[en] [en] BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is diagnosed based upon medical history, neuropsychiatric examination, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, extensive laboratory analyses and cerebral imaging. Diagnosis is time consuming and labour intensive. Parkinson's disease (PD) is mainly diagnosed on clinical grounds.
OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to differentiate patients suffering from AD, PD and healthy controls by investigating exhaled air with the electronic nose technique. After demonstrating a difference between the three groups the secondary aim was the identification of specific substances responsible for the difference(s) using ion mobility spectroscopy. Thirdly we analysed whether amyloid beta (Aβ) in exhaled breath was causative for the observed differences between patients suffering from AD and healthy controls.
METHODS: We employed novel pulmonary diagnostic tools (electronic nose device/ion-mobility spectrometry) for the identification of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, we analysed breath pattern differences in exhaled air of patients with AD, those with PD and healthy controls using the electronic nose device (eNose). Using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), we identified the compounds responsible for the observed differences in breath patterns. We applied ELISA technique to measure Aβ in exhaled breath condensates.
RESULTS: The eNose was able to differentiate between AD, PD and HC correctly. Using IMS, we identified markers that could be used to differentiate healthy controls from patients with AD and PD with an accuracy of 94%. In addition, patients suffering from PD were identified with sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Altogether, 3 AD patients out of 53 participants were misclassified. Although we found Aβ in exhaled breath condensate from both AD and healthy controls, no significant differences between groups were detected.
CONCLUSION: These data may open a new field in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Further research is required to evaluate the significance of these pulmonary findings with respect to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders.
Disciplines :
Neurology
Author, co-author :
Bach, Jan-Philipp; Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
Gold, Maike; Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
Mengel, David; Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
Hattesohl, Akira; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
Lubbe, Dirk; Department of Psychology, Division of Methodology and Statistics of the University of Giessen, 35394 Giessen, Germany
Schmid, Severin; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
Tackenberg, Björn; Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
Rieke, Jürgen; Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
Nell, Christoph; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
Boeselt, Tobias; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
Michelis, Joan; Clinical Neuroscience Unit, Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany, Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
Alferink, Judith; Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany, Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
HENEKA, Michael ; Clinical Neuroscience Unit, Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), 53105 Bonn, Germany
Oertel, Wolfgang; Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
Jessen, Frank; Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), 53105 Bonn, Germany
Janciauskiene, Sabina; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
Vogelmeier, Claus; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
Dodel, Richard; Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
Koczulla, Andreas Rembert; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
We thank all of the patients, caregivers and volunteers for their participation in this study. In addition, we would like to thank Prof. Hans Klafki (MD) and Prof. Jens Wiltfang (MD) at the Department of Psychiatry, University of Essen, Germany for providing access to the MSD measurement facility. Furthermore, we would like to thank Candan Depboylu (MD), Heidi Pape (MD) and Barbara Leinweber (MD) for kindly recruiting patients and Stephan Röskam (PhD) for providing mice tissue for this study. Finally, we would like to thank Anette Hehenkamp (MTA) for providing CSF data. JPB, RK and ARD had full access to all data in this study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. W.H. Oertel is Hertie Senior Research Professor, supported by the charitable Hertie foundation, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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