229–255. Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2645-8.
Şengönül, T., 2022. “A Review of the Relationship Between Parental Involvement and Children’s Academic Achievement and the Role of Family Socioeconomic Status in This Relationship.” Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi12 (2): 32–57. https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.12.02.04.
Smith, E. R., 1998. “Mental Representation and Memory.” In Handbook of Social Cognition, edited by D. T., Gilbert, S. T., Fiske, and G., Lindzey, 391–445. McGraw-Hill.
Stellmacher, A., S., Ohlemann, J., Pfetsch, and A., Ittel. 2020. “Pre-Service Teacher Career Choice Motivation: A Comparison of Vocational Education and Training Teachers and Comprehensive School Teachers in Germany.” International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training7 (2): 214–236. https://doi.org/10.13152/IJRVET.7.2.5.
Stone, P., and L. A., Hernandez. 2013. “The All-or-Nothing Workplace: Flexibility Stigma and “Opting Out” Among Professional-Managerial Women.” Journal of Social Issues69 (2): 235–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12013.
Stull, J., 2013. “Family Socioeconomic Status, Parent Expectations, and a Child’s Achievement.” Research in Education90 (1): 53–67. https://doi.org/10.7227/RIE.90.1.4.
Suomi, A., T., Schofield, N., Haslam, and P., Butterworth. 2022. “Is Unemployment Benefit Stigma Related to Poverty, Payment Receipt, or Lack of Employment? A Vignette Experiment About Australian Views.” Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy22 (2): 694–711. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12313.
Taylor, S. E., J., Crocker, and J., D’Agostino. 1978. “Schematic Bases of Social Problem-Solving.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin4 (3): 447–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616727800400318.
Thornberg, R., L., Wänström, H., Lindqvist, M., Weurlander, and A., Wernerson. 2023. “Motives for Becoming a Teacher, Coping Strategies and Teacher Efficacy Among Swedish Student Teachers.” European Journal of Teacher Education: 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2023.2175665.
Tiedemann, J., 2002. “Teachers’ Gender Stereotypes as Determinants of Teacher Perceptions in Elementary School Mathematics.” Educational Studies in Mathematics50 (1): 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020518104346.
Tobisch, A., and M., Dresel. 2017. “Negatively or Positively Biased? Dependencies of Teachers’ Judgments and Expectations Based on Students’ Ethnic and Social Backgrounds.” Social Psychology of Education20 (4): 731–752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-017-9392-z.
van Uden, J. M., H., Ritzen, and J. M., Pieters. 2013. “I Think I Can Engage My Students. Teachers’ Perceptions of Student Engagement and Their Beliefs About Being a Teacher.” Teaching and Teacher Education32:43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2013.01.004.
Villegas, A. M., and J. J., Irvine. 2010. “Diversifying the Teaching Force: An Examination of Major Arguments.” Urban Review42 (3): 175–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-010-0150-1.
Watt, H. M. G., and P. W., Richardson. 2007. “Motivational Factors Influencing Teaching as a Career Choice: Development and Validation of the FIT-Choice Scale.” The Journal of Experimental Education75 (3): 167–202. https://doi.org/10.3200/JEXE.75.3.167-202.
Whiteford, C., N., Kelly, and L., Dawes. 2021. “Why Become a Teacher? Exploring Motivations for Becoming Science and Mathematics Teachers in Australia.” Australian Journal of Teacher Education46 (3): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2021v46n3.1.
Yendell, O., C., Claus, M., Bonefeld, and K., Karst. 2023. “I Wish I Could Say, ‘Yeah, Both the Same’”: Cultural Stereotypes and Individual Differentiations of Preservice Teachers About Different Low Socioeconomic Origins.” Social Psychology of Education27 (3): 777–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-023-09815-w.
Yüce, K., E. Y., Şahin, Ö., Koçer, and F., Kana. 2013. “Motivations for Choosing Teaching as a Career: A Perspective of Pre-Service Teachers from a Turkish Context.” Asia Pacific Education Review14 (3): 295–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-013-9258-9.