Early modern Catholicism; Dutch Republic; religious choice; network analysis; two-mode networks
Résumé :
[en] This article demonstrates our methodology for studying the process of intra-Catholic confessional affiliation during the schism that occurred in the Catholic Church in the eighteenth-century Dutch Republic. The schism resulted in the remarkable fact that the Republic, a Protestant state, became home to two competing Catholic Churches, the Roman Catholic Church and the Roomsch-Katholieke Kerk der Oud-Bisschoppelijke Cleresie (OBC Church).
In order to understand the choices made by laypeople for one of the two Catholic Churches, we created a dataset based on the baptisms and marriages taking place in two mission stations that were part of the OBC Church in the cities of Utrecht and Leiden. The data was ingested into a specifically designed graph database – connecting people, events (baptism and marriages), and places (churches and secular courts) – that enabled us to study the people who participated in events in the Catholic Churches as well as their roles at these events. In addition, we constructed two-mode networks, connecting people to events, and their projections, consisting only of links between people. Taken together, this approach allowed us to perform both detailed and structural analysis of the data.
One insight revealed by our analysis is the existence of a group of lay Catholics who participated in events taking place in rival Catholic Churches. Moreover, network analysis has shown that the process of intra-confessional religious affiliation did not take place in the context of larger groups or collectives, but nor was it a strictly individual affair, as it mainly occurred at the level of couples or individual family nuclei.
Our mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses, has various advantages as it (1) enhances our understanding of the schism; (2) enables a more detailed analysis of religious choice than the quantitative methodology adopted in the older literature on the schism; and (3) spurs and gives focus to further archival research.
Disciplines :
Histoire Ingénierie, informatique & technologie: Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres
Auteur, co-auteur :
Geraerts, Jaap ✱
VASQUES FILHO, Demival ✱; University of Luxembourg > Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History (C2DH) > Digital Infrastructure
✱ Ces auteurs ont contribué de façon équivalente à la publication.
Co-auteurs externes :
yes
Langue du document :
Anglais
Titre :
Networks of Confessional Affiliation: Religious Choice and the Schism of Utrecht
Date de publication/diffusion :
08 avril 2024
Titre du périodique :
Journal of Historical Network Research
eISSN :
2535-8863
Maison d'édition :
Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History (C2DH), Luxembourg
Ackermans, Gian. Herders en huurlingen: bisschoppen en priesters in de Republiek (1663–1705). Amsterdam: Prometheus/Bert Bakker, 2003.
Ahnert, Ruth, and Sebastian E. Ahnert. Tudor Networks of Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023.
Bilsen, Betrand van. Het schisma van Utrecht. Utrecht: Het Spectrum, 1949.
Błoch, Agata, Demival Vasques Filho, and Michał Bojanowski. “Networks from Archives: Reconstructing Networks of Official Correspondence in the Early Modern Portuguese Empire.” Social Networks 69 (2022): 123–35.
Brom, G. “Verslag der Hollandsche Missie ten jare 1701.” Archief voor de geschie- denis van het Aartsbisdom Utrecht 18/19 (1890–91): 432–75; 1–70.
Brown, Carys. “Women and Religious Coexistence in Eighteenth-Century Eng- land.” In Negotiating Exclusion in Early Modern England, 1550–1800, edited by Naomi Pullin and Kathryn Woods, 68–87. London: Routledge, 2021.
Carvalho, Joaquim, and Rosário Campos. “Interpersonal Networks and the Ar- chaeology of Social Structures; Using Social Positioning Events to Under- stand Social Strategies and Individual Behaviour.” Revista de História da Sociedade e da Cultura 7 (2007): 175–93.
Clemens, Theo. “Kerkscheuring op lokaal niveau. Petrus van der Maes van Avenrode en de voorgeschiedenis van het schisma van 1723.” In Geloven in het verleden: Studies over het godsdienstig leven in de vroegmoderne tijd, aangeboden aan Michel Cloet, edited by Eddy Put, M. J. Marinus, and H. Storme, 413–30. Louvain: Universitaire Pers Leuven, 1996.
Cottret, Monique. Jansénismes et Lumières: pour un autre XVIIIe siècle. Paris: A. Michel, 1998.
Cottret, Monique. Histoire du Jansenisme. Paris: Perrin, 2016.
Doyle, William. Jansenism: Catholic Resistance to Authority from the Reforma- tion to the French Revolution. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000.
Edelstein, Dan, et al. “Historical Research in a Digital Age: Reflections from the Mapping the Republic of Letters Project.” The American Historical Review 122, no. 2 (2017): 400–24.
Erdös, Paul, and Alfréd Rényi. “On Random Graphs I.” Publicationes Mathema- ticae Debrecen 6 (1959): 290–97.
Fincham, Andrew, and Nicholas Burton. “Religion and Social Network Analysis: The Discipline of Early Modern Quakers.” Journal of Management History 27, no. 3 (2020): 339–58.
Geraerts, Jaap. “Contested Rights. Clerical and Lay Authority in the Holland Mission.” Early Modern Low Countries 2, no. 2 (2018): 198–225.
Geraerts, Jaap. Patrons of the Old Faith: The Catholic Nobility in Utrecht and Guelders, c. 1580–1702. Leiden: Brill, 2019.
Graaf, J. J. de. “Het Oud-Kapittel van Haarlem tijdens het Jansenistische schisma.” Bijdragen voor de geschiedenis van het bisdom Haarlem 23–24 (1898–99): 372–98; 95–132.
Harline, Craig. Conversions: Two Family Stories from the Reformation and Mod- ern America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.
Harline, Craig. Jacobs vlucht: Een familiesaga uit de Gouden Eeuw. Nijmegen: Vantilt, 2016.
Hollstein, Betina. “Mixed Methods Social Networks Research: An Introduction.” In Mixed methods Social Networks Research: Design and Applications, edited by Silvia Domínguez and Betina Hollstein, 3–34. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press, 2014.
Jacobs, J. Y. H. A. Joan Christiaan van Erckel (1654–1734): pleitbezorger voor een locale kerk. Amsterdam: APA – Holland Universiteits Pers, 1981.
Kaplan, Benjamin J. Divided by Faith: Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge [Mass.]: Harvard Univer- sity Press, 2007.
Kaplan, Benjamin J. Cunegonde’s Kidnapping. A Story of Religious Conflict in the Age of Enlightenment. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014.
Kennedy, Gregory, Thomas Peace, and Stephanie Pettigrew. “Social Networks across Chignecto: Applying Social Network Analysis to Acadie, Mi’kma’ki, and Nova Scotia, 1670–1751.” Acadiensis 47, no. 1 (2018): 8–40.
Kleef, Bastiaan van. Geschiedenis van de Oud-katholieke Kerk van Nederland. Assen: Van Gorcum & Comp. N.V., 1953.
Lenarduzzi, Carolina. Katholiek in de Republiek: De belevingswereld van een reli-gieuze minderheid, 1570–1750. Nijmegen: Vantilt, 2019.
Linkevicius de Andrade, Daniela, and Demival Vasques Filho. “Moderation and Authority-Building Process: The Dynamics of Knowledge Creation on His- tory Subreddits.” Internet Histories 6, no. 4 (2022): 369–90.
McLean, Paul D., and Neha Gondal. “The Circulation of Interpersonal Credit in Renaissance Florence.” European Journal of Sociology/Archives Euro- péennes de Sociologie 55, no. 2 (2014): 135–176.
Newman, Mark E. J. “Modularity and Community Structure in Networks.” Pro- ceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 23 (2006): 8577–82.
Ouden, Gerrit den. Jansenisten en Papen. Katholieken in de Noorkop. 350 jaar oud-katholieke kerk in Huisduinen en Den Helder. s.l.: self-published, 2017.
Parker, Charles. Faith on the Margins: Catholics and Catholicism in the Dutch Golden Age. Cambridge [Mass.]: Harvard University Press, 2008.
Pollmann, Judith. “Women and Religion in the Dutch Golden Age.” Dutch Crossing 24, no. 2 (2000): 162–83.
Polman, Pontianus, ed. Romeinsche bronnen […] deel III: 1686–1705. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1952.
Polman, Pontianus. “Cleresie en staatsgezag. Het plakkaat van 17 augustus 1702.” Mededeelingen van het Nederlandsch Historisch Instituut te Rome 9 (1957): 163–89.
Polman, Pontianus. Katholiek Nederland in the achttiende eeuw. Hilversum: Paul Brand, 1968.
Ribeiro, Ana Isabel, and Joaquim Ramos de Carvalho. “Using Network analy- sis on Parish Registers: How Spiritual Kinship uncovers Social Structure.” In Bridging the Gaps: Sources, Methodology and Approaches to Religion in History, edited by Joaquim Ramos de Carvalho, 171–86. Pisa: PLUS-PISA University Press, 2008.
Roessing, W. L. A. “De voormalige oud-katholieke kerk te Rijswijk vanaf haar ontstaan tot 1909.” Nederlands archief voor kerkgeschiedenis 51, no. 2 (1971): 209–24.
Rogier, J. P. “De betekenis van de terugkeer van de minderbroeders te Delft in 1709.” Archief voor de Geschiedenis van de Katholieke Kerk in Nederland 2 (1960): 169–204.
Schaik, A. H. M. van. “Bataafs en Rooms. Drie studies over de verhouding van de katholieke Kerk in de Noordelijke Nederlanden en Rome aan het eind van de 17e en het begin van de 18e eeuw.” PhD diss., Utrecht University, 1979.
Schoon, Dick. Een aartsbisschop in Rome aangeklaagd. Dagboeken over het ver- blijf van Petrus Codde te Rome. Hilversum: Verloren, 2019.
Spaans, Joke. “Katholieken onder curatele. Katholieke armenzorg als ingang voor overheidsbemoeienis in Haarlem in de achttiende eeuw.” Trajecta 3, no. 2 (1994): 110–30.
Spaans, Joke. De Levens der Maechden. Het verhaal van een religieuze vrou- wengemeenschap in de eerste helft van de zeventiende eeuw. Hilversum: Verloren, 2012.
Spiertz, M. G. Ambtelijk onbegrip. Kanttekeningen bij de breuk Utrecht-Rome. Nijmegen: Dekker & Van de Vegt, 1972.
Vasques Filho, Demival. “Structure and Dynamics of Social Bipartite and Projected Networks.” PhD diss., University of Auckland, 2019.
Vasques Filho, Demival. “Mechanisms and Emergent Properties of Social Struc- ture: The Duality of Actors and Social Circles.” SocArXiv, 2020.
Vasques Filho, Demival. “Cohesion and Segregation in Higher-Order Networks.” arXiv e-prints (2022): arXiv–2207.
Vasques Filho, Demival, and Dion R. J. O’Neale. “Degree Distributions of Bi- partite Networks and Their Projections.” Physical Review E 98, no. 2 (2018): 022307.
Vasques Filho, Demival, and Dion R. J. O’Neale. “Transitivity and Degree Assor- tativity Explained: The Bipartite Structure of Social Networks.” Physical Review E 101, no. 5 (2020): 052305.
Vasques Filho, Demival, and Dion R. J. O’Neale. “The Role of Bipartite Structure in R&D Collaboration Networks.” Journal of Complex Networks 8, no. 4 (2020): cnaa016.
Velde, Wietse van der, Sint Joris op’t zand: Geschiedenis van de Oud-Katholieke Kerk van Nederland en haar parochie te Amersfoort. Amersfoort: Bekking, 2009.
Velthuyse, J. I. J. M. Katholiek Berkel en Rodenrijs in de loop der eeuwen. Rotter- dam: Gebrs. Peters, 1948.
Ven, A. J. van der. Het Huis Clarenburch te Utrecht.” Jaarboek Oud-Utrecht (1952): 32–65.
V[erhey], H. [J. W.]. “Leiden.” De Oud-Katholiek 74 (1958): 157–71.
Vorst, SJ, M. Th. J. van der. Holland en de troebelen in de Hollandse Zending 1702–1727. Nijmegen: Janssen, 1960.
Vugt, Ingeborg van. “Using Multi-Layered Networks to Disclose Books in the Republic of Letters.” Journal of Historical Network Research 1, no. 1 (2017): 25–51.
Walsham, Alexandra. Charitable Hatred: Tolerance and Intolerance in England, 1500–1700. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006.
Witkamp, Gerard. “Vervreemding. Een onderzoek naar de kerkscheuring tussen de cleresie en hun kerkvolk in Culemborg in de periode 1680–1750.” Cu- lemborgse Voetnoten 34 (2006): 2–40.
