[en] Neuroglial cells define brain homeostasis and mount defense against pathological insults. Astroglia regulate neurogenesis and development of brain circuits. In the adult brain, astrocytes enter into intimate dynamic relationship with neurons, especially at synaptic sites where they functionally form the tripartite synapse. At these sites, astrocytes regulate ion and neurotransmitter homeostasis, metabolically support neurons and monitor synaptic activity; one of the readouts of the latter manifests in astrocytic intracellular Ca(2+) signals. This form of astrocytic excitability can lead to release of chemical transmitters via Ca(2+) -dependent exocytosis. Once in the extracellular space, gliotransmitters can modulate synaptic plasticity and cause changes in behavior. Besides these physiological tasks, astrocytes are fundamental for progression and outcome of neurological diseases. In Alzheimer's disease, for example, astrocytes may contribute to the etiology of this disorder. Highly lethal glial-derived tumors use signaling trickery to coerce normal brain cells to assist tumor invasiveness. This review not only sheds new light on the brain operation in health and disease, but also points to many unknowns.
Disciplines :
Neurology
Author, co-author :
Parpura, Vladimir; Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Civitan International Research Center, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA. vlad@uab.edu
HENEKA, Michael ; Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Montana, Vedrana; Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Civitan International Research Center, United States ; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
Oliet, Stéphane H R; Inserm U862, Neurocentre Magendie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
Schousboe, Arne; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Haydon, Philip G; Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
Stout, Randy F
Spray, David C; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
Reichenbach, Andreas; Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Pannicke, Thomas; Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Pekny, Milos; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Pekna, Marcela; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Zorec, Robert; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia ; Celica, Biomedical Center, Technology Park 24, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Verkhratsky, Alexei; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain ; Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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