Cardiac interoceptive processing and emotional experience in binge eating behavior: Neural evidence of disengagement from bodily sensations.

ORTMANN, Julie; SCHULZ, André; LUTZ, Annika; van Dyck, Zoé; VÖGELE, Claus

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2025.107948

Article (Scientific journals)

Cardiac interoceptive processing and emotional experience in binge eating behavior: Neural evidence of disengagement from bodily sensations.

ORTMANN, Julie; SCHULZ, André; LUTZ, Annika et al.

2025 • In Appetite, 208, p. 107948

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/10993/64430

DOI
10.1016/j.appet.2025.107948

PubMed
40032213

Files (1)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

Ortmann 2025.pdf

Publisher postprint (1.32 MB)

Request a copy

All documents in ORBilu are protected by a user license.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Keywords :

Binge eating; Cardiac interoception; Eating disorders; Emotion processing; Heartbeat-evoked potentials

Abstract :

[en] [en] OBJECTIVE: This study provides a comprehensive assessment of cardiac interoception in individuals with binge eating (BE) behavior and compares their emotional experience and affective state related to heartbeat perception with those of healthy controls (HCs). METHOD: After a 5-min resting phase, participants (n = 28 BE group, n = 28 HC group) completed the heartbeat counting task, with concurrent EEG and ECG recording. Indices for interoceptive accuracy (IAcc), interoceptive beliefs (IBe), and interoceptive insight (IIn) were computed. Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) served as indicators of bodily signal strength. Heartbeat-evoked potentials (HEPs) were derived to assess the neural representation of cardio-afferent signals at the cortical level during rest or task performance. Emotional experiences and changes in affective state from pre-to post-task were assessed using self-reports. RESULTS: The BE group exhibited lower mean HR and higher HRV compared to HCs. No group differences were found in IAcc, IBe, or IIn. HCs showed increased HEP amplitudes during the task compared to rest, whereas no such effect was observed in the BE group. Both groups reported an increase in negative affect from pre-to post-task, with the BE group experiencing significantly higher negative affect post-task. DISCUSSION: The altered neural representation observed in the BE group may reflect disengagement from bodily sensations, which may impair emotion processing and regulation, potentially contributing to BE behavior. Further research is warranted to determine whether this pattern is specific BE-related eating disorders (EDs) or relevant to EDs in general.

Disciplines :

Neurosciences & behavior

Author, co-author :

ORTMANN, Julie ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences > Team Claus VÖGELE

SCHULZ, André ; University of Luxembourg

LUTZ, Annika ; University of Luxembourg

van Dyck, Zoé ^✱; Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Maison des Sciences Humaines, 11 Porte des Sciences, 4366, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, Centre Hospitalier Neuro-Psychiatrique, 17 Av. des Alliés, 9012, Ettelbruck, Luxembourg. Electronic address: zoe.vandyck@ext.uni.lu

VÖGELE, Claus ^✱; University of Luxembourg

^✱ These authors have contributed equally to this work.

External co-authors :

Language :

English

Title :

Cardiac interoceptive processing and emotional experience in binge eating behavior: Neural evidence of disengagement from bodily sensations.

Publication date :

01 March 2025

Journal title :

Appetite

ISSN :

0195-6663

eISSN :

1095-8304

Publisher :

Elsevier BV, England

Volume :

208

Pages :

107948

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0195666325001011?httpAccept=text/xml

Available on ORBilu :

since 07 March 2025

Statistics

Number of views

155 (5 by Unilu)

Number of downloads

2 (2 by Unilu)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed., 2013, 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.
Azzalini, D., Rebollo, I., Tallon-Baudry, C., Visceral signals shape brain dynamics and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 23:6 (2019), 488–509, 10.1016/j.tics.2019.03.007.
Blackburn, S., Johnston, L., Blampied, N., Popp, D., Kallen, R., An application of escape theory to binge eating. European Eating Disorders Review 14:1 (2006), 23–31, 10.1002/erv.675.
Bradley, M.M., Lang, P.J., Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 25:1 (1994), 49–59, 10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9.
Brockmeyer, T., Skunde, M., Wu, M., Bresslein, E., Rudofsky, G., Herzog, W., et al. Difficulties in emotion regulation across the spectrum of eating disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry 55:3 (2014), 565–571, 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.12.001.
Brown, T.A., Vanzhula, I.A., Reilly, E.E., Levinson, C.A., Berner, L.A., Krueger, A., et al. Body mistrust bridges interoceptive awareness and eating disorder symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 129:5 (2020), 445–456, 10.1037/abn0000516.
Brownstone, L.M., Bardone-Cone, A.M., Subjective binge eating: A marker of disordered eating and broader psychological distress. Eating and Weight Disorders 26:7 (2021), 2201–2209, 10.1007/s40519-020-01053-9.
Brownstone, L.M., Bardone-Cone, A.M., Fitzsimmons-Craft, E.E., Printz, K.S., Le Grange, D., Mitchell, J.E., et al. Subjective and objective binge eating in relation to eating disorder symptomatology, negative affect, and personality dimensions. International Journal of Eating Disorders 46:1 (2013), 66–76, 10.1002/eat.22066.
Bruch, H., Psychological aspects of overeating and obesity. Psychosomatics 5:5 (1964), 269–274, 10.1016/S0033-3182(64)72385-7.
Cavicchioli, M., Scalabrini, A., Northoff, G., Mucci, C., Ogliari, A., Maffei, C., Dissociation and emotion regulation strategies: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Psychiatric Research 143:May (2021), 370–387, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.011.
Chapa, D.A.N., Bohrer, B.K., Forbush, K.T., Is the diagnostic threshold for bulimia nervosa clinically meaningful?. Eating Behaviors 28 (2018), 16–19, 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2017.12.002 (November 2017).
Christensen, K.A., Feeling, N.R., Rienecke, R.D., Meta-analysis and systematic review of resting-state high-frequency heart rate variability in binge-eating disorder. Journal of Psychophysiology 37:1 (2023), 50–63, 10.1027/0269-8803/a000307.
Cohen, J., Statistical power analysis for the behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed., 1988, Lawerence Erlbaum Associates.
Cohen, J., A power primer psychol bull 112:155-159. Psychological Bulletin 112:July (1992), 155–159 [PsycARTICLES] http://www2.psych.ubc.ca/∼schaller/528Readings/.pdf.
Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Aiken, L.S., West, S.G., The problem of units and the circumstance for POMP. Multivariate Behavioral Research 34:3 (1999), 315–346, 10.1207/S15327906MBR3403_2.
Coll, M.P., Hobson, H., Bird, G., Murphy, J., Systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between the heartbeat-evoked potential and interoception. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 122:January (2021), 190–200, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.012.
Damasio, A.R., The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 351:1346 (1996), 1413–1420 http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.02833.
Desmedt, O., Corneille, O., Luminet, O., Murphy, J., Bird, G., Maurage, P., Contribution of time estimation and knowledge to heartbeat counting task performance under original and adapted instructions. Biological Psychology, 154(May), 2020, 107904, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107904.
Desmedt, O., Luminet, O., Corneille, O., The heartbeat counting task largely involves non-interoceptive processes: Evidence from both the original and an adapted counting task. Biological Psychology 138:July (2018), 185–188, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.09.004.
Desmedt, O., Luminet, O., Walentynowicz, M., Corneille, O., The new measures of interoceptive accuracy: A systematic review and assessment. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 153, 2023, 105388, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105388.
Dirlich, G., Vogl, L., Plaschke, M., Strian, F., Cardiac field effects on the EEG. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 102:4 (1997), 307–315, 10.1016/S0013-4694(96)96506-2.
Dörsam, A.F., Mack, I., Kögel, L., Zipfel, S., Giel, K.E., How do patients with eating disorders perceive and evaluate food portion sizes? A systematic review. European Eating Disorders Review 28:4 (2020), 398–409, 10.1002/erv.2743.
Duarte, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Ferreira, C., Expanding binge eating assessment: Validity and screening value of the Binge Eating Scale in women from the general population. Eating Behaviors 18 (2015), 41–47, 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.03.007.
Eddy, K.T., Dorer, D.J., Franko, D.L., Tahilani, K., Thompson-Brenner, H., Herzog, D.B., Diagnostic crossover in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: Implications for DSM-V. American Journal of Psychiatry 165:2 (2008), 245–250, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07060951.
Ehring, T., Svaldi, J., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Berking, M., Validierung der difficulties in emotion regulation scale–Deutsche version (DERS-D). 2013.
Eshkevari, E., Rieger, E., Musiat, P., Treasure, J., An investigation of interoceptive sensitivity in eating disorders using a heartbeat detection task and a self-report measure. European Eating Disorders Review 22:5 (2014), 383–388, 10.1002/erv.2305.
Fairburn, C.G., Cooper, Z., The eating disorder examination. Fairburn, C.G., Wilson, G.T., (eds.) Binge eating: Nature, assessment, and treatment, 12th ed., 1993, Guilford Press, 317–360.
Ferentzi, E., Bogdány, T., Szabolcs, Z., Csala, B., Horváth, Á., Köteles, F., Multichannel investigation of interoception: Sensitivity is not a generalizable feature. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 12:June (2018), 1–9, 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00223.
Fichter, M.M., Quadflieg, N., Hedlund, S., Long-term course of binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa: Relevance for nosology and diagnostic criteria. International Journal of Eating Disorders 41:7 (2008), 577–586, 10.1002/eat.20539.
Forkmann, T., Scherer, A., Meessen, J., Michal, M., Schächinger, H., Vögele, C., et al. Making sense of what you sense: Disentangling interoceptive awareness, sensibility and accuracy. International Journal of Psychophysiology 109 (2016), 71–80, 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.09.019.
Garfinkel, S.N., Manassei, M.F., Hamilton-Fletcher, G., den Bosch, Y.I., Critchley, H.D., Engels, M., Interoceptive dimensions across cardiac and respiratory axes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1708), 2016, 10.1098/rstb.2016.0014.
Garfinkel, S.N., Seth, A.K., Barrett, A.B., Suzuki, K., Critchley, H.D., Knowing your own heart: Distinguishing interoceptive accuracy from interoceptive awareness. Biological Psychology 104 (2015), 65–74, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.004.
Goldschmidt, A.B., Loth, K.A., MacLehose, R.F., Pisetsky, E.M., Berge, J.M., Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Overeating with and without loss of control: Associations with weight status, weight‐related characteristics, and psychosocial health. International Journal of Eating Disorders 48:8 (2015), 1150–1157, 10.1002/eat.22465.
Greenwood, B.M., Garfinkel, S.N., Interoceptive mechanisms and emotional processing. 2025.
Hambleton, A., Pepin, G., Le, A., Maloney, D., Aouad, P., Barakat, S., et al. Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of eating disorders: Findings from a rapid review of the literature. Journal of Eating Disorders 10:1 (2022), 1–23, 10.1186/s40337-022-00654-2.
Harrison, N.A., Gray, M.A., Gianaros, P.J., Critchley, H.D., The embodiment of emotional feelings in the brain. Journal of Neuroscience 30:38 (2010), 12878–12884, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1725-10.2010.
Heatherton, T.F., Baumeister, R.F., Binge eating as escape from self-awareness. Psychological Bulletin 110:1 (1991), 86–108, 10.1037//0033-2909.110.1.86.
Hilbert, A., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Essanfälle und Adipositas: ein Manual zur kognitiv-behavioralen Therapie der Binge-Eating-Störung. 2010, Hogrefe.
Hilbert, A., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Ohms, M., Eating Disorder Examination: Deutschsprachige Version des strukturierten Essstörungsinterviews. Diagnostica 50:2 (2004), 98–106, 10.1026/0012-1924.50.2.98.
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D., Quinn, K., et al. Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry Online, 2010, 748–751 July.
James, W., What is an emotion?. G, L.C., James, W., (eds.) The emotions, Vol. 1, 1922, Williams & Wilkins Co, 11–30, 10.1037/10735-001.
Johnson, S.N., Forbush, K.T., Swanson, T.J., Christensen, K.A., An empirical evaluation of the diagnostic threshold between full-threshold and sub-threshold bulimia nervosa. Eating Behaviors, 42, 2021, 101540, 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101540.
Kaufmann, T., Sütterlin, S., Schulz, S.M., Vögele, C., ARTiiFACT: A tool for heart rate artifact processing and heart rate variability analysis. Behavior Research Methods 43:4 (2011), 1161–1170, 10.3758/s13428-011-0107-7.
Kenny, T.E., Singleton, C., Carter, J.C., Testing predictions of the emotion regulation model of binge‐eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders 50:11 (2017), 1297–1305, 10.1002/eat.22787.
Khalsa, S.S., Adolphs, R., Cameron, O.G., Critchley, H.D., Davenport, P.W., Feinstein, J.S., et al. Interoception and mental health: A roadmap. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 3:6 (2018), 501–513, 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.12.004.
Klabunde, M., Acheson, D., Boutelle, K., Matthews, S., Kaye, W., Interoceptive sensitivity deficits in women recovered from bulimia nervosa. Eating Behaviors 14:4 (2013), 1–7, 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.08.002.Interoceptive.
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B.W., The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine 16:9 (2001), 606–613, 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
La Mela, C., Maglietta, M., Castellini, G., Amoroso, L., Lucarelli, S., Dissociation in eating disorders: Relationship between dissociative experiences and binge-eating episodes. Comprehensive Psychiatry 51:4 (2010), 393–400, 10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.09.008.
Leehr, E.J., Krohmer, K., Schag, K., Dresler, T., Zipfel, S., Giel, K.E., Emotion regulation model in binge eating disorder and obesity - a systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 49 (2015), 125–134, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.008.
Luck, S.L., An introduction to the event-related potential technique. 2nd ed., 2014, The MIT Press.
Lutz, A.P., Arend, A.-K., Voderholzer, U., Vögele, C., Blechert, J., Komplexe interozeptive Veränderungen bei Essstörungen: Eine Untersuchung physiologischer, behavioraler, kognitiver und emotionaler Aspekte kardialer Interozeption [Complex Interoceptive Changes in Eating Disorders: An Investigation of Physiological. Behavioral, Cognitive, and Emotional Aspects, 2023, 10.1055/s-0043-1771610.
Lutz, A.P.C., Schulz, A., Voderholzer, U., Koch, S., van Dyck, Z., Vögele, C., Enhanced cortical processing of cardio-afferent signals in anorexia nervosa. Clinical Neurophysiology 130:9 (2019), 1620–1627, 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.06.009.
Lutz, A.P.C., van Dyck, Z., Schulz, A., Vögele, C., Interoception in bulimia nervosa: Evidence at cortical and self-report levels. Psychophysiology, 56(S1), 2019, 117, 10.1111/psyp.13502.
Malik, M., Bigger, J.T., Camm, A.J., Kleiger, R.E., Malliani, A., Moss, A.J., et al. Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. European Heart Journal 17:3 (1996), 354–381, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868.
Mallorquí‐Bagué, N., Vintró‐Alcaraz, C., Sánchez, I., Riesco, N., Agüera, Z., Granero, R., et al. Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic feature among eating disorders: Cross‐sectional and longitudinal approach. European Eating Disorders Review 26:1 (2018), 53–61, 10.1002/erv.2570.
Margraf, J., Cwik, J.C., Mini-DIPS open access: Diagnostic short-interview for mental disorders. 2017 [Mini-DIPS Open Access: Diagnostisches Kurzinterview bei psychischen Störungen].
Mehling, W.E., Price, C., Daubenmier, J.J., Acree, M., Bartmess, E., Stewart, A., The multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness (MAIA). PLoS One, 7(11), 2012, 10.1371/journal.pone.0048230.
Meneguzzo, P., Garolla, A., Bonello, E., Todisco, P., Alexithymia, dissociation and emotional regulation in eating disorders: Evidence of improvement through specialized inpatient treatment. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 29:2 (2022), 718–724, 10.1002/cpp.2665.
Meule, A., Richard, A., Schnepper, R., Reichenberger, J., Georgii, C., Naab, S., et al. Emotion regulation and emotional eating in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Eating Disorders 29:2 (2021), 175–191, 10.1080/10640266.2019.1642036.
Mond, J.M., Latner, J.D., Hay, P.H., Owen, C., Rodgers, B., Objective and subjective bulimic episodes in the classification of bulimic-type eating disorders: Another nail in the coffin of a problematic distinction. Behaviour Research and Therapy 48:7 (2010), 661–669, 10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.020.
Monell, E., Clinton, D., Birgegård, A., Emotion dysregulation and eating disorders—associations with diagnostic presentation and key symptoms. International Journal of Eating Disorders 51:8 (2018), 921–930, 10.1002/eat.22925.
Müller, L.E., Schulz, A., Andermann, M., Gäbel, A., Gescher, D.M., Spohn, A., et al. Cortical representation of afferent bodily signals in borderline personality disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(11), 2015, 1077, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1252.
Munsch, S., Biedert, E., Schlup, B., Binge Eating: Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie bei Essanfällen. Mit Online-Materialien. 2011, Beltz.
Munsch, S., Meyer, A.H., Quartier, V., Wilhelm, F.H., Binge eating in binge eating disorder: A breakdown of emotion regulatory process?. Psychiatry Research 195:3 (2012), 118–124, 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.016.
Murphy, J., Brewer, R., Hobson, H., Catmur, C., Bird, G., Is alexithymia characterised by impaired interoception? Further evidence, the importance of control variables, and the problems with the heartbeat counting task. Biological Psychology 136:February (2018), 189–197, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.05.010.
Murphy, J., Catmur, C., Bird, G., Classifying individual differences in interoception: Implications for the measurement of interoceptive awareness. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 26:5 (2019), 1467–1471, 10.3758/s13423-019-01632-7.
Nagl, M., Hilbert, A., De Zwaan, M., Braehler, E., Kersting, A., The German version of the Dutch eating behavior questionnaire: Psychometric properties, measurement invariance, and population-based norms. PLoS One 11:9 (2016), 1–15, 10.1371/journal.pone.0162510.
Opwis, M., Schmidt, J., Martin, A., Salewski, C., Gender differences in eating behavior and eating pathology: The mediating role of rumination. Appetite 110 (2017), 103–107, 10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.020.
Ortmann, J., Lutz, A.P.C., Rose, G., Happ, C., Vögele, C., Schulz, A., et al. Development and initial validation of a self-report measure to assess eating disorder-specific interoceptive perception. Psychological Assessment 36:2 (2024), 162–174, 10.1037/pas0001283.
Paul, T., Thiel, A., Eating disorder inventory-2 (EDI-2): Deutsche version. 2005, Hogrefe.
Peschel, S.K.V., Feeling, N.R., Vögele, C., Kaess, M., Thayer, J.F., Koenig, J., A systematic review on heart rate variability in Bulimia Nervosa. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 63 (2016), 78–97, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.012.
Pinna, T., Edwards, D.J., A systematic review of associations between interoception, vagal tone, and emotional regulation: Potential applications for mental health, wellbeing, psychological flexibility, and chronic conditions. Frontiers in Psychology 11:August (2020), 1–15, 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01792.
Polivy, J., Herman, C.P., Etiology of binge eating: Psychological mechanisms. Fairburn, C.G., Wilson, G.T., (eds.) Binge eating: Nature, assessment, and treatment, 1993, Guilford Press, 173–205.
Pollatos, O., Georgiou, E., Normal interoceptive accuracy in women with bulimia nervosa. Psychiatry Research 240 (2016), 328–332, 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.072.
Pollatos, O., Schandry, R., Accuracy of heartbeat perception is reflected in the amplitude of the heartbeat-evoked brain potential. Psychophysiology 41:3 (2004), 476–482, 10.1111/1469-8986.2004.00170.x.
Poovey, K., Rancourt, D., Visceral sensitivity, hunger responsiveness, and satiety responsiveness: Associations between facets of gastrointestinal interoception and disordered eating profiles in an undergraduate sample. Appetite, 196(February), 2024, 107252, 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107252.
Prentice, F., Murphy, J., Sex differences in interoceptive accuracy: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 132:September 2021 (2022), 497–518, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.030.
Quadflieg, N., Fichter, M.M., Long-term outcome of inpatients with bulimia nervosa—results from the christina barz study. International Journal of Eating Disorders 52:7 (2019), 834–845, 10.1002/eat.23084.
Robinson, E., Foote, G., Smith, J., Higgs, S., Jones, A., Interoception and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between interoception and BMI. International Journal of Obesity, 2021, 10.1038/s41366-021-00950-y January.
Schachter, S., Singer, J., Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review 69:5 (1962), 379–399, 10.1037/h0046234.
Schaefer, L.M., Smith, K.E., Anderson, L.M., Cao, L., Crosby, R.D., Engel, S.G., et al. The role of affect in the maintenance of binge-eating disorder: Evidence from an ecological momentary assessment study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 129:4 (2020), 387–396, 10.1037/abn0000517.
Schandry, R., Heart beat perception and emotional experience. Psychophysiology 18:4 (1981), 483–488, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb02486.x.
Schulz, A., Ferreira de Sá, D.S., Dierolf, A.M., Lutz, A., van Dyck, Z., Vögele, C., et al. Short‐term food deprivation increases amplitudes of heartbeat‐evoked potentials. Psychophysiology 52:5 (2015), 695–703, 10.1111/psyp.12388.
Schulz, A., Köster, S., Beutel, M.E., Schächinger, H., Vögele, C., Rost, S., et al. Altered patterns of heartbeat-evoked potentials in depersonalization/derealization disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine 77:5 (2015), 506–516, 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000195.
Schulz, A., Rost, S., Flasinski, T., Dierolf, A.M., Lutz, A.P.C., Münch, E.E., et al. Distinctive body perception mechanisms in high versus low symptom reporters: A neurophysiological model for medically-unexplained symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 137(August), 2020, 110223, 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110223.
Shaffer, F., Ginsberg, J.P., An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms. Frontiers in Public Health 5:September (2017), 1–17, 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00258.
Simpson, C.C., Mazzeo, S.E., Calorie counting and fitness tracking technology: Associations with eating disorder symptomatology. Eating Behaviors 26 (2017), 89–92, 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2017.02.002.
Sonneville, K.R., Horton, N.J., Micali, N., Crosby, R.D., Swanson, S.A., Solmi, F., et al. Longitudinal associations between binge eating and overeating and adverse outcomes among adolescents and young adults. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(2), 2013, 149, 10.1001/2013.jamapediatrics.12.
Spitzer, R.L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J.B.W., Löwe, B., A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 2006, 1092, 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.
Striegel-Moore, R.H., Dohm, F.A., Solomon, E.E., Fairburn, C.G., Pike, K.M., Wilfley, D.E., Subthreshold binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders 27:3 (2000), 270–278, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(200004)27:3<270::AID-EAT3>3.0.CO;2-1.
Suksasilp, C., Garfinkel, S.N., Towards a comprehensive assessment of interoception in a multi-dimensional framework. Biological Psychology, 168(January), 2022, 108262, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108262.
Terhaar, J., Viola, F.C., Bär, K.J., Debener, S., Heartbeat evoked potentials mirror altered body perception in depressed patients. Clinical Neurophysiology 123:10 (2012), 1950–1957, 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.02.086.
van Dyck, Z., Schulz, A., Blechert, J., Herbert, B.M., Lutz, A.P.C., Vögele, C., Gastric interoception and gastric myoelectrical activity in bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2020, 1–10, 10.1002/eat.23291 February 2019.
Watford, T.S., Braden, A., O'Brien, W.H., Resting state heart rate variability in clinical and subthreshold disordered eating: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders 53:7 (2020), 1021–1033, 10.1002/eat.23287.
Watson, D., Clark, L.A., Tellegen, A., Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54:6 (1988), 1063–1070, 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.
Weineck, F., Messner, M., Hauke, G., Pollatos, O., Improving interoceptive ability through the practice of power posing: A pilot study. PLoS One 14:2 (2019), 1–23, 10.1371/journal.pone.0211453.
Westwood, H., Kerr-Gaffney, J., Stahl, D., Tchanturia, K., Alexithymia in eating disorders: Systematic review and meta-analyses of studies using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 99:March 2017 (2017), 66–81, 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.06.007.