Gaming passion contributes to the definition and identification of problematic gaming.

Gaming disorder; Gaming motivations; Harmonious passion; Impulsivity; Obsessive passion; Video Games; Clinical Psychology; Psychiatry and Mental Health

Abstract :

[en] Even if for most people playing video games is a healthy leisure activity, a minority of vulnerable users present an excessive use associated to negative consequences (e.g., psychosocial maladjustment, sleep interference) and functional impairment. The current study first aims to identify psychological factors that contribute to discriminate highly involved (but healthy) gamers from problematic gamers. For that purpose, we used a cluster analysis approach to identify different groups of gamers based on their profiles of passion towards gaming (using the Dualistic Model of Passion). Another objective of the present study is to explore, using supervised machine-learning, how gaming disorder symptoms, assessed within the substance use disorder framework (e.g., tolerance, withdrawal), might be linked to harmonious and/or an obsessive passion for gaming. Three distinct clusters of gamers were identified based on their passion profiles, including risky gamers, engaged gamers, and casual gamers. Supervised machine-learning algorithms identified that specific gaming disorder symptoms (salience, mood modification, tolerance, low level of conflict) were predominantly related to harmonious passion, whereas others (withdrawal, high level of conflict, relapse) were more directly related to obsessive passion. Our results support the relevance of person-centered approaches to the treatment of problematic gaming.

Precision for document type :

Review article

Disciplines :

Social & behavioral sciences, psychology: Multidisciplinary, general & others

Author, co-author :

INFANTI, Alexandre ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences (DBCS) > Health and Behaviour

Valls-Serrano, Carlos ; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

Perales, José C; Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain

Vögele, Claus ; Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg

Billieux, Joël ; Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, Centre for Excessive Gambling, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland

External co-authors :

yes

Language :

English

Title :

Gaming passion contributes to the definition and identification of problematic gaming.

Publication date :

December 2023

Journal title :

Addictive Behaviors

ISSN :

0306-4603

Publisher :

Elsevier Ltd, England

Volume :

147

Pages :

107805

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0306460323002009?httpAccept=text/xml

Available on ORBilu :

since 28 November 2023

Statistics

Number of views

61 (1 by Unilu)

Number of downloads

39 (1 by Unilu)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenAlex citations

WoS citations^™

Bibliography

American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed., 2013, American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA.
Ballabio, M., Griffiths, M.D., Urbán, R., Quartiroli, A., Demetrovics, Z., Király, O., Do gaming motives mediate between psychiatric symptoms and problematic gaming? An empirical survey study. Addiction Research & Theory 25:5 (2017), 397–408 https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1305360.
Barr, M., Copeland-Stewart, A., Playing Video Games During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Effects on Players’ Well-Being. Games and Culture 17:1 (2021), 122–139 https://doi.org/10.1177/15554120211017036.
Bertran, E., Chamarro, A., Video gamers of League of Legends : The role of passion in abusive use and in performance. Adicciones 28:1 (2016), 28–34 https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.787.
Billieux, J., Rochat, L., Ceschi, G., Carré, A., Offerlin-Meyer, I., Defeldre, A.C., Van der Linden, M., Validation of a short French version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Comprehensive Psychiatry 53:5 (2012), 609–615 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.09.001.
Billieux, J., Van der Linden, M., Achab, S., Khazaal, Y., Paraskevopoulos, L., Zullino, D., et al. Why do you play World of Warcraft ? An in-depth exploration of self-reported motivations to play online and in-game behaviours in the virtual world of Azeroth. Computers in Human Behavior 29 (2013), 103–109 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.021.
Billieux, J., Thorens, G., Khazaal, Y., Zullino, D., Achab, S., Van der Linden, M., Problematic involvement in online games : A cluster analytic approach. Computers in Human Behavior 43 (2015), 242–250 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.055.
Billieux, J., Flayelle, M., Rumpf, H.-J., Stein, D.J., High Involvement Versus Pathological Involvement in Video Games : A Crucial Distinction for Ensuring the Validity and Utility of Gaming Disorder. Current Addiction Reports, 6(3), 2019 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00259-x.
Billieux, J., Heeren, A., Rochat, L., Maurage, P., Bayard, S., Bet, R., et al. Positive and negative urgency as a single coherent construct : Evidence from a large-scale network analysis in clinical and non-clinical samples. Journal of Personality 89:6 (2021), 1252–1262 https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12655.
Billieux, J., Flayelle, M., King, D.L., Addiction : Expand diagnostic borders with care. Nature, 611(7937), 2022, 665 https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-03760-y.
Billieux, J., Schimmenti, A., Khazaal, Y., Maurage, P., Heeren, A., Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 4:3 (2015), 119–123 https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.009.
Biolcati, R., Passini, S., Pupi, V., The role of video gaming motives in the relationship between personality risk traits and Internet Gaming Disorder. Journal of Gambling Issues, 46, 2021 https://doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2021.46.12.
Brand, M., Rumpf, H.-J., King, D.L., Potenza, M.N., Wegmann, E., Clarifying terminologies in research on gaming disorder and other addictive behaviors : Distinctions between core symptoms and underlying psychological processes. Current Opinion in Psychology 36 (2020), 49–54 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.04.006.
Brunborg, G.S., Mentzoni, R.A., Melkevik, O.R., Torsheim, T., Samdal, O., Hetland, J., et al. Gaming Addiction, Gaming Engagement, and Psychological Health Complaints Among Norwegian Adolescents. Media Psychology, 16(1), 2013 https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2012.756374.
Bányai, F., Griffiths, M.D., Demetrovics, Z., Király, O., The mediating effect of motivations between psychiatric distress and gaming disorder among esport gamers and recreational gamers. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 94, 2019, 152117 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152117.
Bäcklund, C., Elbe, P., Gavelin, H.M., Sörman, D.E., Ljungberg, J.K., Gaming motivations and gaming disorder symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of behavioral addictions 11:3 (2022), 667–688 https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00053.
Cabelguen, C., Rocher, B., Leboucher, J., Schreck, B., Challet-Bouju, G., Hardouin, J.-B., et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and gaming disorder : Frequency and associated factors in a clinical sample of patients with Gaming Disorder. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 10:4 (2021), 1061–1067 https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2021.00074.
Castro-Calvo, J., King, D.L., Stein, D.J., Brand, M., Carmi, L., Chamberlain, S.R., et al. Expert appraisal of criteria for assessing gaming disorder : An international Delphi study. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 116:9 (2021), 2463–2475 https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15411.
Chamarro, A., Penelo, E., Fornieles, A., Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Passion Scale. Psicothema 27:4 (2015), 402–409 https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2015.80.
Charlton, J.P., Danforth, I.D.W., Distinguishing addiction and high engagement in the context of online game playing. Computers in Human Behavior 23:3 (2007), 1531–1548 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2005.07.002.
Charrad, M., Ghazzali, N., Boiteau, V., Niknafs, A., NbClust: An R Package for Determining the Relevant Number of Clusters in a Data Set. Journal of Statistical Software 61:6 (2014), 1–36 https://www.jstatsoft.org/v61/i06/.
Columb, D., Griffiths, M.D., O'Gara, C., A descriptive survey of online gaming characteristics and gaming disorder in Ireland. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 40:2 (2023), 200–208 https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2020.5.
Cándido, A., Orduña, E., Perales, J.C., Verdejo-García, A., Billieux, J., Validation of a short Spanish version of the UPPS-P impulsive behaviour scale. Trastornos Adictivos 14:3 (2012), 73–78 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1575-0973(12)70048-X.
Deleuze, J., Nuyens, F., Rochat, L., Rothen, S., Maurage, P., Billieux, J., Established risk factors for addiction fail to discriminate between healthy gamers and gamers endorsing DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 6:4 (2017), 516–524 https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.074.
Deleuze, J., Long, J., Liu, T.-Q., Maurage, P., Billieux, J., Passion or addiction? Correlates of healthy versus problematic use of videogames in a sample of French-speaking regular players. Addictive Behaviors 82 (2018), 114–121 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.02.031.
Demetrovics, Z., & Király, O. (2016). Commentary on Baggio et al. (2016) : Internet/gaming addiction is more than heavy use over time: Commentary. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 111(3), 523–524. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13244.
Demetrovics, Z., Urbán, R., Nagygyörgy, K., Farkas, J., Zilahy, D., Mervó, B., et al. Why do you play? The development of the motives for online gaming questionnaire (MOGQ). Behavior Research Methods 43:3 (2011), 814–825 https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0091-y.
Ding, W., Sun, J., Sun, Y., Chen, X., Zhou, Y., Zhuang, Z., et al. Trait impulsivity and impaired prefrontal impulse inhibition function in adolescents with internet gaming addiction revealed by a Go/No-Go fMRI study. Behavioral and brain functions : BBF, 10, 2014, 20 https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-10-20.
Dunning, D., Heath, C., Suls, J.M., Flawed self-assessment. Implications for health, education, and the workplace. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 5 (2004), 69–106 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2004.00018.x.
First, M.B., Yousif, L.H., Clarke, D.E., Wang, P.S., Gogtay, N., Appelbaum, P.S., DSM-5-TR : Overview of what's new and what's changed. World Psychiatry 21:2 (2022), 218–219 https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20989.
Flayelle, M., Schimmenti, A., Starcevic, V., & Billieux, J. (2022). The Pitfalls of Recycling Substance-Use Disorder Criteria to Diagnose Behavioral Addictions. In N. Heather, M. Field, A. C. Moss, & S. Satel, Evaluating the Brain Disease Model of Addiction (1re éd., p. 339‑349). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003032762-34.
Fuster, H., Carbonell, X., Pontes, H.M., Griffiths, M.D., Spanish validation of the Internet Gaming Disorder-20 (IGD-20) Test. Computers in Human Behavior 56 (2016), 215–224 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.050.
Giardina, A., Di Blasi, Schimmenti, A., King, D.L., Starcevic, V., Billieux, J., Online gaming and prolonged self-isolation : Evidence from Italian gamers during the COVID-19 outbreak. Clinical Neuropsychiatry 18:1 (2021), 65–74 https://doi.org/10.36131/cnfioritieditore20210106.
Griffiths, M., A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use 10:4 (2005), 191–197 https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890500114359.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. A Global Perspective (Pearson).
Halbrook, Y.J., O'Donnell, A.T., Msetfi, R.M., When and How Video Games Can Be Good : A Review of the Positive Effects of Video Games on Well-Being. Perspectives on Psychological Science 14:6 (2019), 1096–1104 https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619863807.
Hildebrandt, M.K., Dieterich, R., Endrass, T., Disentangling substance use and related problems : Urgency predicts substance-related problems beyond the degree of use. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 2021, 242 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03240-z.
Jo, Y.S., Bhang, S.Y., Choi, J.S., Lee, H.K., Lee, S.Y., Kweon, Y.-S., Clinical Characteristics of Diagnosis for Internet Gaming Disorder : Comparison of DSM-5 IGD and ICD-11 GD Diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(7), 2019, 945 https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8070945.
Kardefelt-Winther, D., Heeren, A., Schimmenti, A., van Rooij, A., Maurage, P., Carras, M., Billieux, J., How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours?. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 112:10 (2017), 1709–1715 https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13763.
Király, O., Billieux, J., King, D.L., Urbán, R., Koncz, P., Polgár, E., et al. A comprehensive model to understand and assess the motivational background of video game use : The Gaming Motivation Inventory (GMI). Journal of Behavioral Addictions 11:3 (2022), 796–819 https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00048.
Király, O., Tóth, D., Urbán, R., Demetrovics, Z., Maraz, A., Intense video gaming is not essentially problematic. Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors 31:7 (2017), 807–817 https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000316.
Kneer, J., Rieger, D., Problematic Game Play : The Diagnostic Value of Playing Motives, Passion, and Playing Time in Men. Behavioral Sciences 5:2 (2015), 203–213 https://doi.org/10.3390/bs5020203.
Ko, C.-H., Yen, J.-Y., Chen, S.-H., Wang, P.-W., Chen, C.-S., Yen, C.-F., Evaluation of the diagnostic criteria of Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 among young adults in Taiwan. Journal of Psychiatric Research 53 (2014), 103–110 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.02.008.
Laconi, S., Pirès, S., Chabrol, H., Internet gaming disorder, motives, game genres and psychopathology. Computers in Human Behavior 75 (2017), 652–659 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.012.
Lafrenière, M.-A.-K., Vallerand, R.J., Donahue, E.G., Lavigne, G.L., On The Costs and Benefits of Gaming : The Role of Passion. Cyberpsychology & behavior : the impact of the Internet, multimedia and virtual reality on behavior and society 12:3 (2009), 285–290 https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0234.
Larrieu, M., Billieux, J., Décamps, G., Problematic gaming and quality of life in online competitive videogame players : Identification of motivational profiles. Addictive Behaviors, 133, 2022, 107363 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107363.
Larrieu, M., Fombouchet, Y., Billieux, J., Decamps, G., How gaming motives affect the reciprocal relationships between video game use and quality of life : A prospective study using total playtime M (SD) (hrs/day). Computers in Human Behavior, 147, 2023, 107824 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107824.
Lemmens, J.S., Valkenburg, P.M., Gentile, D.A., The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale. Psychological assessment 27:2 (2015), 567–582 https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000062.
Mandryk, R.L., Frommel, J., Armstrong, A., Johnson, D., How Passion for Playing World of Warcraft Predicts In-Game Social Capital, Loneliness, and Wellbeing. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2020, 2165 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02165.
Marsh, H.W., Vallerand, R.J., Lafrenière, M.-A.-K., Parker, P., Morin, A.J.S., Carbonneau, N., et al. Passion : Does one scale fit all? Construct validity of two-factor passion scale and psychometric invariance over different activities and languages. Psychological Assessment 25:3 (2013), 796–809 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032573.
Melodia, F., Canale, N., Griffiths, M.D., The Role of Avoidance Coping and Escape Motives in Problematic Online Gaming : A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 20:2 (2022), 996–1022 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00422-w.
Mills, D.J., Milyavskaya, M., Mettler, J., Heath, N.L., Derevensky, J.L., How do passion for video games and needs frustration explain time spent gaming?. British Journal of Social Psychology 57:2 (2018), 461–481 https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12239.
Moudiab, S., Spada, M.M., The relative contribution of motives and maladaptive cognitions to levels of Internet Gaming Disorder. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 9, 2019, 100160 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100160.
Muela, I., Navas, J.F., Ventura-Lucena, J.M., Perales, J.C., How to pin a compulsive behavior down : A systematic review and conceptual synthesis of compulsivity-sensitive items in measures of behavioral addiction. Addictive Behaviors, 134, 2022, 107410 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107410.
Männikkö, N., Ruotsalainen, H., Tolvanen, A., Kääriäinen, M., Problematic Gaming Is Associated with Some Health-Related Behaviors Among Finnish Vocational School Students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 18:4 (2020), 993–1007 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00100-6.
Müller, K.W., Beutel, M.E., Dreier, M., Wölfling, K., A clinical evaluation of the DSM-5 criteria for Internet Gaming Disorder and a pilot study on their applicability to further Internet-related disorders. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 8:1 (2019), 16–24 https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.140.
Newzoo. 2022. Newzoo | Global Games Market Report 2022. [online] Available at: https://resources.newzoo.com/hubfs/Reports/Games/2022_Newzoo_Free_Global_Games_Market_Report.pdf?utm_campaign=GGMR%202022&utm_medium=email&_hsmi=220823342&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-8A4wG8JSLO4aItw5LMJ4SjwGkudoZ9u8kw7e4uvS-eiJNRmh1VDKNJZb99jhbJWzqxsOb8uBJRpj-He31DcQ6tLJw2Lg&utm_content=220823342&utm_source=hs_automation [Accessed 20 December 2022].
Orosz, G., Vallerand, R.J., Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Paskuj, B., On the correlates of passion for screen-based behaviors : The case of impulsivity and the problematic and non-problematic Facebook use and TV series watching. Personality and Individual Differences 101 (2016), 167–176 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.368.
Orosz, G., Zsila, Á., Vallerand, R.J., Böthe, B., On the Determinants and Outcomes of Passion for Playing Pokémon Go. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2018, 316 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00316.
Ostinelli, E.G., Zangani, C., Giordano, B., Maestri, D., Gambini, O., D'Agostino, A., et al. Depressive symptoms and depression in individuals with internet gaming disorder : A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders 284 (2021), 136–142 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.014.
Park, J.J., Wilkinson-Meyers, L., King, D.L., Rodda, S.N., Person-centred interventions for problem gaming : A stepped care approach. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 2021, 872 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10749-1.
Peeters, M., Koning, I., Lemmens, J., van den Eijnden, R., Normative, passionate, or problematic? Identification of adolescent gamer subtypes over time. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 8:3 (2019), 574–585 https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.55.
Petry, N.M., Rehbein, F., Gentile, D.A., Lemmens, J.S., Rumpf, H.-J., Mößle, T., et al. An international consensus for assessing internet gaming disorder using the new DSM-5 approach : Internet gaming disorder. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 109:9 (2014), 1399–1406 https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12457.
Pontes, H.M., Király, O., Demetrovics, Z., Griffiths, M.D., The Conceptualisation and Measurement of DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder : The Development of the IGD-20 Test. PLoS ONE, 9(10), 2014, e110137 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110137.
Przybylski, A.K., Weinstein, N., Ryan, R.M., Rigby, C.S., Having to versus Wanting to Play : Background and Consequences of Harmonious versus Obsessive Engagement in Video Games. Cyberpsychology & behavior : the impact of the Internet, multimedia and virtual reality on behavior and society 12:5 (2009), 485–492 https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0083.
Rafiemanesh, H., Farnam, R., Sangchooli, A., Rahimi, J., Hamzehzadeh, M., Ghani, K., et al. Online gaming and internet gaming disorder in Iran : Patterns, motivations, and correlates. Current Psychology 42 (2023), 13517–13531 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02490-0.
Raybould, J.N., Larkin, M., Tunney, R.J., Impulsivity may be a risk factor in the transition from recreational to problem gaming. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 7, 2022, 100230 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100230.
Reed, G.M., First, M.B., Billieux, J., Cloitre, M., Briken, P., Achab, S., et al. Emerging experience with selected new categories in the ICD -11: Complex PTSD, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder. World Psychiatry 21:2 (2022), 189–213 https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20960.
Rehbein, F., Kliem, S., Baier, D., Mößle, T., Petry, N.M., Prevalence of internet gaming disorder in German adolescents : Diagnostic contribution of the nine DSM-5 criteria in a state-wide representative sample. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 110:5 (2015), 842–851 https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12849.
Ryu, H., Lee, J.-Y., Choi, A., Park, S., Kim, D.-J., Choi, J.-S., The Relationship between Impulsivity and Internet Gaming Disorder in Young Adults : Mediating Effects of Interpersonal Relationships and Depression. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(3), 2018, 458 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030458.
Shi, L., Wang, Y., Yu, H., Wilson, A., Cook, S., Duan, Z., et al. The relationship between childhood trauma and Internet gaming disorder among college students : A structural equation model. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 9:1 (2020), 175–180 https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00002.
Skripkauskaite, S., Fazel, M., the OxWell Study Team. Time Spent Gaming, Device Type, Addiction Scores, and Well-being of Adolescent English Gamers in the 2021 OxWell Survey : Latent Profile Analysis. JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting, 5(4), 2022, e41480 https://doi.org/10.2196/41480.
Vallerand, R.J., Blanchard, C., Mageau, G.A., Koestner, R., Ratelle, C., Léonard, M., et al. Les passions de l’âme : On obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of personality and social psychology 85:4 (2003), 756–767 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.756.
Vallerand, R.J., On Passion for Life Activities. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 42 (2010), 97–193 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(10)42003-1.
Vallerand, R.J., The Psychology of Passion : A Dualistic Model, 2015, Oxford University Press https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199777600.001.0001.
Varoquaux, G., Buitinck, L., Louppe, G., Grisel, O., Pedregosa, F., Mueller, A., Scikit-learn : Machine Learning Without Learning the Machinery. GetMobile: Mobile Computing and Communications, 19(1), 2015 https://doi.org/10.1145/2786984.2786995.
Wang, C.-C., Chu, Y.-S., HARMONIOUS PASSION AND OBSESSIVE PASSION IN PLAYING ONLINE GAMES. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal 35:7 (2007), 997–1006 https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.7.997.
Whiteside, S.P., Lynam, D.R., The five factor model and impulsivity : Using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences 30 (2001), 669–689 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00064-7.
World Health Organization, International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. 11th ed, 2019.
Wu, A.M.S., Lai, M.H.C., Yu, S., Lau, J.T.F., Lei, M., Motives for online gaming questionnaire : Its psychometric properties and correlation with Internet gaming disorder symptoms among Chinese people. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 6:1 (2017), 11–20 https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.007.
Şalvarlı, Ş.İ., Griffiths, M.D., The Association Between Internet Gaming Disorder and Impulsivity : A Systematic Review of Literature. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 20:1 (2022), 92–118 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00126-w.
Šporčić, B., Glavak-Tkalić, R., The relationship between online gaming motivation, self-concept clarity and tendency toward problematic gaming. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 12(1), 2018 https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2018-1-4.