Decoupling; Greenwashing; Greenwashing measures; Selective disclosure; Systematic literature review; Corporates; Critical analysis; Decouplings; Empirical studies; Greenwashing measure; Environmental Engineering; Waste Management and Disposal; Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Résumé :
[en] In this systematic methodological literature review, we provide an overview, a typology, and a critical analysis of firm-level greenwashing measures derived from secondary data and utilized in empirical studies. 111 eligible studies were incorporated in this review. The high number of recently published studies in the field signals that in addition to conceptualizing greenwashing, lately there has been significant advancement in its operationalization. In slightly more than half of the cases, researchers adopt a broader perspective, with the greenwashing measure covering environmental, social, and corporate governance dimensions as well. Greenwashing measures tend to focus on two aspects of the multifaceted phenomenon: selective disclosure and decoupling. At present, measures of decoupling are more widely used than the measures of selective disclosure. Decoupling measures capture symbolic and substantive corporate actions using diverse data. Typically, the ESG disclosure score, selected ESG data points, or the content of corporate releases are used for evaluating corporate communication, while ESG ratings and selected environmental actions or performance measures are used for assessing corporate actions. Most greenwashing measures are hypothetical; researchers develop a measure which suggests possible greenwashing incidents. Although greenwashing measures based on actual incidents are scant, it might be a promising new research direction, especially when supported by artificial intelligence. The insights from this systematic literature review might serve as an input for selecting or developing the most appropriate greenwashing measurement approach in future empirical research on greenwashing.
Précision sur le type de document :
Compte rendu
Disciplines :
Gestion de l’entreprise, entrepreneuriat & théorie des organisations
Auteur, co-auteur :
Lublóy, Ágnes ; Department of Accounting and Finance, Stockholm School of Economics in Riga, Strēlnieku iela 4a, Rīga, LV-1010, Latvia. Electronic address: agnes.lubloy@sseriga.edu
Keresztúri, Judit Lilla ; Institute of Finance, Corvinus University of Budapest, Fővám tér 8, Budapest, 1093, Hungary. Electronic address: lilla.kereszturi@uni-corvinus.hu
BERLINGER, Edina ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Law, Economics and Finance (FDEF) > Department of Finance (DF)
Co-auteurs externes :
no
Langue du document :
Anglais
Titre :
Quantifying firm-level greenwashing: A systematic literature review.
This research was funded by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office - NKFIH, K-138826. Edina Berlinger acknowledges support from the Chair and Research Program in Sustainable Finance at the University of Luxembourg, sponsored by the Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Sustainable Development.
Aggarwal, P., Kadyan, A., Greenwashing: the darker side of CSR. Indian J. Appl. Res. 4:3 (2014), 61–66 https://doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/mar2014/20.
Akyildirim, E., Corbet, S., Ongena, S., Oxley, L., Greenwashing: do investors, markets and boards really care?, 2023, Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper No. 23-90 https://ssrn.com/abstract=4598145.
Andrikogiannopoulou, A., Krueger, P., Mitali, S.F., Papakonstantinou, F., Discretionary information in ESG investing: a text analysis of mutual fund prospectuses, 2022 https://ssrn.com/abstract=4082263.
Attig, N., Boshanna, A., ESG washing: when cheap talk is not cheap!, 2023 https://ssrn.com/abstract=4672511 n.d.
Attig, N., Rahaman, M.M., Trabelsi, S., Greenwashing and bank loan contracting: does environmental disclosure quality matter to creditors?. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4672511, 2021.
Barrymore, N., Green or greenwashing? How manager and investor preferences shape firm strategy. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4555581, 2022.
Bazillier, R., Vauday, J., The greenwashing machine: is CSR more than communication. HAL Open Science, 2009 hal-00448861v3 https://hal.science/hal-00448861/.
Berg, F., Koelbel, J.F., Rigobon, R., Aggregate confusion: the divergence of ESG ratings. Rev. Finance 26:6 (2022), 1315–1344 https://doi.org/10.1093/rof/rfac033.
Bernini, F., Giuliani, M., La Rosa, F., Measuring greenwashing: a systematic methodological literature review. Bus. Ethics Environ. Responsib. 33:4 (2024), 649–667 https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12631.
Bloomberg. Environmental, social and governance (ESG) scores. Methodology and field information, 2023 Retrieved 20 February 2024, from Bloomberg Terminal https://www.bloomberg.com/professional.
Breuer, W., Hass, M., All that glitters is not gold: performance impact of corporate greenwashing, 2022 https://ssrn.com/abstract=4096853.
Capelle-Blancard, G., Petit, A., Every little helps? ESG news and stock market reaction. J. Bus. Ethics 157 (2019), 543–565 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3667-3.
Carrington, D., ’A great deception’: oil giants taken to task over ‘greenwash’ ads. The Guardian, 2021 19 April 2021. Retrieved 10 January, 2023 from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/apr/19/a-great-deception-oil-giants-taken-to-task-over-greenwash-ads.
China Development Brief. Southern Weekly releases ‘greenwashing’ list. 31 July 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2024, from https://chinadevelopmentbrief.org/reports/southern-weekly-releases-greenwashing-list/, 2023.
Choi, J.W., Hyun, S., Park, J., H., 2023. Exploring the impact of information environment on ESG disclosure behavior: evidence from national pensions and foreign investors. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4551906.
Clarkson, P.M., Li, Y., Richardson, G.D., Vasvari, F.P., Revisiting the relation between environmental performance and environmental disclosure: an empirical analysis. Account. Org. Soc. 33:4–5 (2008), 303–327 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2007.05.003.
Clarkson, P.M., Overell, M.B., Chapple, L., Environmental reporting and its relation to corporate environmental performance. Abacus 47:1 (2011), 27–60 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6281.2011.00330.x.
Crilly, D., Zollo, M., Hansen, M.T., Faking it or muddling through? Understanding decoupling in response to stakeholder pressures. Acad. Manag. J. 55:6 (2012), 1429–1448 https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0697.
Darendeli, A., Law, K.K., Shen, M., Green new hiring. Rev. Account. Stud. 27:3 (2022), 986–1037 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-022-09696-y.
De Freitas Netto, S.V., Sobral, M.F.F., Ribeiro, A.R.B., Soares, G.R.D.L., Concepts and forms of greenwashing: a systematic review. Environ. Sci. Eur. 32 (2020), 1–12 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-0300-3.
Delmas, M.A., Burbano, V.C., The drivers of greenwashing. Calif. Manag. Rev. 54:1 (2011), 64–87 https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2011.54.1.64.
Di, R., Li, C., The cost of hypocrite: does corporate ESG decoupling reduce labor investment efficiency?. Econ. Lett., 232, 2023, 111355 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2023.111355.
Doan, M.H., Sassen, R., The relationship between environmental performance and environmental disclosure: a meta‐analysis. J. Ind. Ecol. 24:5 (2020), 1140–1157 https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13002.
Du, X., How the market values greenwashing? Evidence from China. J. Bus. Ethics 128 (2015), 547–574 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2122-y.
Du, X., Jian, W., Zeng, Q., Chang, Y., Do auditors applaud corporate environmental performance? Evidence from China. J. Bus. Ethics 151 (2018), 1049–1080 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3223-6.
Du, X., Zeng, Q., Zhang, Y., Talk the talk, but walk the walk: what do we know about marital demography and corporate greenwashing?. J. Manag. Organ., 2021, 1–42 https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2021.12.
EC. New Consumer Agenda: European Commission to empower consumers to become the driver of transition, 2020, European Commission Retrieved 2 October 2024, from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_2069.
Erol, D., Çankaya, S., The impacts of firm-level and country-level variables on Environmental, social and corporate governance greenwashing. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler. Dergisi 22:46 (2023), 683–704 https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1200111.
ESMA. Progress Report on Greenwashing. Response to the European Commission's request for input on “greenwashing risks and the supervision of sustainable finance policiesESMA30-1668416927-2498, 2023, European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) Retrieved 12 June 2023, from https://www.esma.europa.eu/document/progress-report-greenwashing.
ESMA. Final report on greenwashing, 2024, European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) ESMA36-287652198-2699. Retrieved 5 October 2024, from https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-06/ESMA36-287652198-2699_Final_Report_on_Greenwashing.pdf.
FCA. Sustainability disclosure requirements (SDR) and investment labels, 2021, Financial Conduct Authority Discussion Paper DP21/4. Retrieved 2 October 2024, from https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/discussion/dp21-4.pdf.
Fiechter, P., Hitz, J.M., Lehmann, N., Real effects of a widespread CSR reporting mandate: evidence from the European Union's CSR Directive. J. Account. Res. 60:4 (2022), 1499–1549 https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679x.12424.
Frendy, Oshika, T., Koike, M., Environmental greenwashing in Japan: the roles of corporate governance and assurance. Meditari Account. Res., 32(7), 2023, 10.1108/MEDAR-11-2023-2216.
Friske, W., Hoelscher, S.A., Nikolov, A.N., The impact of voluntary sustainability reporting on firm value: insights from signaling theory. J. Acad. Market. Sci. 51:2 (2023), 372–392 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-022-00879-2.
Gatti, L., Seele, P., Rademacher, L., Grey zone in–greenwash out. A review of greenwashing research and implications for the voluntary-mandatory transition of CSR. Int. J. Corp. Soc. Responsib. 4:1 (2019), 1–15 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40991-019-0044-9.
Ghitti, M., Gianfrate, G., Palma, L., The agency of greenwashing. J. Manag. Govern., 2023, 1–37 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-023-09683-8.
Gigante, G., Greggio, P., Cerri, A., Is all that glitters that “Green”? An empirical investigation of the magnitude of greenwashing in banking and Its determinants. Carbó-Valverde, S., Cuadros-Solas, P.J., (eds.) New Challenges for the Banking Industry. Palgrave Macmillan Studies in Banking and Financial Institutions, 2023, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32931-9_7.
Grewal, J., Richardson, G.D., Wang, J., Effects of mandatory carbon reporting on unrepresentative environmental disclosures. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4166184, 2022.
GSIA. Global Sustainable Investment Review 2022. Global Sustainable Investment Alliance, 2023 Retrieved 2 October 2024, from https://www.gsi-alliance.org/members-resources/gsir2022/.
Gull, A.A., Hussain, N., Khan, S.A., Mushtaq, R., Orij, R., The power of the CEO and environmental decoupling. Bus. Strat. Environ. 32:6 (2023), 3951–3964 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3347.
Gull, A.A., Hussain, N., Khan, S.A., Khan, Z., Saeed, A., Governing corporate social responsibility decoupling: the effect of the governance committee on corporate social responsibility decoupling. J. Bus. Ethics 185:2 (2023), 349–374 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05181-3.
Gull, A.A., Hussain, N., Akbar Khan, S., Nadeem, M., Mansour Zalata, A., Walking the talk? A corporate governance perspective on corporate social responsibility decoupling. Br. J. Manag. 34:4 (2023), 2186–2211 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12695.
Gull, A.A., Sarang, A.A.A., Mushtaq, R., Ahsan, T., Sustainability committee and environmental decoupling: international evidence. Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manag. 31:2 (2024), 1268–1287 https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2631.
Hawn, O., Ioannou, I., Mind the gap: the interplay between external and internal actions in the case of corporate social responsibility. Strat. Manag. J. 37:13 (2016), 2569–2588 https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2464.
Henao-Rodríguez, C., Lis-Gutiérrez, J.P., Angulo-Bustinza, H.D., Unveiling greenwashing in Colombian manufacturing: a machine learning approach. Res. Glob., 100196, 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2024.100196.
Hotten, R., Volkswagen: the scandal explained. BBC News, 10 December, 2015 Retrieved 11 January 2023, from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772.
Hu, X., Hua, R., Liu, Q., Wang, C., The green fog: environmental rating disagreement and corporate greenwashing. Pac. Basin Finance J., 78, 2023, 101952 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2023.101952.
Huang, R.B., Chen, W., Wang, K.H., External financing demand, impression management and enterprise greenwashing. Comparative Economics & Social Systems 2 (2019), 81–93 [In Chinese].
Huang, R., Huang, Y., Does internal control contribute to a firm's green information disclosure? Evidence from China. Sustainability, 12(8), 2020, 3197 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083197.
Hussain, N., Wang, S., Zeng, C.C., Wu, Q., Does greenwashing pay off? Evidence from the corporate bond market. 2023 https://ssrn.com/abstract=4524852.
IKEA. IKEA sustainability report FY20. Retrieved 10 January 2023, from https://www.ikea.com/se/sv/files/pdf/c3/e2/c3e2b54b/ikea_sustainability_report_fy20.pdf, 2020.
Ioannou, I., Kassinis, G., Papagiannakis, G., The impact of perceived greenwashing on customer satisfaction and the contingent role of capability reputation. J. Bus. Ethics 185:2 (2023), 333–347 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05151-9.
Jia, F., Li, Z., Development of green finance, tourism, and corporate access to bank loans in China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser., 2023, 1–17 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27704-9.
Kassinis, G.I., Kay, A.A., Papagiannakis, G., Vlachos, P.A., Stigma as moral insurance: how stigma buffers firms from the market consequences of greenwashing. J. Manag. Stud. 59:8 (2022), 2154–2190 https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12873.
Khalil, S., O'sullivan, P., Corporate social responsibility: internet social and environmental reporting by banks. Meditari Account. Res. 25:3 (2017), 414–446 https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-10-2016-0082.
Kärnä, J., Juslin, H., Ahonen, V., Hansen, E., Green advertising: greenwash or a true reflection of marketing strategies?. Greener Manag. Int.(33), 2001, 59–70 https://www.jstor.org/stable/greemanainte.33.59.
Kim, E.H., Lyon, T.P., Greenwash vs. brownwash: exaggeration and undue modesty in corporate sustainability disclosure. Organ. Sci. 26:3 (2015), 705–723 https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2014.0949.
Kim, S., Shin, Y., Park, S., Joel, S., Kim, S.T., Oh, J.H., Detecting greenwashing in sustainability disclosures: a prediction model for KOSPI 200 enterprises using ESG-BERT. https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData59044.2023.
Lashitew, A.A., Corporate uptake of the Sustainable Development Goals: mere greenwashing or an advent of institutional change?. J. Int. Bus. Policy. 4:1 (2021), 184–200 https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-020-00092-4.
Lee, M.T., Raschke, R.L., Stakeholder legitimacy in firm greening and financial performance: what about greenwashing temptations?. J. Bus. Res., 155, 2023, 113393 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113393.
Leung, P.H., Wan, W.T.S., Wong, J., The shade of green: greenwashing in the corporate green bond markets. Hong Kong Institute for Monetary and Financial Research (HKIMR) Research Paper, WP No. 01/2023., 2023 https://ssrn.com/abstract=4342360.
Li, W., Lu, Y., Li, W., Does CSR action provide insurance-like protection to tax-avoiding firms? Evidence from China. Sustainability, 11(19), 2019, 5297 https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195297.
Li, W., Li, W., Seppänen, V., Koivumäki, T., Effects of greenwashing on financial performance: moderation through local environmental regulation and media coverage. Bus. Strat. Environ. 32:1 (2023), 820–841 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3177.
Li, R., Zhong, M., Shahab, Y., Can penalties for environmental violations deter firms from engaging in greenwashing?. Bus. Ethics Environ. Responsib., 2023, 10.1111/beer.12623 https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12623.
Li, Z., Ling, Z., Xu, S., When firms talk, do they act? The impact of environmental strategies and actions on executive promotion in China. China Econ. Rev., 82, 2023, 102061 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2023.102061.
Li, W., Zheng, X.Y., Government environmental attention and enterprise greenwashing behavior. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4712124, 2024.
Liao, F., Sun, Y., Xu, S., Financial report comment letters and greenwashing in environmental, social and governance disclosures: evidence from China. Energy Econ., 127, 2023, 107122 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.107122.
Lyon, T.P., Maxwell, J.W., Greenwash: corporate environmental disclosure under threat of audit. J. Econ. Manag. Strat. 20:1 (2011), 3–41 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00282.x.
Mahoney, L.S., Thorne, L., Cecil, L., LaGore, W., A research note on standalone corporate social responsibility reports: signaling or greenwashing?. Crit. Perspect. Account. 24:4–5 (2013), 350–359 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2012.09.008.
Makrenko, I., Makarenko, S., Rubanov, P., Greenwashing detection and impact on responsible business and investment: case of Ukrainian companies (agriculture leaders). Strielkowski, W., (eds.) PRIZK International Conference-Novel Insights in the Leadership in Business and Economics after the COVID-19 Pandemic Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics, 2023, Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 129–145 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28131-0_10.
Marquis, C., Toffel, M.W., Zhou, Y., Scrutiny. norms. and selective disclosure: a global study of greenwashing. Organ. Sci. 27:2 (2016), 483–504 https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2015.1039.
Martín-Martín, A., Orduna-Malea, E., Delgado López-Cózar, E., Coverage of highly-cited documents in Google scholar, web of science, and Scopus: a multidisciplinary comparison. Scientometrics 116:3 (2018), 2175–2188 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2820-9.
Martín-Martín, A., Orduna-Malea, E., Thelwall, M., López-Cózar, E.D., Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus: a systematic comparison of citations in 252 subject categories. J. Informetr. 12:4 (2018), 1160–1177 https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/42nkm.
Mateo-Márquez, A.J., González-González, J.M., Zamora-Ramírez, C., An international empirical study of greenwashing and voluntary carbon disclosure. J. Clean. Prod., 363, 2022, 132567 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132567.
Merriam-Webster. Greenwashing. Retrieved 19 November 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/greenwashing, 2023.
Moodaley, W., Telukdarie, A., Greenwashing, sustainability reporting, and artificial intelligence: a systematic literature review. Sustainability, 15, 2023, 1481 https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021481.
Nguyen, D., Van de Venter, G., Michayluk, D., Walker, S., Trust me, I Am going green: greenwashing through mergers and acquisitions. https://acfr.aut.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/687323/Duy-Nguyen_UTS_Greenwashing-Through-Mergers-and-Acquisitions.pdf, 2022.
OECD. OECD Guidance on Transition Finance. Ensuring Credibility of Corporate Climate Transition Plans. 2022, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Retrieved 2 October 2024, from https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-guidance-on-transition-finance_7c68a1ee-en.html.
OECD. ESG Ratings and Climate Transition: an Assessment of the Alignment of E Pillar. 2022, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Retrieved 2 October 2024, from https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/esg-ratings-and-climate-transition_2fa21143-en.html.
Patten, D.M., The relation between environmental performance and environmental disclosure: a research note. Account. Org. Soc. 27:8 (2002), 763–773 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-3682(02)00028-4.
Pimonenko, T., Bilan, Y., Horák, J., Starchenko, L., Gajda, W., Green brand of companies and greenwashing under sustainable development goals. Sustainability, 12(4), 2020, 1679 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041679.
Pope, S., Peillex, J., El Ouadghiri, I., Gomes, M., Floodlight or spotlight? Public attention and the selective disclosure of environmental information. J. Manag. Stud., 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12920.
Qureshi, M.A., Gull, A.A., Ahsan, T., Majeed, M.A., Do firms walk the talk when economic uncertainty is high?. J. Clean. Prod., 436, 2024, 140617 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140617.
Refinitiv. Environmental, social and governance scores from Refinitiv. Retrieved 19 February 2024, from https://www.lseg.com/content/dam/marketing/en_us/documents/methodology/refinitiv-esg-scores-methodology.pdf, 2022.
RepRisk. RepRisk approach. Retrieved 6 February 2024, from https://www.reprisk.com/approach, 2024.
RepRisk. On the rise: navigating the wave of greenwashing and social washing. Retrieved 7 February 2024, from https://www.reprisk.com/news-research/reports/on-the-rise-navigating-the-wave-of-greenwashing-and-social-washing/20adb3d8, 2024.
RepRisk. Spotting greenwashing with ESG data (July 2022). Retrieved 6 February 2024, from https://www.reprisk.com/news-research/reports/spotting-greenwashing-with-esg-data, 2024.
Reuters. IKEA to review its Ukrainian wood supply after critical report. Reuters, 23 June 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/article/ikea-supplychain-ukraine-wood-idUSL8N2E053U, 2020.
Roulet, T.J., Touboul, S., The intentions with which the road is paved: attitudes to liberalism as determinants of greenwashing. J. Bus. Ethics 128 (2015), 305–320 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2097-8.
Ruiz-Blanco, S., Romero, S., Fernandez-Feijoo, B., Green, blue or black, but washing–What company characteristics determine greenwashing?. Environ. Dev. Sustain., 2022, 1–22 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01602-x.
Tang, P., Wang, C., Jiang, Q., Liu, X., Wang, J., Symbol or substance? Environmental regulations and corporate environmental actions decoupling. J. Environ. Manag., 346, 2023, 118950 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118950.
Tashman, P., Marano, V., Kostova, T., Walking the walk or talking the talk? Corporate social responsibility decoupling in emerging market multinationals. J. Int. Bus. Stud. 50 (2019), 153–171 https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-018-0171-7.
Testa, F., Miroshnychenko, I., Barontini, R., Frey, M., Does it pay to be a greenwasher or a brownwasher?. Bus. Strat. Environ. 27:7 (2018), 1104–1116 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2058.
Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters ESG scores. Retrieved 10 January 2024, from https://www.esade.edu/itemsweb/biblioteca/bbdd/inbbdd/archivos/Thomson_Reuters_ESG_Scores.pdf, 2017.
Uyar, A., Karaman, A.S., Kilic, M., Is corporate social responsibility reporting a tool of signalling or greenwashing? Evidence from the worldwide logistics sector. J. Clean. Prod., 253, 2020, 119997 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.119997.
UN. The State of Finance for Nature 2022. Time to act: doubling investment by 2025 and eliminating nature-negative finance flows. United Nations Environment Program, 2022 Naoribi. Retrieved 2 October 2024, from https://www.unep.org/resources/state-finance-nature-2022.
Wald, M.L., Regulators find design flaws in new reactors. The New York Times, 2011 20 May, 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2023, from https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/21/business/energy-environment/21nuke.html.
Walker, K., Wan, F., The harm of symbolic actions and green-washing: corporate actions and communications on environmental performance and their financial implications. J. Bus. Ethics 109 (2012), 227–242 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1122-4.
Wang, W., Sun, Z., Zhu, W., Ma, L., Dong, Y., Sun, X., Wu, F., How does multi‐agent govern corporate greenwashing? A stakeholder engagement perspective from “common” to “collaborative” governance. Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manag. 30:1 (2023), 291–307 https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2355.
Xu, W., Li, M., Xu, S., Unveiling the “Veil” of information disclosure: Sustainability reporting “greenwashing” and “shared value”. PLoS One, 18(1), 2023, e0279904 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279904.
Yang, Z., Nguyen, T.T.H., Nguyen, H.N., Nguyen, T.T.N., Cao, T.T., Greenwashing behaviours: causes, taxonomy and consequences based on a systematic literature review. J. Bus. Econ. Manag. 21:5 (2020), 1486–1507 https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2020.13225.
Yang, R., What do we learn from ratings about corporate social responsibility? New evidence of uninformative ratings. J. Financ. Intermediation, 52, 2022, 100994 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2022.100994.
Yao, Q., Chen, M., Feng, Y., How greenwashing influences formal and informal institutional benefits in China. Int. J. Technol. Pol. Manag. 24:1 (2024), 1–18 https://doi.org/10.1504/ijtpm.2024.135973.
Yu, E.P.Y., Van Luu, B., Chen, C.H., Greenwashing in environmental, social and governance disclosures. Res. Int. Bus. Finance, 52, 2020, 101192 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101192.
Yu, Z., Li, X., Yu, L., Green financial policies and corporate ESG reporting ‘greenwashing’: empirical evidence from Chinese listed companies. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4446265, 2023.
Zahid, R.A., Maqsood, U.S., Irshad, S., Khan, M.K., The role of women on board in combatting greenwashing: a new perspective on environmental performance. Bus. Ethics Environ. Responsib., 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12607.
Zhang, K., Pan, Z., Janardhanan, M., Relationship between the degree of internationalization and greenwashing of environmental responsibilities in China-based on the legitimacy perspective. Sustainability, 14(5), 2022, 2794 https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052794.
Zhang, K., Pan, Z., Janardhanan, M., Patel, I., Relationship analysis between greenwashing and environmental performance. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 25:8 (2023), 7927–7957 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02381-9.
Zhang, G., Regulatory-driven corporate greenwashing: evidence from “low-carbon city” pilot policy in China. Pac. Basin Finance J., 78, 2023, 101951 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2023.101951.
Zhang, K., Pan, Z., Zhang, K., Ji, F., The effect of digitalization transformation on greenwashing of Chinese listed companies: an analysis from the dual perspectives of resource-based view and legitimacy. Front. Environ. Sci., 11, 2023, 1179419 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1179419.
Zhang, W., Qin, C., Zhang, W., Top management team characteristics, technological innovation and firm's greenwashing: evidence from China's heavy-polluting industries. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, 191, 2023, 122522 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122522.
Zhao, Y., Kroher, L., Engler, M., Schnattinger, K., Detecting greenwashing in the environmental, social, and governance domains using natural language processing. Proceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management (IC3K 2023), 2023, KDIR, 175–181 https://doi.org/10.5220/0012155400003598.
Zhou, B., Wang, Q., FinTech matters in sustainable finance: does it redistribute the supply of financial services?. J. Int. Financ. Mark. Inst. Money, 91, 2024, 101913 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2023.101913.