Amyloid beta-Peptides; Biomarkers; Peptide Fragments; amyloid beta-protein (1-42); tau Proteins; Alzheimer Disease/cerebrospinal fluid; Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis; Amyloid beta-Peptides/cerebrospinal fluid; Biological Assay/methods; Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Peptide Fragments/cerebrospinal fluid; Phosphorylation; Reproducibility of Results; Sweden; Time Factors; tau Proteins/cerebrospinal fluid; Quality Control; Alzheimer's disease; Cerebrospinal fluid; External assurance; External control; Proficiency testing; Epidemiology; Health Policy; Developmental Neuroscience; Neurology (clinical); Geriatrics and Gerontology; Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience; Psychiatry and Mental Health
Résumé :
[en] [en] BACKGROUND: The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers amyloid β (Aβ)-42, total-tau (T-tau), and phosphorylated-tau (P-tau) demonstrate good diagnostic accuracy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there are large variations in biomarker measurements between studies, and between and within laboratories. The Alzheimer's Association has initiated a global quality control program to estimate and monitor variability of measurements, quantify batch-to-batch assay variations, and identify sources of variability. In this article, we present the results from the first two rounds of the program.
METHODS: The program is open for laboratories using commercially available kits for Aβ, T-tau, or P-tau. CSF samples (aliquots of pooled CSF) are sent for analysis several times a year from the Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory at the Mölndal campus of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Each round consists of three quality control samples.
RESULTS: Forty laboratories participated. Twenty-six used INNOTEST enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, 14 used Luminex xMAP with the INNO-BIA AlzBio3 kit (both measure Aβ-(1-42), P-tau(181P), and T-tau), and 5 used Meso Scale Discovery with the Aβ triplex (AβN-42, AβN-40, and AβN-38) or T-tau kits. The total coefficients of variation between the laboratories were 13% to 36%. Five laboratories analyzed the samples six times on different occasions. Within-laboratory precisions differed considerably between biomarkers within individual laboratories.
CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of CSF AD biomarkers show large between-laboratory variability, likely caused by factors related to analytical procedures and the analytical kits. Standardization of laboratory procedures and efforts by kit vendors to increase kit performance might lower variability, and will likely increase the usefulness of CSF AD biomarkers.
Disciplines :
Neurologie
Auteur, co-auteur :
Mattsson, Niklas; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden. niklas.mattsson@neuro.gu.se
Andreasson, Ulf; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
Persson, Staffan; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
Arai, Hiroyuki; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Institute of Development, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
Batish, Sat Dev; Athena Diagnostics Inc., Worchester, MA, United States
Bernardini, Sergio; Department Biochimica Clinica, Policlinico, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
Bocchio-Chiavetto, Luisella; IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
Blankenstein, Marinus A; Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Carrillo, Maria C; Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, United States
Chalbot, Sonia; Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, United States
Coart, Els; Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium
Chiasserini, Davide; Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Centre for Memory Disturbances, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Cutler, Neal; Worldwide Clinical Trials, King of Prussia, PA, United States
Dahlfors, Gunilla; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Duller, Stefan; JSW Life Sciences GmbH, Grambach, Austria
Fagan, Anne M; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
Forlenza, Orestes; Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM 27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Frisoni, Giovanni B; IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
Galasko, Douglas; Department of Neurosciences, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States
Galimberti, Daniela; Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Hampel, Harald; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
Handberg, Aase; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
HENEKA, Michael ; Klinische Neurowissenschaften, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Herskovits, Adrianna Z; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
Herukka, Sanna-Kaisa; Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
Holtzman, David M; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
Humpel, Christian; Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimers Research, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
Hyman, Bradley T; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
Iqbal, Khalid; Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, United States
Jucker, Mathias; Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Kaeser, Stephan A; Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Kaiser, Elmar; Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Kapaki, Elisabeth; 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Kidd, Daniel; Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research and Development, South San Francisco, CA, United States
Klivenyi, Peter; Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Knudsen, Cindy S; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Kummer, Markus P; Klinische Neurowissenschaften, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Lui, James; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
Lladó, Albert; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
Lewczuk, Piotr; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
Li, Qiao-Xin; Neuropathology Research Group, Mental Health Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Martins, Ralph; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
Masters, Colin; Neuropathology Research Group, Mental Health Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
McAuliffe, John; Athena Diagnostics Inc., Worchester, MA, United States
Mercken, Marc; Janssen Pharmaceutica, J and J, Beerse, Belgium
Moghekar, Abhay; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
Molinuevo, José Luis; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
Montine, Thomas J; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Nowatzke, William; Worldwide Clinical Trials, King of Prussia, PA, United States
O'Brien, Richard; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
Otto, Markus; Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
Paraskevas, George P; 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Parnetti, Lucilla; Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Centre for Memory Disturbances, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Petersen, Ronald C; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Prvulovic, David; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
de Reus, Herman P M; Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Rissman, Robert A; Department of Neurosciences, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States
Scarpini, Elio; Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Stefani, Alessandro; IRCCS Fondazione S. Lucia, Rome, Italy
Soininen, Hilkka; Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
Schröder, Johannes; Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Shaw, Leslie M; Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center (ADNI Biomarker Core), Philadelphia, PA, United States
Skinningsrud, Anders; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Skrogstad, Brith; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Spreer, Annette; Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Talib, Leda; Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM 27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Teunissen, Charlotte; Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Trojanowski, John Q; Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center (ADNI Biomarker Core), Philadelphia, PA, United States
Tumani, Hayrettin; Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
Umek, Robert M; Meso Scale Discovery, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
Van Broeck, Bianca; Janssen Pharmaceutica, J and J, Beerse, Belgium
Vecsei, Laszlo; Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Verbeek, Marcel M; Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Windisch, Manfred; JSW Life Sciences GmbH, Grambach, Austria
Zhang, Jing; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Zetterberg, Henrik; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
Blennow, Kaj; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
D. Strozyk, K. Blennow, L.R. White, and L.J. Launer CSF Abeta 42 levels correlate with amyloid-neuropathology in a population-based autopsy study Neurology 60 2003 652 656 (Pubitemid 36246085)
T. Tapiola, I. Alafuzoff, S.K. Herukka, L. Parkkinen, P. Hartikainen, and H. Soininen Cerebrospinal fluid {beta}-amyloid 42 and tau proteins as biomarkers of Alzheimer-type pathologic changes in the brain Arch Neurol 66 2009 382 389
A.M. Fagan, M.A. Mintun, R.H. Mach, S.Y. Lee, C.S. Dence, and A.R. Shah Inverse relation between in vivo amyloid imaging load and cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42 in humans Ann Neurol 59 2006 512 519 (Pubitemid 43358072)
A. Forsberg, H. Engler, O. Almkvist, G. Blomquist, G. Hagman, and A. Wall PET imaging of amyloid deposition in patients with mild cognitive impairment Neurobiol Aging 29 2008 1456 1465
K. Blennow, H. Hampel, M. Weiner, and H. Zetterberg Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer disease Nat Rev Neurol 6 2010 131 144
H. Zetterberg, L.O. Wahlund, and K. Blennow Cerebrospinal fluid markers for prediction of Alzheimer's disease Neurosci Lett 352 2003 67 69 (Pubitemid 37412328)
S.K. Herukka, M. Hallikainen, H. Soininen, and T. Pirttila CSF Abeta42 and tau or phosphorylated tau and prediction of progressive mild cognitive impairment Neurology 64 2005 1294 1297
O. Hansson, H. Zetterberg, P. Buchhave, E. Londos, K. Blennow, and L. Minthon Association between CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study Lancet Neurol 5 2006 228 234 (Pubitemid 43238346)
N. Mattsson, H. Zetterberg, O. Hansson, N. Andreasen, L. Parnetti, and M. Jonsson CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment JAMA 302 2009 385 393
P.J. Visser, F. Verhey, D.L. Knol, P. Scheltens, L.O. Wahlund, and Y. Freund-Levi Prevalence and prognostic value of CSF markers of Alzheimer's disease pathology in patients with subjective cognitive impairment or mild cognitive impairment in the DESCRIPA study: a prospective cohort study Lancet Neurol 8 2009 619 627
L.M. Shaw, H. Vanderstichele, M. Knapik-Czajka, C.M. Clark, P.S. Aisen, and R.C. Petersen Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker signature in Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative subjects Ann Neurol 65 2009 403 413
A.M. Fagan, C.M. Roe, C. Xiong, M.A. Mintun, J.C. Morris, and D.M. Holtzman Cerebrospinal fluid tau/beta-amyloid(42) ratio as a prediction of cognitive decline in nondemented older adults Arch Neurol 64 2007 343 349 (Pubitemid 46425688)
G. Li, I. Sokal, J.F. Quinn, J.B. Leverenz, M. Brodey, and G.D. Schellenberg CSF tau/Abeta42 ratio for increased risk of mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study Neurology 69 2007 631 639 (Pubitemid 47256004)
K. Blennow, and H. Hampel CSF markers for incipient Alzheimer's disease Lancet Neurol 2 2003 605 613 (Pubitemid 37162569)
T. Sunderland, G. Linker, N. Mirza, K.T. Putnam, D.L. Friedman, and L.H. Kimmel Decreased beta-amyloid1-42 and increased tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer disease JAMA 289 2003 2094 2103 (Pubitemid 37430211)
M. Bjerke, E. Portelius, L. Minthon, A. Wallin, H. Anckarsäter, and R. Anckarsäter Confounding factors influencing amyloid beta concentration in cerebrospinal fluid Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010 (in press)
P. Lewczuk, G. Beck, H. Esselmann, R. Bruckmoser, R. Zimmermann, and M. Fiszer Effect of sample collection tubes on cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of tau proteins and amyloid beta peptides Clin Chem 52 2006 332 334 (Pubitemid 43185505)
N. Andreasen, C. Hesse, P. Davidsson, L. Minthon, A. Wallin, and B. Winblad Cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid(1-42) in Alzheimer disease: differences between early- and late-onset Alzheimer disease and stability during the course of disease Arch Neurol 56 1999 673 680 (Pubitemid 29266465)
N.S. Schoonenboom, C. Mulder, H. Vanderstichele, E.J. Van Elk, A. Kok, and G.J. Van Kamp Effects of processing and storage conditions on amyloid beta (1-42) and tau concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid: implications for use in clinical practice Clin Chem 51 2005 189 195 (Pubitemid 40024030)
M. Bibl, H. Esselmann, M. Otto, P. Lewczuk, L. Cepek, and E. Ruther Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta peptide patterns in Alzheimer's disease patients and nondemented controls depend on sample pretreatment: indication of carrier-mediated epitope masking of amyloid beta peptides Electrophoresis 25 2004 2912 2918 (Pubitemid 39294839)
Teunissen CE, Verwey NA, Kester MI, van Uffelen K, Blankenstein MA. Standardization of assay procedures for analysis of the CSF biomarkers amyloid beta((1-42)), tau, and phosphorylated tau in Alzheimer's disease: report of an International Workshop. Int J Alzheimers Dis (in press)
A. Olsson, H. Vanderstichele, N. Andreasen, G. De Meyer, A. Wallin, and B. Holmberg Simultaneous measurement of beta-amyloid(1-42), total tau, and phosphorylated tau (Thr181) in cerebrospinal fluid by the xMAP technology Clin Chem 51 2005 336 345 (Pubitemid 40175803)
T.S. Reijn, M.O. Rikkert, W.J. van Geel, D. de Jong, and M.M. Verbeek Diagnostic accuracy of ELISA and xMAP technology for analysis of amyloid beta(42) and tau proteins Clin Chem 53 2007 859 865 (Pubitemid 46744241)
N. Andreasen, E. Vanmechelen, H. Vanderstichele, P. Davidsson, and K. Blennow Cerebrospinal fluid levels of total-tau, phospho-tau and A beta 42 predicts development of Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 179 2003 47 51
P. Lewczuk, G. Beck, O. Ganslandt, H. Esselmann, F. Deisenhammer, and A. Regeniter International quality control survey of neurochemical dementia diagnostics Neurosci Lett 409 2006 1 4 (Pubitemid 44740057)
N.A. Verwey, W.M. van der Flier, K. Blennow, C. Clark, S. Sokolow, and P.P. De Deyn A worldwide multicentre comparison of assays for cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease Ann Clin Biochem 46 2009 235 240
D.M. Bunk Reference materials and reference measurement procedures: an overview from a national metrology institute Clin Biochem Rev 28 2007 131 137
D.M. Bunk, and M.J. Welch Characterization of a new certified reference material for human cardiac troponin I Clin Chem 52 2006 212 219 (Pubitemid 43185481)
Blennow K. Biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Nat Med (in press)
Frisoni G, Jack CR. Harmonization of MR-based manual hippocampal segmentation: a mandatory step for wide clinical use. Alzheimers Dement 2010 (in press)
N. Andreasen, and L. Minthon "Evaluation of CSF-tau and CSF-Abeta42 as diagnostic markers for Alzheimer disease in clinical practice." Arch Neurol 58 3 2001 373 379 (Pubitemid 32217453)
N. Andreasen, and L. Minthon "Cerebrospinal fluid tau and Abeta42 as predictors of development of Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment." Neurosci Lett 273 1 1999 5 8 (Pubitemid 29415689)
B.J. Brew, and L. Pemberton "CSF amyloid beta42 and tau levels correlate with AIDS dementia complex." Neurology 65 9 2005 1490 1492 (Pubitemid 41552790)
C. Briani, and S. Ruggero "Combined analysis of CSF betaA42 peptide and tau protein and serum antibodies to glycosaminoglycans in Alzheimer's disease: preliminary data." J Neural Transm 109 3 2002 393 398 (Pubitemid 34251641)
E. Gomez-Tortosa, and I. Gonzalo "Cerebrospinal fluid markers in dementia with lewy bodies compared with Alzheimer disease." Arch Neurol 60 9 2003 1218 1222 (Pubitemid 37099626)
H. Hampel, and S.J. Teipel "Value of CSF beta-amyloid1-42 and tau as predictors of Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment." Mol Psychiatry 9 7 2004 705 710 (Pubitemid 38932175)
F. Hulstaert, and K. Blennow "Improved discrimination of AD patients using beta-amyloid(1-42) and tau levels in CSF." Neurology 52 8 1999 1555 1562 (Pubitemid 29220627)
B. Ibach, and H. Binder "Cerebrospinal fluid tau and beta-amyloid in Alzheimer patients, disease controls and an age-matched random sample." Neurobiol Aging 27 9 2006 1202 1211 (Pubitemid 44067302)
K. Iqbal, and M. Flory "Subgroups of Alzheimer's disease based on cerebrospinal fluid molecular markers." Ann Neurol 58 5 2005 748 757 (Pubitemid 41552550)
A. Ivanoiu, and C.J. Sindic "Cerebrospinal fluid TAU protein and amyloid beta42 in mild cognitive impairment: prediction of progression to Alzheimer's disease and correlation with the neuropsychological examination." Neurocase 11 1 2005 32 39 (Pubitemid 40372858)
J.P. Jia, and R. Meng "Cerebrospinal fluid tau, Abeta1-42 and inflammatory cytokines in patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia." Neurosci Lett 383 1-2 2005 12 16 (Pubitemid 40779947)
K. Kanemaru, and N. Kameda "Decreased CSF amyloid beta42 and normal tau levels in dementia with Lewy bodies." Neurology 54 9 2000 1875 1876 (Pubitemid 30428428)
E. Kapaki, and K. Kilidireas "Highly increased CSF tau protein and decreased beta-amyloid (1-42) in sporadic CJD: a discrimination from Alzheimer's disease?" J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71 3 2001 401 403 (Pubitemid 32772543)
E. Kapaki, and G.P. Paraskevas "CSF tau protein and beta-amyloid (1-42) in Alzheimer's disease diagnosis: discrimination from normal ageing and other dementias in the Greek population." Eur J Neurol 10 2 2003 119 128 (Pubitemid 36308205)
J.M. Lee, and K. Blennow "The brain injury biomarker VLP-1 is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer disease patients." Clin Chem 54 10 2008 1617 1623
A. Maddalena, and A. Papassotiropoulos "Biochemical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid ratio of phosphorylated tau protein to beta-amyloid peptide42." Arch Neurol 60 9 2003 1202 1206 (Pubitemid 37099624)
M. Maruyama, and H. Arai "Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta(1-42) levels in the mild cognitive impairment stage of Alzheimer's disease." Exp Neurol 172 2 2001 433 436 (Pubitemid 34075092)
B. Mollenhauer, and M. Bibl "Total tau protein, phosphorylated tau (181p) protein, beta-amyloid(1-42), and beta-amyloid(1-40) in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies." Clin Chem Lab Med 44 2 2006 192 195 (Pubitemid 43237964)
B. Mollenhauer, and L. Cepek "Tau protein, Abeta42 and S-100B protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies." Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 19 2-3 2005 164 170 (Pubitemid 40868045)
C. Mulder, and S.N. Schoonenboom "CSF markers related to pathogenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease." J Neural Transm 109 12 2002 1491 1498 (Pubitemid 36057058)
K. Nagga, and J. Gottfries "Cerebrospinal fluid phospho-tau, total tau and beta-amyloid(1-42) in the differentiation between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia." Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 14 4 2002 183 190 (Pubitemid 36151485)
M. Noguchi, and M. Yoshita "Decreased beta-amyloid peptide42 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration." J Neurol Sci 237 1-2 2005 61 65 (Pubitemid 41384015)
A. Olsson, and K. Hoglund "Measurement of alpha- and beta-secretase cleaved amyloid precursor protein in cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer patients." Exp Neurol 183 1 2003 74 80 (Pubitemid 37075858)
M. Otto, and H. Esselmann "Decreased beta-amyloid1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease." Neurology 54 5 2000 1099 1102 (Pubitemid 30151852)
Y.A. Pijnenburg, and N.S. Schoonenboom "CSF tau and Abeta42 are not useful in the diagnosis of frontotemporal lobar degeneration." Neurology 62 9 2004 1649 (Pubitemid 38608224)
J.A. Prince, and H. Zetterberg "APOE epsilon4 allele is associated with reduced cerebrospinal fluid levels of Abeta42." Neurology 62 11 2004 2116 2118 (Pubitemid 38738236)
T.S. Reijn, and M.O. Rikkert "Diagnostic accuracy of ELISA and xMAP technology for analysis of amyloid beta(42) and tau proteins." Clin Chem 53 5 2007 859 865 (Pubitemid 46744241)
M. Riemenschneider, and M. Schmolke "Cerebrospinal beta-amyloid (1-42) in early Alzheimer's disease: association with apolipoprotein E genotype and cognitive decline." Neurosci Lett 284 1-2 2000 85 88 (Pubitemid 30193205)
M. Riemenschneider, and S. Wagenpfeil "Tau and Abeta42 protein in CSF of patients with frontotemporal degeneration." Neurology 58 11 2002 1622 1628 (Pubitemid 34602892)
N. Rosler, and I. Wichart "Clinical significance of neurobiochemical profiles in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients." J Neural Transm 108 2 2001 231 246 (Pubitemid 32695765)
S.M. Rosso, and E. van Herpen "Total tau and phosphorylated tau 181 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with frontotemporal dementia due to P301L and G272V tau mutations." Arch Neurol 60 9 2003 1209 1213 (Pubitemid 37099625)
N.S. Schoonenboom, and Y.A. Pijnenburg "Amyloid beta(1-42) and phosphorylated tau in CSF as markers for early-onset Alzheimer disease." Neurology 62 9 2004 1580 1584 (Pubitemid 38608199)
M. Sjogren, and P. Davidsson "The cerebrospinal fluid levels of tau, growth-associated protein-43 and soluble amyloid precursor protein correlate in Alzheimer's disease, reflecting a common pathophysiological process." Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 12 4 2001 257 264 (Pubitemid 32429725)
M. Sjogren, and P. Davidsson "Decreased CSF-beta-amyloid 42 in Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis may reflect mismetabolism of beta-amyloid induced by disparate mechanisms." Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 13 2 2002 112 118 (Pubitemid 34161156)
M. Sjogren, and L. Minthon "CSF levels of tau, beta-amyloid(1-42) and GAP-43 in frontotemporal dementia, other types of dementia and normal aging." J Neural Transm 107 5 2000 563 579 (Pubitemid 30251740)
A. Stefani, and S. Bernardini AD with subcortical white matter lesions and vascular dementia: CSF markers for differential diagnosis J Neurol Sci 237 1-2 2005 83 88 (Pubitemid 41384018)
H. Vanderstichele, and E. Van Kerschaver "Standardization of measurement of beta-amyloid(1-42) in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma." Amyloid 7 4 2000 245 258
A.K. Wallin, and K. Blennow "CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: levels of beta-amyloid, tau, phosphorylated tau relate to clinical symptoms and survival." Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 21 3 2006 131 138 (Pubitemid 43201321)
H. Zetterberg, and N. Andreasen Neurosci Lett 367 2 2004 194 196
