Les nouvelles textualités : enjeux et défis contemporains

Résumé
Réfléchissant aux conditions et aux conséquences de la « révolution » numérique, cet article se propose, du point de vue théorique de la linguistique et de la sémiotique, de dégager les modalités de la conversion de la textualité non numérique en une textualité numérique (modèle intégratif de l’énonciation comme pratique située). Les hypothèses sont ensuite mises à l’épreuve d’une double étude de cas (72 et Tokyo d’Éric Sadin et Wikipédia). Pour Wikipédia, l’attention se porte, plus particulièrement, sur la génération de textons (logiques augmentative et pluralisante, hypertextualité) selon un double mouvement analeptique et proleptique. Il s’agit également de réinterroger le statut de l’auteur dans un texte « littéraire » imitant la textualité numérique et de montrer en quoi, sur Wikipédia, une instance d’énonciation plurielle modifie le rapport au savoir. Enfin, il importe de voir en quoi la circulation dans un réseau donne lieu à des trajets et des trajectoires identitaires, en accord avec un style et une forme de vie du flux et de la « liquidité » des échanges.
Mots-clefs : textualité numérique, hypertextualité, mouvement analeptique et proleptique, réseau, forme de vie
Abstract
Reflecting on the conditions and consequences of the digital "revolution", this article proposes, from the theoretical point of view of linguistics and semiotics, to identify the modalities of the conversion of non-digital textuality into a digital textuality (integrative model of enunciation as situated practice). The hypotheses are then put to the test in a double case study (72 and Tokyo by Éric Sadin and Wikipedia). The attention is focused, more particularly, on the generation of textons (augmentative and pluralizing logics, hypertextuality) according to a double analeptic and proleptic movement. It also means reexamining the status of the author in a "literary" text imitating digital textuality and showing how, on Wikipedia, a plural instance of enunciation modifies the relationship to knowledge. Finally, it is important to see in what way the circulation in a network gives rise to identity trajectories, in accordance with a style and a form of life of the flow and the "liquidity" of exchanges.
Key words : digital textuality, hypertextuality, analeptic and proleptic movement, network, form of life

Reflecting on the conditions and consequences of the digital "revolution", this article proposes, from the theoretical point of view of linguistics and semiotics, to identify the modalities of the conversion of non-digital textuality into a digital textuality (Paveau 2107). Are aimed at the unity of a whole of meaning, the internal architecture responsible for cohesion and coherence, completion and linearity, in opposition to an open, pluri-and delinearized and, from an aspectual point of view, unfinished textuality. An integrative model of enunciation as situated practice makes it possible to take into account a set of levels of relevance: the environment, the media as a system of diffusion, archiving and transmission, the format, the medium or support and the textuality. The textuality keeps the traces of the choices operated at the various levels of relevance (see also the peri-, epi-, co- and meta-textual relations according to Adam 2006).
These hypotheses are then put to the test in a double case study (72 and Tokyo by Éric Sadin and Wikipedia). First, printed "literary" texts imitate digital hypertextual production, a cumulative augmentative logic being indicated, for example, by the iconizing indexical sign of the arrow pointing in the four directions:
« Sur l’avenue on est saturé d’Helvetica  on va en sens inverse malgré les recommandations au sol  on s’en remet aux tracés au plafond  on remarque les caractères japonais seuls à côté ou au-dessus de ceux en anglais  autant de on que de marques pour les éclairer ?  on s’étonne d’une formule qui rédige se demande-t-on  on est perdu pas un mot pas un indice […] » (Tokyo)
The reader is led to explore the space of the page. In the case of Wikipedia, the attention is focused, more particularly, on the generation of textons (hypertextuality) according to a double analeptic and proleptic movement. The relay text is then linked - a part of the relay text is superimposed on the generating text after the passage of the pointer on a hyperlink - or linked-unlinked, when the click on the hyperlink makes it appear alone on the screen-page and gives it a great autonomy. The digital textuality is thus built on a discordance which consists in the present display of a supposedly anterior or posterior relay texton; the generating text is condemned to disappear from the screen (whereas in Sadin's texts, the generating text and the relay text are in a relationship of collocation).
It also means reexamining the status of the author in a "literary" text imitating digital textuality, on one side, and showing how, on Wikipedia, a plural instance of enunciation modifies the relationship to knowledge (the question of the “surenunciator”), on the other side.
Finally, it is important to see in what way the circulation in a network distributes the enunciative load on a plurality of actors (Latour 2000) while giving rise to identity trajectories, in accordance with a style and a form of life of the flow and the "liquidity" of exchanges.
ADAM, Jean-Michel, « Texte, contexte et discours en questions », Pratiques, 129-130, 2006, pp. 21-34
LATOUR, Bruno, « Factures/fractures: de la notion de réseau à celle d’attachement », in A. Micoud et M. Peroni (éds), Ce qui nous relie, La Tour d’Aigues, Éditions de l'Aube, 2000, pp. 189-208.
PAVEAU, Marie-Anne, L'analyse du discours numérique. Dictionnaire des formes et des pratiques, Paris, Hermann, 2017.