E-Voting; Receipt-freeness; Trust factor; Usability factors; User privacy; User study; Users' experiences; Voting protocols; Theoretical Computer Science; Computer Science (all)
Abstract :
[en] Voting protocols seek to provide integrity and vote privacy in elections. To achieve integrity, procedures have been proposed allowing voters to verify that their vote is correctly counted– however this impacts both the user experience and privacy. In particular, vote verification can lead to vote-buying or coercion, if an attacker can obtain a proof of the cast vote. Thus, some voting protocols provide mechanisms to prevent such receipts.To be effective, such receipt-freeness depends on voters being able to understand and use these mechanisms.In this paper, we present a study with 300 participants to evaluate the voters’ experience and understanding of the receipt-freeness procedures in the Selene scheme in the context of vote-buying. This is the first user study dealing with vote-buying in e-voting. While the usability and trust factors were rated low in the experiments, we found a positive correlation between trust and understanding.
Disciplines :
Computer science
Author, co-author :
Zollinger, Marie-Laure; Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
ROENNE, Peter ; University of Luxembourg > Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SNT) > APSIA
Schneider, Steve; Surrey Centre for Cyber Security, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
RYAN, Peter Y A ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine (FSTM) > Department of Computer Science (DCS)
Jamroga, Wojciech; Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
External co-authors :
yes
Language :
English
Title :
Intelligo Ut Confido: Understanding, Trust and User Experience in Verifiable Receipt-Free E-Voting
Publication date :
2025
Event name :
E-Vote-ID
Event place :
Tarragona, Esp
Event date :
02-10-2024 => 04-10-2024
Main work title :
Electronic Voting - 9th International Joint Conference, E-Vote-ID 2024, Proceedings
Editor :
Duenas-Cid, David
Publisher :
Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
FNR16221219 - Real-world Implementation And Human-centered Design Of Pake Technologies, 2021 (01/06/2022-31/05/2025) - Peter Y. A. Ryan FNR17232062 - Probabilistic Verification Of Complex Heterogeneous Systems: From Ballots To Ballistics, 2022 (01/01/2023-30/06/2025) - Peter Y. A. Ryan
Funding text :
The research was supported by Luxembourg National Research Fund FNR C21/IS/16221219/ImPAKT and C22/IS/ 17232062/SpaceVote, and NCBR Poland under the project SpaceVote POLLUX-XI/14/SpaceVote/2023.
Acemyan, C.Z., Kortum, P., Oswald, F.L.: The trust in voting systems (TVS) measure. Int. J. Technol. Hum. Interact. (IJTHI) 18(1), 1–23 (2022)
Acemyan, C.Z., Kortum, P., Byrne, M.D., Wallach, D.S.: Users’ mental models for three end-to-end voting systems: helios, Prêt à voter, and scantegrity II. In: Tryfonas, T., Askoxylakis, I. (eds.) HAS 2015. LNCS, vol. 9190, pp. 463–474. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20376-8 41
Agbesi, S., Dalela, A., Budurushi, J., and Kulyk, O.: What will make me trust or not trust will depend upon how secure the technology is: factors influencing trust perceptions of the use of election technologies. In: Proceedings of Seventh International Joint Conference on Electronic Voting, p. 1 (2022). University of Tartu
Alsadi, M., and Schneider, S.: Verify my vote: voter experience. In: Electronic Voting-E-Vote-ID 2020 (TalTech Proceedings), p. 280 (2020)
Bangor, A., Kortum, P.T., Miller, J.T.: An empirical evaluation of the system usability scale. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact. 24(6), 574–594 (2008)
Bella, G., Curzon, P., Giustolisi, R., and Lenzini, G.: A socio-technical methodology for the security and privacy analysis of services. In: COMPSAC Workshops, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 401–406 (2014)
Chiang, L.: Trust and security in the e-voting system. Electron. Gov. Int. J. 6(4), 343–360 (2009)
Delaune, S., Kremer, S., and Ryan, M.: Coercion-resistance and receipt-freeness in electronic voting. In: 19th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Workshop, (CSFW-19), pp. 28–42 (2006). IEEE Computer Society
Distler, V., Zollinger, M.L., Lallemand, C., Rønne, P.B., Ryan, P.Y., Koenig, V.: Security-visible, yet unseen? how displaying security mechanisms impacts user experience and perceived security. In: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2019) (2019)
Glass, A., McGuinness, D.L., Wolverton, M.: Toward establishing trust in adaptive agents. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 227–236(2008)
Juels, A., Catalano, D., Jakobsson, M.: Coercion-resistant electronic elections. In: ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society, pp. 61–70 (2005)
Kirlappos, I., Sasse, M.A.: What usable security really means: trusting and engaging users. In: Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy, and Trust, vol. 8533 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, pp. 69–78 (2014)
Kulyk, O., Neumann, S.: Human factors in coercion resistant internet voting – a review of existing solutions and open challenges. In: E-Vote-ID (2020)
Kulyk, O., Neumann, S., Budurushi, J., Volkamer, M.: Nothing comes for free: how much usability can you sacrifice for security? IEEE S&P 15(3), 24–29 (2017)
Lallemand, C., Koenig, V.: Lab testing beyond usability: challenges and recommendations for assessing user experiences. J. Usability Stud. 12(3) (2017)
Levitt, S.D., List, J.A.: What do laboratory experiments tell us about the real world. J. Econ. Perspect. 153–174 (2007)
Llewellyn, M., et al.: Testing voters’ understanding of a security mechanism used in verifiable voting. In: 2013 Electronic Voting Technology Workshop/Workshop on Trustworthy Elections (EVT/WOTE 13) (2013)
Luhmann, N.: Trust and Power, 3 ed. Polity Press (2017)
Malheiros, M., Jennett, C., Seager, W., Sasse, M.A.: Trusting to learn: trust and privacy issues in serious games. In: McCune, J.M., Balacheff, B., Perrig, A., Sadeghi, A.-R., Sasse, A., Beres, Y. (eds.) Trust 2011. LNCS, vol. 6740, pp. 116– 130. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21599-5 9
Marky, K., Kulyk, O., Renaud, K., Volkamer, M.: What did I really vote for? On the usability of verifiable e-voting schemes. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), pp. 1–13 (2018). ACM
Marky, K., Zollinger, M.-L., Roenne, P.B., Ryan, P.Y.A., Grube, T., Kunze, K.: Investigating usability and user experience of individually verifiable internet voting schemes. ACM Trans. CHI 28, 5 (2021)
Neto, A.S., Leite, M., Araújo, R., Mota, M.P., Neto, N.C.S., Traoré, J.: Usability considerations for coercion-resistant election systems. In: 17th Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–10 (2018)
Pieters, W.: Explanation and trust: what to tell the user in security and AI? Ethics Inf. Technol. 13(1), 53–64 (2010)
Sallal, M., et al.: VMV: Augmenting an internet voting system with Selene verifiability 2019. arXiv:1912.00288
Schneider, S., Llewellyn, M., Culnane, C., Heather, J., Srinivasan, S., Xia, Z.: Focus group views on Prêt à Voter 1.0. In: 2011 International Workshop on Requirements Engineering for Electronic Voting Systems, pp. 56–65 (2011)
Schrepp, M.: User experience questionnaire handbook (2018). https://www.ueqonline.org/
Schrepp, M.: The extended user experience questionnaire (2019). http://ueqplus. ueq-research.org/
Schürmann, C.: Electronic elections: trust through engineering. In: First International Workshop on Requirements Engineering for e-Voting Systems, pp. 38–46 (2009)
Zollinger, M., Distler, V., Rønne, P.B., Ryan, P.Y., Lallemand, C., Koenig, V.: User experience design for E-voting: how mental models align with security mechanisms. In: E-Vote-ID 2019, TalTech Proceedings (2019)
Zollinger, M.L., Estaji, E., Ryan, P.Y., Marky, K.: Just for the sake for transparency: exploring voter mental models of verifiability. In: Electronic Voting Sixth International Joint Conference, E-Vote-ID 2021 (2021)
