On the dimensionality, suitability of sum/mean scores, and cross-country measurement invariance of the Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS-10)—Evidence from 41 countries.
[en] Applied researchers typically use mean/sum scores as simple scoring method for the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). However, inferences from such scores can be biased when measures are not essentially unidimensional. A bifactor modeling approach is especially useful to evaluate whether and to what degree ignoring (potential) multidimensionality of the PSS-10 might affect person score estimates. However, so far only few studies on the PSS-10 have used this approach and have not yet fully exploited its potential. In addition, studies that investigate measurement invariance across countries are scarce. Thus, the present study aimed to (a) evaluate the dimensionality of the PSS-10 by means of an exploratory graph analysis and an item response theory bifactor modeling comparison approach, (b) assess conditional and marginal reliability, (c) investigate cross-country measurement invariance, and (d) examine whether the relationships between the PSS-10 and different validity criteria depend on the scoring method of the PSS-10. Therefore, community samples from 41 countries (N = 109, 264) of the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey data were used. In most countries (i.e., n = 33) ignoring multidimensionality did not substantially affect person score estimates and only slightly overestimated reliability. Measurement invariance and differential item/test functioning analysis of the PSS-10 on these 33 countries revealed only minor differential test functioning across countries. Overall, the PSS-10 showed a concurring nomological network with the external criteria, although with some substantial differences in effect sizes between countries.
Disciplines :
Social & behavioral sciences, psychology: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
SISCHKA, Philipp ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences (DBCS) > Health and Behaviour
Grübbel, Lena
REISINGER, Christina ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Social Sciences (DSOC) > Centre for Childhood and Youth Research
Neufang, Kristina M.
SCHMIDT, Alexander ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences > Health and Behaviour
External co-authors :
yes
Language :
English
Title :
On the dimensionality, suitability of sum/mean scores, and cross-country measurement invariance of the Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS-10)—Evidence from 41 countries.
Barbosa-Leiker, C., Kostick, M., Lei, M., McPherson, S., Roper, V., Hoekstra, T., & Wright, B. (2013). Measurement invariance of the perceived stress scale and latent mean differences across gender and time. Stress and Health, 29(3), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2463
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Boer, D., Hanke, K., & He, J. (2018). On detecting systematic measurement error in cross-cultural research: A review and critical reflection on equivalence and invariance tests. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(5), 713–734. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117749042
Cai, L., Yang, J. S., & Hansen, M. (2011). Generalized full-information item bifactor analysis. Psychological Methods, 16(3), 221–248. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023350
Carpenter, R. (2016). A review of instruments on cognitive appraisal of stress. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 30(2), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2015.07.002
Chalmers, R. P. (2018). Model-based measures for detecting and quantifying response bias. Psychometrika, 83(3), 696–732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-018-9626-9
Chan, S. F., & La Greca, A. M. (2020). Perceived stress scale (PSS). In M. D. Gellman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine (pp. 1646–1648). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_773
Chen, F. F. (2008). What happens if we compare chopsticks with forks? The impact of making inappropriate comparisons in cross-cultural research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1005–1018. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013193
Cherry, M. L., & Wilcox, M. M. (2020). Decreasing perceived and academic stress through emotion regulation and nonjudging with trauma-exposed college students. International Journal of Stress Management, 27(2), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000138
Christensen, A. P., & Golino, H. (2021). Estimating the stability of psychological dimensions via bootstrap exploratory graph analysis: A monte carlo simulation and tutorial. Psych, 3(3), 479–500. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych3030032
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (2019). Constructing validity: New developments in creating objective measuring instruments. Psychological Assessment, 31(12), 1412–1427. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000626
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of health: Claremont symposium on applied social psychology (pp. 31–67). Sage publication.
Cole, K. L., Turner, R. C., & Gitchel, W. D. (2019). A study of polytomous IRT methods and item wording directionality effects on perceived stress items. Personality and Individual Differences, 147, 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.046
COVIDiSTRESS global survey network. (2020, March 30). COVIDiSTRESS global survey. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Z39US
Cristóbal-Narváez, P., Haro, J. M., & Koyanagi, A. (2020). Perceived stress and depression in 45 low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 799–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.020
Denovan, A., Dagnall, N., Dhingra, K., & Grogan, S. (2019). Evaluating the Perceived Stress Scale among UK university students: Implications for stress measurement and management. Studies in Higher Education, 44(1), 120–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1340445
Dodeen, H. (2023). The effects of changing negatively worded items to positively worded items on the reliability and the factor structure of psychological scales. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 41(3), 298–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829221141934
Dueber, D. M., & Toland, M. D. (2023). A bifactor approach to subscore assessment. Psychological Methods, 28(1), 222–241. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000459
DuPont, C. M., Weis, T. M., Manuck, S. B., Marsland, A. L., Matthews, K. A., & Gianaros, P. J. (2020). Does well-being associate with stress physiology? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 39(10), 879–890. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000979
Epel, E. S., Crosswell, A. D., Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Slavich, G. M., Puterman, E., & Mendes, W. B. (2018). More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 49, 146–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001
Gardani, M., Bradford, D. R. R., Russell, K., Allan, S., Beattie, L., Ellis, J. G., & Akram, U. (2022). A systematic review and meta-analysis of poor sleep, insomnia symptoms and stress in undergraduate students. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 61, Article 101565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101565
Garrido, L. E., Abad, F. J., & Ponsoda, V. (2013). A new look at Horn’s parallel analysis with ordinal variables. Psychological Methods, 18(4), 454–474. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030005
Golden-Kreutz, D. M., Browne, M. W., Frierson, G. M., & Andersen, B. L. (2004). Assessing stress in cancer patients: A second-order factor analysis model for the Perceived Stress Scale. Assessment, 11(3), 216–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104267398
Heinz, A., Sischka, P. E., Catunda, C., Cosma, A., García-Moya, I., Lyyra, N., Kaman, A., Ravens-Sieberer, U., & Pickett, W. (2022). Item response theory and differential test functioning analysis of the HBSC-SymptomChecklist across 46 countries. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 22(1), Article 253. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-022-01698-3
Houts, C. R., Savord, A., & Wirth, R. J. (2022). Overview of modern measurement theory and examples of its use to measure execution function in children. Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology, 8(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40817-021-00117-7
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655–672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027504268574
Janczura, M., Bochenek, G., Nowobilski, R., Dropinski, J., Kotula-Horowitz, K., Laskowicz, B., Stanisz, A., Lelakowski, J., & Domagala, T. (2015). The relationship of metabolic syndrome with stress, coronary heart disease and pulmonary function-an occupational cohort-based study. PLOS ONE, 10(8), Article e0133750. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133750
Jiménez, M., Abad, F. J., Garcia-Garzon, E., Golino, H., Christensen, A. P., & Garrido, L. E. (2023). Dimensionality assessment in bifactor structures with multiple general factors: A network psychometrics approach. Psychological Methods. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000590
Juárez-García, A., Merino-Soto, C., Brito-Ortiz, J. F., Nava-Gómez, M. E., & Monroy-Castillo, A. (2023). Is it the perceived stress scale (PSS) Undimimensional and invariant? A Bifactor analysis in Mexican adults. Current Psychology, 42, 7252–7266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02067-x
Kalaitzaki, A., Tsouvelas, G., & Tamiolaki, A. (2023). Perceived posttraumatic growth and its psychosocial predictors during two consecutive COVID-19 lockdowns. International Journal of Stress Management, 30(3), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000273
Kang, T., & Chen, T. T. (2011). Performance of the generalized S-X2 item fit index for the graded response model. Asia Pacific Education Review, 12(1), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-010-9082-4
Katus, L., Foley, S., Murray, A. L., Luong-Thanh, B. Y., Taut, D., Baban, A., Madrid, B., Fernando, A. D., Sikander, S., Ward, C. L., Osafo, J., Marlow, M., Du Toit, S., Walker, S., Van Vo, T., Fearon, P., Valdebenito, S., Eisner, M. P., & Hughes, C. (2022). Perceived stress during the prenatal period: Assessing measurement invariance of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) across cultures and birth parity. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 25(3), 633–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-022-01229-5
Khaled, K., Tsofliou, F., Hundley, V., Helmreich, R., & Almilaji, O. (2020). Perceived stress and diet quality in women of reproductive age: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Journal, 19(1), Article 92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-020-00609-w
Klein, E. M., Brähler, E., Dreier, M., Reinecke, L., Müller, K. W., Schmutzer, G., Wölfling, K., & Beutel, M. E. (2016). The German version of the Perceived Stress Scale—Psychometric characteristics in a representative German community sample. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), Article 159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0875-9
Klein, E. M., Zenger, M., Tibubos, A. N., Ernst, M., Reiner, I., Schmalbach, B., Brähler, E., & Beutel, M. E. (2021). Loneliness and its relation to mental health in the general population: Validation and norm values of a brief measure. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 4, Article 100120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100120
Kopp, M. S., Thege, B. K., Balog, P., Stauder, A., Salavecz, G., Rózsa, S., Purebl, G., & Ádám, S. (2010). Measures of stress in epidemiological research. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69(2), 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.09.006
Laboratory for the Study of Stress, Immunity, and Disease. (2015, February 19). Dr. Cohen’s Scales. https://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/psychology/stress-immunity-disease-lab/scales/index.html
Lang, F. R., John, D., Lüdtke, O., Schupp, J., & Wagner, G. G. (2011). Short assessment of the Big Five: Robust across survey methods except telephone interviewing. Behavior Research Methods, 43(2), 548–567. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0066-z
Laranjeira, C. A. (2012). The effects of perceived stress and ways of coping in a sample of Portuguese health workers. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(11–12), 1755–1762. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03948.x
Laustsen, L. M., Christiansen, J., Maindal, H. T., Plana-Ripoll, O., & Lasgaard, M. (2023). The longitudinal relation between loneliness and perceived stress: A structural equation modelling analysis of 10, 159 individuals. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948231151716
Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. McGraw-Hill.
Lazarus, R. S. (1977). Psychological stress and coping in adaptation and illness. In Z. J. Lipowski, Don R. Lipsi, & Peter C. Whybrow (Eds.), Psychosomatic medicine: Current trends (pp. 14–26). Oxford University Press.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer.
Lee, B., & Jeong, H. I. (2019). Construct validity of the perceived stress scale (PSS-10) in a sample of early childhood teacher candidates. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29(1), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2019.1565693
Lee, E.-H. (2012). Review of the psychometric evidence of the perceived stress scale. Asian Nursing Research, 6(4), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2012.08.004
Lieberoth, A., Lin, S. Y., Stöckli, S., Han, H., Kowal, M., Gelpi, R., Chrona, S., Tran, T. P., Jeftić, A., Rasmussen, J., Cakal, H., Milfont, T. L., Lieberoth, A., Yamada, Y., Han, H., Rasmussen, J., Amin, R., Debove, S., Gelpí, R., … COVIDiSTRESS global survey consortium. (2021). Stress and worry in the 2020 coronavirus pandemic: Relationships to trust and compliance with preventive measures across 48 countries in the COVIDiSTRESS global survey. Royal Society Open Science, 8(2), Article 200589. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200589
Little, T. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. Guildford Press.
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
Lubbe, D. (2019). Parallel analysis with categorical variables: Impact of category probability proportions on dimensionality assessment accuracy. Psychological Methods, 24(3), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1037/me t0000171
Luo, J., Zhang, B., Cao, M., & Roberts, B. W. (2023). The stressful personality: A meta-analytical review of the relation between personality and stress. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 27(2), 128–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683221104002
Maassen, E., D’Urso, E. D., van Assen, M. A. L. M., Nuijten, M. B., De Roover, K., & Wicherts, J. M. (2023). The dire disregard of measurement invariance testing in psychological science. Psychological Methods. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000624
Markon, K. E. (2019). Bifactor and hierarchical models: Specification, inference, and interpretation. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 15(1), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095522
Marsland, A. L., Walsh, C., Lockwood, K., & John-Henderson, N. A. (2017). The effects of acute psychological stress on circulating and stimulated inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 64, 208–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.011
Meitinger, K., Schmidt, P., & Braun, M. (2023). Detecting and explaining missing comparability in cross-national studies: The case of citizen evaluation of patriotism. Survey Research Methods, 17(4), 493–507. https://doi.org/10.18148/srm/2023.v17i4.8249
Michaelides, M. P., Christodoulou, A., Kkeli, N., Karekla, M., & Panayiotou, G. (2016). Factorial structure of the perceived stress scale and implications for scoring. European Review of Applied Psychology, 66(6), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2016.07.002
Millsap, R. E. (2011). Statistical approaches to measurement invariance. Routledge.
Mitchell, A. M., Crane, P. A., & Kim, Y. (2008). Perceived stress in survivors of suicide: Psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale. Research in Nursing & Health, 31(6), 576–585. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20284
Monroe, S., & Cai, L. (2015). Evaluating structural equation models for categorical outcomes: A new test statistic and a practical challenge of interpretation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50(6), 569–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2015.1032398
Monroe, S. M. (2008). Modern approaches to conceptualizing and measuring human life stress. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4(1), 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141207
Muthén, B., & Asparouhov, T. (2014). IRT studies of many groups: The alignment method. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Article 978. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00978
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.).
Nguyen, T. H., Han, H. R., Kim, M. T., & Chan, K. S. (2014). An introduction to item response theory for patient-reported outcome measurement. The Patient, 7(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40271-013-0041-0
Nielsen, T., & Dammeyer, J. (2019). Measuring higher education students’ perceived stress: An IRT-based construct validity study of the PSS-10. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 63, 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2019.06.007
Nordin, M., & Nordin, S. (2013). Psychometric evaluation and normative data of the Swedish version of the 10-item perceived stress scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(6), 502–507. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12071
Peacock, E. J., & Wong, P. T. P. (1990). The stress appraisal measure (SAM): A multidimensional approach to cognitive appraisal. Stress Medicine, 6(3), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2460060308
Perera, M. J., Brintz, C. E., Birnbaum-Weitzman, O., Penedo, F. J., Gallo, L. C., Gonzalez, P., Gouskova, N., Isasi, C. R., Navas-Nacher, E. L., Perreira, K. M., Roesch, S. C., Schneiderman, N., & Llabre, M. M. (2017). Factor structure of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS) across English and Spanish language responders in the HCHS/SOL sociocultural ancillary study. Psychological Assessment, 29(3), 320–328. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000336
R Core Team. (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Reis, D., Lehr, D., Heber, E., & Ebert, D. D. (2019). The German version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10): Evaluation of dimensionality, validity, and measurement invariance with exploratory and confirmatory bifactor modeling. Assessment, 26(7), 1246–1259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191117715731
Reise, S. P., Cook, K. F., & Moore, T. M. (2015). Evaluating the impact of multidimensionality on unidimensional item response theory model parameters. In S. P. Reise & D. A. Revicki (Eds.), Handbook of item response theory modeling (pp. 13–40). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315736013-11
Reise, S. P., Scheines, R., Widaman, K. F., & Haviland, M. G. (2013). Multidimensionality and structural coefficient bias in structural equation modeling: A bifactor perspective. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 73(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164412449831
Richardson, S., Shaffer, J. A., Falzon, L., Krupka, D., Davidson, K. W., & Edmondson, D. (2012). Meta-analysis of perceived stress and its association with incident coronary heart disease. The American Journal of Cardiology, 110(12), 1711–1716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.08.004
Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016a). Evaluating bifactor models: Calculating and interpreting statistical indices. Psychological Methods, 21(2), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000045
Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016b). Applying bifactor statistical indices in the evaluation of psychological measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(3), 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249
Sellbom, M., & Tellegen, A. (2019). Factor analysis in psychological assessment research: Common pitfalls and recommendations. Psychological Assessment, 31(12), 1428–1441. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000623
Sijtsma, K., Ellis, J. L., & Borsboom, D. (2024). Recognize the value of the sum score, psychometrics’ greatest accomplishment. Psychometrika, 89(1), 84–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-024-09964-7
Sischka, P. E., Costa, A. P., Steffgen, G., & Schmidt, A. F. (2020). The WHO-5 well-being index—Validation based on item response theory and the analysis of measurement invariance across 35 countries. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 1, Article 100020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100020
Sischka, P. E., Grübbel, L., Reisinger, C., Neufang, K. M., & Schmidt, A. F. (2024). Supplemental material for “On the dimensionality, suitability of sum/mean scores, and cross-country measurement invariance of the Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS-10)—Evidence from 41 countries.” PsyArXiv https://osf.io/rs2k8/
Sischka, P. E., Schmidt, A. F., & Steffgen, G. (2020). Further evidence for criterion validity and measurement invariance of the Luxembourg Workplace Mobbing Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 36(1), 32–43. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000483
Solmi, M., Veronese, N., Galvano, D., Favaro, A., Ostinelli, E. G., Noventa, V., Favaretto, E., Tudor, F., Finessi, M., Shin, J. I., Smith, L., Koyanagi, A., Cester, A., Bolzetta, F., Cotroneo, A., Maggi, S., Demurtas, J., De Leo, D., & Trabucchi, M. (2020). Factors associated with loneliness: An umbrella review of observational studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 271, 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.075
Steigen, A. M., & Bergh, D. (2019). The Social Provisions Scale: Psychometric properties of the SPS-10 among participants in nature-based services. Disability and Rehabilitation, 41(14), 1690–1698. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1434689
Tang, C., Yang, B., & Tian, H. (2024). Examination of the wording effect in the new ecological paradigm scale in China: A bi-factor modeling approach. Current Psychology, 43(7), 5887–5900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04801-z
Taylor, J. M. (2015). Psychometric analysis of the Ten-Item Perceived Stress Scale. Psychological Assessment, 27(1), 90–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038100
Toland, M. D. (2014). Practical guide to conducting an item response theory analysis. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 34(1), 120–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431613511332
Toland, M. D., Sulis, I., Giambona, F., Porcu, M., & Campbell, J. M. (2017). Introduction to bifactor polytomous item response theory analysis. Journal of School Psychology, 60, 41–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2016.11.001
Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. The Journal of Black Psychology, 44(3), 219–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807
Wells, C. S., & Hambleton, R. K. (2016). Model fit with residual analyses. In W. J. van der Linden (Ed.), Handbook of item response theory, Volume two: Statistical tools (pp. 395–413). CRC Press.
Whittaker, T. A. (2013). The impact of noninvariant intercepts in latent means models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 20(1), 108–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2013.742397
Wirth, R. J., & Edwards, M. C. (2007). Item factor analysis: Current approaches and future directions. Psychological Methods, 12(1), 58–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.58
Yamada, Y., Ćepulić, D. B., Coll-Martín, T., Debove, S., Gautreau, G., Han, H., Rasmussen, J., Tran, T. P., Travaglino, G. A., Lieberoth, A., & the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey Consortium. (2021). COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey dataset on psychological and behavioural consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak. Scientific Data, 8(1), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00784-9
Yılmaz Koğar, E., & Koğar, H. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analytic confirmatory factor analysis of the perceived stress scale (PSS-10 and PSS-14). Stress and Health, 40(1), Article e3285. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3285
Zeng, B., Wen, H., & Zhang, J. (2020). How does the valence of wording affect features of a scale? The method effects in the undergraduate learning burnout scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 585179. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.585179
