[en] Understanding the interactions between the multiple ecosystem services (ES) which can be delivered from a single landscape is essential. Most studies on ES relationships use spatial or temporal statistical analysis (for example: correlations between services). Methods from microeconomic theory have recently received attention for describing ES relationships. The nature and intensity of ES relationships can be assessed by fitting a production possibility frontier that indicates the maximum amount of one ES that can be produced by landscape, for different levels of another ES. This study estimates production frontiers empirically, and compares the ES relationships insights gained this way with those inferred from correlation approaches. InVEST software was used to model and map the provision of six ES in the Reventazón watershed in Costa Rica. Spatial and temporal ES correlation patterns were analyzed for four observed land uses/land covers (LULC). Production frontiers were constructed using a set of 32 simulated scenarios. Production frontier was the most sensitive method for detecting ES relationships. The nature and intensity of ES relationships revealed depended on the analytic methods used. In comparison with correlations, the production frontier approach provided additional information relating to tradeoff intensity and Pareto efficient LULC configurations.
Centre de recherche :
Luxembourg Centre for Socio-Environmental Systems (LCSES)
Disciplines :
Sciences de l’environnement & écologie
Auteur, co-auteur :
Vallet, Améline
Locatelli, Bruno
Levrel, Harold
Wunder, Sven
SEPPELT, Ralf ; University of Luxembourg > Luxembourg Centre for Socio-Environmental Systems (LCSES)
Scholes, R.J. Robert J.
Oszwald, Johan
Co-auteurs externes :
yes
Langue du document :
Anglais
Titre :
Relationships Between Ecosystem Services: Comparing Methods for Assessing Tradeoffs and Synergies
Bagstad, K.J., Semmens, D.J., Winthrop, R., Comparing approaches to spatially explicit ecosystem service modeling: a case study from the San Pedro River, Arizona. Ecosyst. Serv. 5 (2013), 40–50, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.07.007.
Balvanera, P., Uriarte, M., Almeida-Leñero, L., Altesor, A., DeClerck, F., Gardner, T., Hall, J., Lara, A., Laterra, P., Peña-Claros, M., Silva Matos, D.M., Vogl, A.L., Romero-Duque, L.P., Arreola, L.F., Caro-Borrero, Á.P., Gallego, F., Jain, M., Little, C., de Oliveira Xavier, R., Paruelo, J.M., Peinado, J.E., Poorter, L., Ascarrunz, N., Correa, F., Cunha-Santino, M.B., Hernández-Sánchez, A.P., Vallejos, M., Ecosystem services research in Latin America: the state of the art. Ecosyst. Serv. 2 (2012), 56–70, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.09.006.
Barber, C.B., Habel, K., Grasman, R., Gramacy, R.B., Stahel, A., Sterratt, D.C., Geometry: mesh generation and surface tesselation, R package version 0.3-6. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/geometry/index.html, 2015.
Bekele, E.G., Lant, C.L., Soman, S., Misgna, G., The evolution and empirical estimation of ecological-economic production possibilities frontiers. Ecol. Econ. 90 (2013), 1–9, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.02.012.
Bennett, E.M., Balvanera, P., The future of production systems in a globalized world. Front. Ecol. Environ. 5 (2007), 191–198.
Bennett, E.M., Peterson, G.D., Gordon, L.J., Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services: relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Ecol. Lett. 12 (2009), 1394–1404, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01387.x.
Berthonnet, I., Delclite, T., Pareto-optimality or pareto-efficiency: same concept, different names? An analysis over a century of economic literature. Fiorito, L., (eds.) Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, 2014, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 129–145, 10.1108/S0743-415420140000032005.
Birkhofer, K., Diehl, E., Andersson, J., Ekroos, J., Früh-Müller, A., Machnikowski, F., Mader, V.L., Nilsson, L., Sasaki, K., Rundlöf, M., Wolters, V., Smith, H.G., Ecosystem services—current challenges and opportunities for ecological research. Front. Ecol. Evol., 2, 2015, 10.3389/fevo.2014.00087.
Bosselmann, A.S., Mediating factors of land use change among coffee farmers in a biological corridor. Ecol. Econ. 80 (2012), 79–88, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.05.007.
Brenes Pérez, C., Análisis multitemporal de cambio de uso de suelo y dinámica del paisaje en el Corredor Biológico Volcánica Central Talamanca, Costa Rica. 2009, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica.
Brondízio, E.S., Gatzweiler, F.W., Zografos, C., Kumar, M., Socio-cultural context of ecosystem and biodiversity valuation. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Ecological and Economic Foundations, 2010, P. Kumar, London; Washington, DC, 150–181.
Bürgi, M., Hersperger, A.M., Schneeberger, N., Driving forces of landscape change - current and new directions. Landsc. Ecol. 19 (2005), 857–868, 10.1007/s10980-005-0245-3.
Cabral, P., Feger, C., Levrel, H., Chambolle, M., Basque, D., Assessing the impact of land-cover changes on ecosystem services: a first step toward integrative planning in Bordeaux, France. Ecosyst. Serv. 22 (2016), 318–327, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.08.005.
Carmona, N.E., DeClerck, F., Payment for ecosystem services for energy, biodiversity conservation, and poverty reduction in Costa Rica. Ingram, J.C., DeClerck, F., del Rio, C.R., (eds.) Integrating Ecology and Poverty Reduction, 2012, Springer New York, 191–210, 10.1007/978-1-4614-0186-5_14.
Carpenter, S.R., Mooney, H.A., Agard, J., Capistrano, D., DeFries, R.S., Diaz, S., Dietz, T., Duraiappah, A.K., Oteng-Yeboah, A., Pereira, H.M., Perrings, C., Reid, W.V., Sarukhan, J., Scholes, R.J., Whyte, A., Science for managing ecosystem services: beyond the millennium ecosystem assessment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106 (2009), 1305–1312, 10.1073/pnas.0808772106.
Casalegno, S., Inger, R., DeSilvey, C., Gaston, K.J., Spatial covariance between aesthetic value & other ecosystem services. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e68437, 10.1371/journal.pone.0068437.
Caudill, S.A., DeClerck, F.J.A., Husband, T.P., Connecting sustainable agriculture and wildlife conservation: does shade coffee provide habitat for mammals?. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 199 (2015), 85–93, 10.1016/j.agee.2014.08.023.
Cavender-Bares, J., Polasky, S., King, E., Balvanera, P., A sustainability framework for assessing trade-offs in ecosystem services. Ecol. Soc., 20, 2015, 10.5751/ES-06917-200117.
Cleff, T., Exploratory Data Analysis in Business and Economics. 2014, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 10.1007/978-3-319-01517-0.
Cord, A.F., Bartkowski, B., Beckmann, M., Dittrich, A., Hermans-Neumann, K., Kaim, A., Lienhoop, N., Locher-Krause, K., Priess, J., Schröter-Schlaack, C., Schwarz, N., Seppelt, R., Strauch, M., Václavík, T., Volk, M., Towards systematic analyses of ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies: main concepts, methods and the road ahead. Ecosyst. Serv. 28 (2017), 264–272, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.07.012 (SI: Servicing ES-EcoSummit16).
de Groot, R.S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L., Willemen, L., Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. Ecol. Complex. 7 (2010), 260–272, 10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.10.006.
Deng, X., Li, Z., Gibson, J., A review on trade-off analysis of ecosystem services for sustainable land-use management. J. Geogr. Sci. 26 (2016), 953–968, 10.1007/s11442-016-1309-9.
Dittrich, A., von Wehrden, H., Abson, D.J., Bartkowski, B., Cord, A.F., Fust, P., Hoyer, C., Kambach, S., Meyer, M.A., Radzevičiūtė, R., Nieto-Romero, M., Seppelt, R., Beckmann, M., Mapping and analysing historical indicators of ecosystem services in Germany. Ecol. Indic. 75 (2017), 101–110, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.010.
Duinker, P.N., Greig, L.A., Scenario analysis in environmental impact assessment: improving explorations of the future. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 27 (2007), 206–219, 10.1016/j.eiar.2006.11.001.
Edelsbrunner, H., Kirkpatrick, D., Seidel, R., On the shape of a set of points in the plane. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 29 (1983), 551–559, 10.1109/TIT.1983.1056714.
Egoh, B., Reyers, B., Rouget, M., Richardson, D.M., Le Maitre, D.C., van Jaarsveld, A.S., Mapping ecosystem services for planning and management. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 127 (2008), 135–140, 10.1016/j.agee.2008.03.013.
Estrada Carmona, N., Identificación de áreas prioritarias en la oferta de servicios ecosistémicos para establecer esquemas de Pagos (PSA) direccionados, Costa Rica. 2009, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica.
Freeman, A.M., Herriges, J.A., Kling, C.L., The measurement of environmental and resource values: theory and methods. third edition, 2014, RFF Press, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY.
Gasparatos, A., Embedded value systems in sustainability assessment tools and their implications. J. Environ. Manag. 91 (2010), 1613–1622, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.03.014.
Gomez-Baggethun, E., Ruiz-Perez, M., Economic valuation and the commodification of ecosystem services. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 35 (2011), 613–628, 10.1177/0309133311421708.
Gos, P., Lavorel, S., Stakeholders' expectations on ecosystem services affect the assessment of ecosystem services hotspots and their congruence with biodiversity. Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manag. 8 (2012), 93–106, 10.1080/21513732.2011.646303.
Grêt-Regamey, A., Sirén, E., Brunner, S.H., Weibel, B., Review of decision support tools to operationalize the ecosystem services concept. Ecosyst. Serv., 2016, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.10.012.
Groot, J.C.J., Oomen, G.J.M., Rossing, W.A.H., Multi-objective optimization and design of farming systems. Agric. Syst. 110 (2012), 63–77, 10.1016/j.agsy.2012.03.012.
Haase, D., Schwarz, N., Strohbach, M., Kroll, F., Seppelt, R., Synergies, trade-offs, and losses of ecosystem services in urban regions: an integrated multiscale framework applied to the Leipzig-Halle Region, Germany. Ecol. Soc., 17, 2012, 10.5751/ES-04853-170322.
Haines-Young, R., Potschin, M., Kienast, F., Indicators of ecosystem service potential at European scales: mapping marginal changes and trade-offs. Ecol. Indic. 21 (2012), 39–53, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.09.004.
Hauck, J., Görg, C., Varjopuro, R., Ratamäki, O., Jax, K., Benefits and limitations of the ecosystem services concept in environmental policy and decision making: some stakeholder perspectives. Environ. Sci. Pol. 25 (2013), 13–21, 10.1016/j.envsci.2012.08.001.
Hauer, G., Cumming, S., Schmiegelow, F., Adamowicz, W.L., Weber, M., Jagodzinski, R., Tradeoffs Between Forestry Resource and Conservation Values Under Alternate Forest Policy Regimes: A Spatial Analysis of the Western Canadian Boreal Plains (Staff Paper Series No. 52086). 2007, University of Alberta, Department of Resource Economics and Environmental Sociology.
Hijmans, R.J., Cameron, S.E., Parra, J.L., Jones, P.G., Jarvis, A., Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 25 (2005), 1965–1978, 10.1002/joc.1276.
Hijmans, R.J., van Etten, J., Mattiuzzi, M., Sumner, M., Greenberg, J.A., Lamigueiro, O.P., Bevan, A., Racine, E.B., Shortridge, A., Raster: Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling, R Package Version 2.3-24. http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/raster/index.html, 2015.
Imbach, P., Molina, L., Locatelli, B., Roupsard, O., Ciais, P., Corrales, L., Mahé, G., Climatology-based regional modelling of potential vegetation and average annual long-term runoff for Mesoamerica. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 14 (2010), 1801–1817, 10.5194/hess-14-1801-2010.
IPBES, The methodological assessment report on scenarios and models of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Ferrier, S., Ninan, K.N., Leadley, P., Alkemade, R., Acosta, L.A., Akçakaya, H.R., Brotons, L., Cheung, W.W.L., Christensen, V., Harhash, K.A., Kabubo-Mariara, J., Lundquist, C., Obersteiner, M., Pereira, H.M., Peterson, G., Pichs-Madruga, R., Ravindranath, N., Rondinini, C., Wintle, B.A., (eds.) Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn, Germany, 2016.
ITCR, Digital Atlas of Costa Rica: CD-Rom. 2004, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica.
Jopke, C., Kreyling, J., Maes, J., Koellner, T., Interactions among ecosystem services across Europe: Bagplots and cumulative correlation coefficients reveal synergies, trade-offs, and regional patterns. Ecol. Indic. 49 (2015), 46–52, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.09.037.
King, E., Cavender-Bares, J., Balvanera, P., Mwampamba, T., Polasky, S., Trade-offs in ecosystem services and varying stakeholder preferences: evaluating conflicts, obstacles, and opportunities. Ecol. Soc., 20, 2015, 10.5751/ES-07822-200325.
Kline, J.D., Mazzotta, M.J., Evaluating Tradeoffs Among Ecosystem Services in the Management of Public Lands (General Technical Report No. PNW-GTR-865). 2012, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR: US.
Laurans, Y., Rankovic, A., Billé, R., Pirard, R., Mermet, L., Use of ecosystem services economic valuation for decision making: questioning a literature blindspot. J. Environ. Manag. 119 (2013), 208–219, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.01.008.
Lautenbach, S., Volk, M., Strauch, M., Whittaker, G., Seppelt, R., Optimization-based trade-off analysis of biodiesel crop production for managing an agricultural catchment. Environ. Model. Softw. 48 (2013), 98–112, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.06.006.
Lautenbach, S., Mupepele, A.-C., Dormann, C.F., Lee, H., Schmidt, S., Scholte, S.S.K., Seppelt, R., van Teeffelen, A.J.A., Verhagen, W., Volk, M., Blind spots in ecosystem services research and implementation. bioRxiv, 2015, 033498, 10.1101/033498.
Lavorel, S., Grigulis, K., Lamarque, P., Colace, M.-P., Garden, D., Girel, J., Pellet, G., Douzet, R., Using plant functional traits to understand the landscape distribution of multiple ecosystem services. J. Ecol. 99 (2011), 135–147, 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01753.x.
LeBlanc, D.C., Statistics: Concepts and Applications for Science. 2004, Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Lee, H., Lautenbach, S., A quantitative review of relationships between ecosystem services. Ecol. Indic. 66 (2016), 340–351, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.004.
Lester, S.E., Costello, C., Halpern, B.S., Gaines, S.D., White, C., Barth, J.A., Evaluating tradeoffs among ecosystem services to inform marine spatial planning. Mar. Policy 38 (2013), 80–89, 10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.022.
Levrel, H., Cabral, P., Feger, C., Chambolle, M., Basque, D., How to overcome the implementation gap in ecosystem services? A user-friendly and inclusive tool for improved urban management. Land Use Policy 68 (2017), 574–584, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.037.
Locatelli, B., Imbach, P., Vignola, R., Metzger, M.J., Hidalgo, E.J.L., Ecosystem services and hydroelectricity in Central America: modelling service flows with fuzzy logic and expert knowledge. Reg. Environ. Chang. 11 (2011), 393–404, 10.1007/s10113-010-0149-x.
Locatelli, B., Imbach, P., Wunder, S., Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services in Costa Rica. Environ. Conserv. 41 (2014), 27–36, 10.1017/S0376892913000234.
Locatelli, B., Lavorel, S., Sloan, S., Tappeiner, U., Geneletti, D., Archetypes of trajectories of ecosystem services in mountains. Front. Ecol. Environ., 2017, 10.1002/fee.1470.
Maes, J., Paracchini, M.L., Zulian, G., Dunbar, M.B., Alkemade, R., Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem service supply, biodiversity, and habitat conservation status in Europe. Biol. Conserv. 155 (2012), 1–12, 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.06.016.
Manache, G., Melching, C.S., Sensitivity analysis of a water-quality model using Latin hypercube sampling. J. Water Resour. Plan. Manag. 130 (2004), 232–242, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2004)130:3(232).
Martín-López, B., Iniesta-Arandia, I., García-Llorente, M., Palomo, I., Casado-Arzuaga, I., Amo, D.G.D., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Oteros-Rozas, E., Palacios-Agundez, I., Willaarts, B., González, J.A., Santos-Martín, F., Onaindia, M., López-Santiago, C., Montes, C., Uncovering ecosystem service bundles through social preferences. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e38970, 10.1371/journal.pone.0038970.
Martín-López, B., Gómez-Baggethun, E., García-Llorente, M., Montes, C., Trade-offs across value-domains in ecosystem services assessment. Ecol. Indic. 37 (2014), 220–228, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.03.003.
McKenzie, E., Posner, S., Tillmann, P., Bernhardt, J.R., Howard, K., Rosenthal, A., Understanding the use of ecosystem service knowledge in decision making: lessons from international experiences of spatial planning. Eviron. Plann. C. Gov. Policy 32 (2014), 320–340, 10.1068/c12292j.
Mersmann, O., emoa: Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization Algorithms, R package version 0.5-0. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/emoa/index.html, 2012.
Minang, P.A., van Noordwijk, M., Freeman, O.E., Mbow, C., de Leeuw, J., Catacutan, D., Climate-Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practice. 2014, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya.
Mouchet, M.A., Lamarque, P., Martín-López, B., Crouzat, E., Gos, P., Byczek, C., Lavorel, S., An interdisciplinary methodological guide for quantifying associations between ecosystem services. Glob. Environ. Chang. 28 (2014), 298–308, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.07.012.
NASA LP, D.A.A.C., ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model Version 2. 2011, USGS/EROS center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
Nelson, E., Polasky, S., Lewis, D.J., Plantinga, A.J., Lonsdorf, E., White, D., Bael, D., Lawler, J.J., Efficiency of incentives to jointly increase carbon sequestration and species conservation on a landscape. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105 (2008), 9471–9476, 10.1073/pnas.0706178105.
Nelson, E., Mendoza, G., Regetz, J., Polasky, S., Tallis, H., Cameron, Dr., Chan, K.M., Daily, G.C., Goldstein, J., Kareiva, P.M., Lonsdorf, E., Naidoo, R., Ricketts, T.H., Shaw, Mr, Modeling multiple ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs at landscape scales. Front. Ecol. Environ. 7 (2009), 4–11, 10.1890/080023.
Nemec, K.T., Raudsepp-Hearne, C., The use of geographic information systems to map and assess ecosystem services. Biodivers. Conserv. 22 (2012), 1–15, 10.1007/s10531-012-0406-z.
Pateiro-Lopez, B., Rodriguez-Casal, A., alphahull: Generalization of the Convex Hull of a Sample of Points in the Plane, R Package Version 2.1. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/alphahull/index.html, 2016.
Peterson, G.D., Cumming, G.S., Carpenter, S.R., Scenario planning: a tool for conservation in an uncertain world. Conserv. Biol. 17 (2003), 358–366, 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01491.x.
Polasky, S., Nelson, E., Camm, J., Csuti, B., Fackler, P., Lonsdorf, E., Montgomery, C., White, D., Arthur, J., Garber-Yonts, B., Haight, R., Kagan, J., Starfield, A., Tobalske, C., Where to put things? Spatial land management to sustain biodiversity and economic returns. Biol. Conserv. 141 (2008), 1505–1524, 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.03.022.
Polasky, S., Nelson, E., Pennington, D., Johnson, K.A., The impact of land-use change on ecosystem services, biodiversity and returns to landowners: a case study in the State of Minnesota. Environ. Resour. Econ. 48 (2011), 219–242, 10.1007/s10640-010-9407-0.
PREVDA, Plan de cuenca del río Reventazón-Parismina 2008–2010. Turrialba, Costa Rica. 2008.
Qiu, J., Turner, M.G., Spatial interactions among ecosystem services in an urbanizing agricultural watershed. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110 (2013), 12149–12154, 10.1073/pnas.1310539110.
R Core Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, Version 3.3.2. 2016, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Raudsepp-Hearne, C., Peterson, G.D., Bennett, E.M., Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107 (2010), 5242–5247, 10.1073/pnas.0907284107.
Renard, D., Rhemtulla, J.M., Bennett, E.M., Historical dynamics in ecosystem service bundles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112 (2015), 13411–13416, 10.1073/pnas.1502565112.
Rodríguez, J.P., Beard, T.D., Bennett, E.M., Cumming, G.S., Cork, S.J., Agard, J., Dobson, A.P., Peterson, G.D., Trade-offs across space, time, and ecosystem services. Ecol. Soc., 11, 2006, 28.
Rosenthal, A., Verutes, G., McKenzie, E., Arkema, K.K., Bhagabati, N., Bremer, L.L., Olwero, N., Vogl, A.L., Process matters: a framework for conducting decision-relevant assessments of ecosystem services. Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manag. 11 (2015), 190–204, 10.1080/21513732.2014.966149.
Ruijs, A., Wossink, A., Kortelainen, M., Alkemade, R., Schulp, C.J.E., Trade-off analysis of ecosystem services in Eastern Europe. Ecosyst. Serv., Special Issue on Mapping and Modelling Ecosystem Services, 4, 2013, 82–94, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.04.002.
Schleyer, C., Görg, C., Hauck, J., Winkler, K.J., Opportunities and challenges for mainstreaming the ecosystem services concept in the multi-level policy-making within the EU. Ecosyst. Serv. 16 (2015), 174–181, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.10.014.
Schneeberger, N., Bürgi, M., Hersperger, A.M., Ewald, K.C., Driving forces and rates of landscape change as a promising combination for landscape change research—an application on the northern fringe of the Swiss alps. Land Use Policy 24 (2007), 349–361, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2006.04.003.
Seppelt, R., Voinov, A., Optimization methodology for land use patterns using spatially explicit landscape models. Ecol. Model. 151 (2002), 125–142, 10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00455-0.
Seppelt, R., Voinov, A., Optimization methodology for land use patterns—evaluation based on multiscale habitat pattern comparison. Ecol. Model. 168 (2003), 217–231, 10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00138-8.
Seppelt, R., Dormann, C.F., Eppink, F.V., Lautenbach, S., Schmidt, S., A quantitative review of ecosystem service studies: approaches, shortcomings and the road ahead: priorities for ecosystem service studies. J. Appl. Ecol. 48 (2011), 630–636, 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01952.x.
Seppelt, R., Lautenbach, S., Volk, M., Identifying trade-offs between ecosystem services, land use, and biodiversity: a plea for combining scenario analysis and optimization on different spatial scales. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 5 (2013), 458–463, 10.1016/j.cosust.2013.05.002.
Seppelt, R., Manceur, A., Liu, J., Fenichel, E., Klotz, S., Synchronized peak-rate years of global resources use. Ecol. Soc., 19, 2014, 10.5751/ES-07039-190450.
Smith, F.P., Gorddard, R., House, A.P.N., McIntyre, S., Prober, S.M., Biodiversity and agriculture: production frontiers as a framework for exploring trade-offs and evaluating policy. Environ. Sci. Pol. 23 (2012), 85–94, 10.1016/j.envsci.2012.07.013.
Swallow, B.M., Sang, J.K., Nyabenge, M., Bundotich, D.K., Duraiappah, A.K., Yatich, T.B., Tradeoffs, synergies and traps among ecosystem services in the Lake Victoria basin of East Africa. Environ. Sci. Pol. 12 (2009), 504–519, 10.1016/j.envsci.2008.11.003.
Tallis, H., Polasky, S., Mapping and valuing ecosystem services as an approach for conservation and natural-resource management. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1162 (2009), 265–283, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04152.x.
TEEB, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity Ecological and Economic Foundations. 2010, Pushpam Kumar, Earthscan, London and Washington.
Tomscha, S., Gergel, S., Ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies misunderstood without landscape history. Ecol. Soc., 21, 2016, 10.5751/ES-08345-210143.
Tourki, Y., Keisler, J., Linkov, I., Scenario analysis: a review of methods and applications for engineering and environmental systems. Environ. Syst. Decis. 33 (2013), 3–20, 10.1007/s10669-013-9437-6.
Turkelboom, F., Leone, M., Jacobs, S., Kelemen, E., García-Llorente, M., Baró, F., Termansen, M., Barton, D.N., Berry, P., Stange, E., Thoonen, M., Kalóczkai, Á., Vadineanu, A., Castro, A.J., Czúcz, B., Röckmann, C., Wurbs, D., Odee, D., Preda, E., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Rusch, G.M., Pastur, G.M., Palomo, I., Dick, J., Casaer, J., van Dijk, J., Priess, J.A., Langemeyer, J., Mustajoki, J., Kopperoinen, L., Baptist, M.J., Peri, P.L., Mukhopadhyay, R., Aszalós, R., Roy, S.B., Luque, S., Rusch, V., When we cannot have it all: ecosystem services trade-offs in the context of spatial planning. Ecosyst. Serv., 2017, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.10.011.
Turner, M.G., Donato, D.C., Romme, W.H., Consequences of spatial heterogeneity for ecosystem services in changing forest landscapes: priorities for future research. Landsc. Ecol. 28 (2013), 1081–1097, 10.1007/s10980-012-9741-4.
Turner, K.G., Odgaard, M.V., Bøcher, P.K., Dalgaard, T., Svenning, J.-C., Bundling ecosystem services in Denmark: trade-offs and synergies in a cultural landscape. Landsc. Urban Plan. 125 (2014), 89–104, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.02.007.
Vallet, A., Locatelli, B., Levrel, H., Pérez, C.B., Imbach, P., Carmona, N.E., Manlay, R., Oszwald, J., Dynamics of ecosystem services during forest transitions in Reventazón, Costa Rica. PLoS One, 11, 2016, e0158615, 10.1371/journal.pone.0158615.
van Wijk, M.T., Klapwijk, C.J., Rosenstock, T.S., van Asten, P.J.A., Thornton, P.K., Giller, K.E., Methods for Environment: Productivity Trade-off Analysis in Agricultural Systems, in: Methods for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Balances and Evaluating Mitigation Options in Smallholder Agriculture. 2016, Springer, Cham, 189–198, 10.1007/978-3-319-29794-1_10.
Varian, H.R., Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach. 8th ed, 2010, W.W. Norton & Co, New York.
Vatn, A., An institutional analysis of methods for environmental appraisal. Ecol. Econ. 68 (2009), 2207–2215, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.04.005.
Vigl, L.E., Schirpke, U., Tasser, E., Tappeiner, U., Linking long-term landscape dynamics to the multiple interactions among ecosystem services in the European Alps. Landsc. Ecol. 31 (2016), 1903–1918, 10.1007/s10980-016-0389-3.
White, C., Halpern, B.S., Kappel, C.V., Ecosystem service tradeoff analysis reveals the value of marine spatial planning for multiple ocean uses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109 (2012), 4696–4701, 10.1073/pnas.1114215109.
Wickham, H., Chang, W., RStudio, ggplot2: create elegant data visualisations using the grammar of graphics, R package version 2.2.1. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggplot2/index.html, 2016.
Willemen, L., Hein, L., van Mensvoort, M.E., Verburg, P.H., Space for people, plants, and livestock? Quantifying interactions among multiple landscape functions in a Dutch rural region. Ecol. Indic. 10 (2010), 62–73.
Wossink, A., Swinton, S.M., Jointness in production and farmers' willingness to supply non-marketed ecosystem services. Ecol. Econ. 64 (2007), 297–304, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.003.
Yapo, P.O., Gupta, H.V., Sorooshian, S., Multi-objective global optimization for hydrologic models. J. Hydrol. 204 (1998), 83–97, 10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00107-8.
Zheng, Z., Fu, B., Hu, H., Sun, G., A method to identify the variable ecosystem services relationship across time: a case study on Yanhe Basin, China. Landsc. Ecol. 29 (2014), 1689–1696, 10.1007/s10980-014-0088-x.