Exploring the potential of fractionated spacecraft for enhanced satellite connectivity: Application to the satellite-to-cell case

This paper presents a mission concept designed for satellite-to-cell connectivity through a fractionated CubeSat approach, aiming to fulfill the objectives set by the BlueWalker-3 specifications. The envisioned system consists of 41 CubeSats, each adopting a 16U form factor, to provide dedicated coverage across specified sub-regions, as a reasonable solution. The pre-Phase-A design capitalizes on commercially available components with proven flight heritage, ensuring reliability and cost-efficiency. A genetic algorithm (GA)-based method has been introduced to tackle the complex challenge of designing a large antenna's folding pattern, with an analysis on how this design influences the overall system cost. The study conducts an in-depth analysis of system architecture and operational scenarios. Employing Monte-Carlo simulations, it assesses the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and the system's resilience to failures, comparing it with similar configurations differing in CubeSat size and number. The results demonstrate that a fractionated approach significantly enhances the mission's scalability and robustness, providing substantial operational flexibility. The comparison highlights a cost-effective configuration within fractionated systems, emphasizing the proposed system's potential advantages. Furthermore, the paper addresses the environmental implications of deploying a fractionated spacecraft constellation, especially concerning astronomical studies. It underscores the CubeSats' minimized brightness and their reduced potential to interfere with telescopic observations, positioning the system as a more compatible option with nighttime sky studies. This consideration is particularly pertinent amidst increasing concerns over the impact of satellite constellations on astronomical research and night sky quality.