The Ties That Bind: War Histories and Online Social Networks in Postwar Societies

[en] We use a large quota-sampled online survey and data on Facebook connections among survey respondents in six successor states of former Yugoslavia to demonstrate that, even more than two decades after the violence had ended, online social connections in this region are substantially related to people’s war experiences of combat, victimhood, and forced migration, as well as to their views of the wars’ causes, conduct, and consequences. What is particularly important, the sizes of the effects of these war-related factors on respondents’ online social networks are substantively large and comparable to those of gender, ethnicity, education, or political ideology. Our findings are an important contribution to the understanding of the deeply pervasive and long-lasting effects of wars on societies. They also highlight the enduring relevance of wartime violence in postwar social networks that is likely to affect efforts at enduring conflict resolution and reconciliation.

Disciplines :

Sciences politiques, administration publique & relations internationales

Auteur, co-auteur :

LESSCHAEVE, Christophe ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Social Sciences (DSOC)

GLAURDIC, Josip ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Social Sciences (DSOC)

Co-auteurs externes :

Langue du document :

Anglais

Titre :

The Ties That Bind: War Histories and Online Social Networks in Postwar Societies

Date de publication/diffusion :

2024

Titre du périodique :

Journal of Conflict Resolution

ISSN :

0022-0027

Maison d'édition :

SAGE Publications, New York, Etats-Unis - New York

Volume/Tome :

Fascicule/Saison :

7-8

Pagination :

1443-1467

Peer reviewed :

Peer reviewed vérifié par ORBi

Projet européen :

H2020 - 714589 - ELWar - Electoral Legacies of War: Political Competition in Postwar Southeast Europe

Organisme subsidiant :

CER - Conseil Européen de la Recherche
CE - Commission Européenne
European Union

Disponible sur ORBilu :

depuis le 03 septembre 2023

Statistiques

Nombre de vues

234 (dont 10 Unilu)

Nombre de téléchargements

141 (dont 1 Unilu)

Voir plus de statistiques

citations Scopus^®

citations Scopus^®
sans auto-citations

OpenCitations

citations OpenAlex

Bibliographie

Berdak Oliwia. 2015. “Reintegrating Veterans in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia: Citizenship and Gender Effects.” Women’s Studies International Forum 49 (March): 48‐56. DOI: 10.1016/j.wsif.2014.07.001.
Bishop Bill. 2009. The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded American Is Tearing Us Apart. 1st ed. Boston: Mariner Books.
Blattman Christopher. 2009. “From Violence to Voting: War and Political Participation in Uganda.” American Political Science Review 103 (02): 231‐47. DOI: 10.1017/S0003055409090212.
Bobic Mirjana. 2021. “Forced Migrants in Serbia: Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons - Facts and Figures, Coping Strategies, Future | Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees.” Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees 26 (1): 101‐10.
Bond Robert M. Sweitzer Matthew D.. 2018. “Political Homophily in a Large-Scale Online Communication Network.” Communication Research, December, 009365021881365. DOI: 10.1177/0093650218813655.
Bošković Aleksandar. 2014. “The Arrest of Ratko Mladić Online: Tracing Memory Models across Digital Genres.” Digital Icons: Studies in Russian, Eurasian and Central European New Media 12: 77‐104.
Bougarel Xavier. 2007. “Death and the Nationalist: Martyrdom, War Memory and Veteran Identity among Bosnian Muslims.” In The New Bosnian Mosaic: Identities, Memories and Moral Claims in a Post-War Society, edited by Bougarel Xavier Helms Elissa Duijzings Gerlachlus, 167‐92. Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
Cargnino Manuel Neubaum German. 2021. “Are We Deliberately Captivated in Homogeneous Cocoons? An Investigation on Political Tie Building on Facebook.” Mass Communication and Society 24 (2): 187‐209. DOI: 10.1080/15205436.2020.1805632.
Cranmer Skyler J. Leifeld Philip McClurg Scott D. Meredith Rolfe. 2017. “Navigating the Range of Statistical Tools for Inferential Network Analysis.” American Journal of Political Science 61 (1): 237‐51. DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12263.
David Lea. 2015a. “Dealing with the Contested Past in Serbia: Decontextualisation of the War Veterans Memories.” Nations and Nationalism 21 (1): 102‐19. DOI: 10.1111/nana.12100.
David Lea. 2015b. “Fragmentation as a Silencing Strategy: Serbian War Veterans against the State of Serbia.” Contemporary Southeastern Europe 2 (1): 55‐73.
Davis James A. 1970. “Clustering and Hierarchy in Interpersonal Relations: Testing Two Graph Theoretical Models on 742 Sociomatrices.” American Sociological Review 35 (5): 843‐51. DOI: 10.2307/2093295.
Dehghani Morteza Johnson Kate Hoover Joe Sagi Eyal Garten Justin Parmar Niki Jitendra Vaisey Stephen Iliev Rumen Graham Jesse. 2016. “Purity Homophily in Social Networks.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 145 (3): 366‐75. DOI: 10.1037/xge0000139.
Dolenec Danijela Širinić Daniela. 2020. “Mobilizing against Change: Veteran Organizations as a Pivotal Political Actor.” In Ruling by Other Means, edited by Ekiert Grzegorz Perry Elizabeth J. Yan Xiaojun, 1st ed., 239‐60. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108784146.010.
Elder G. H. Clipp E. C.. 1988. “Wartime Losses and Social Bonding: Influences across 40 Years in Men’s Lives.” Psychiatry 51 (2): 177‐98. DOI: 10.1080/00332747.1988.11024391.
Festinger Leon. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Reissued by Stanford Univ. Press in 1962, Renewed 1985 by author, [Nachdr.]. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press.
Frank Ove Strauss David. 1986. “Markov Graphs.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 81 (395): 832‐42. DOI: 10.1080/01621459.1986.10478342.
Fridman Orli Ristić Katarina. 2020. “Online Transnational Memory Activism and Commemoration: The Case of the White Armband Day.” In Agency in Transnational Memory Politics, edited by Wüstenberg Jenny Sierp Aline, 68‐91. New York: Berghahn Books.
Gatrell Peter. 2008. “Refugees and Forced Migrants during the First World War.” Immigrants & Minorities 26 (1–2): 82‐110. DOI: 10.1080/02619280802442613.
Glaurdić Josip Lesschaeve Christophe Mochtak Michal. 2021. “Contesting War Memories: Parties and Voters in Contemporary Southeast Europe.” Party Politics, October, 135406882110393. DOI: 10.1177/13540688211039378.
Glaurdić Josip Vuković Vuk. 2016. “Voting after War: Legacy of Conflict and the Economy as Determinants of Electoral Support in Croatia.” Electoral Studies 42 (June): 135‐45. DOI: 10.1016/j.electstud.2016.02.012.
Glynn Carroll J. Herbst Susan O’Keefe Garrett J. Shapiro Robert Y. Lindeman Mark. 2004. Public Opinion. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Goodreau Steven M. 2007. “Advances in Exponential Random Graph (P*) Models Applied to a Large Social Network.” Social Networks 29 (2): 231‐48. DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2006.08.001.
Goodreau Steven M. Kitts James A. Morris Martina. 2009. “Birds of a Feather, or Friend of a Friend? Using Exponential Random Graph Models to Investigate Adolescent Social Networks.” Demography 46 (1): 103‐25. DOI: 10.1353/dem.0.0045.
Goren Chen Neter Efrat. 2016. “Stereotypical Thinking as a Mediating Factor in the Association between Exposure to Terror and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Israeli Youth.” Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 29 (6): 644‐59. DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2016.1138288.
Hall Jonathan. 2016. “Are Migrants More Extreme Than Locals After War? Evidence From a Simultaneous Survey of Migrants in Sweden and Locals in Bosnia.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 60 (1): 89‐117. DOI: 10.1177/0022002714540471.
Hirsch-Hoefler Sivan Canetti Daphna Rapaport Carmit Hobfoll Stevan E.. 2016. “Conflict Will Harden Your Heart: Exposure to Violence, Psychological Distress, and Peace Barriers in Israel and Palestine.” British Journal of Political Science 46 (04): 845‐59. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123414000374.
Hoge Charles W. 2010. Once a Warrior, Always a Warrior: Navigating the Transition from Combat to Home--Including Combat Stress, PTSD, and MTBI. Guilford, CT: GPP Life.
Huber Gregory A. Malhotra Neil. 2017. “Political Homophily in Social Relationships: Evidence from Online Dating Behavior.” The Journal of Politics 79 (1): 269‐83. DOI: 10.1086/687533.
Huddie Paul. 2020. “Ex-Servicemen and the Soldiers’, Sailors’ and Airmen’s Families Association, 1919-21.” In Veterans of the First World War: Ex-Servicemen and Ex-Servicewomen in Post-War Britain and Ireland, edited by Swift David Wilkinson Oliver, 34‐47.
James Deborah. 2013. “Social Networking Sarajevo Roses: Digital Representations of Postconflict Civil Life in (the Former) Yugoslavia.” Journal of Communication 63 (5): 975‐92. DOI: 10.1111/jcom.12057.
Janoff-Bulman Ronnie. 1992. Shattered Assumptions: Towards a New Psychology of Trauma. 4. print. New York: Free Press.
Jašarević Tihana Leutar Zdravka. 2010. “Samopercepcija Društvenog Položaja Invalida Domovinskog Rata.” Društvena Istraživanja 19 (1–2): 93‐116.
Kapidžić Damir. 2019. “A Mirror of the Ethnic Divide: Interest Group Pillarization and Elite Dominance in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Journal of Public Affairs 19 (2): e1720. DOI: 10.1002/pa.1720.
Keel Monique R. Drew Neil M.. 2004. “The Settlement Experiences Of Refugees From The Former Yugoslavia: Acculturation, Ethnic Identity, Ethnicity, Community and Social Network Development.” Community, Work & Family 7 (1): 95‐115. DOI: 10.1080/1366880042000200316.
Kijewski Sara Freitag Markus. 2018. “Civil War and the Formation of Social Trust in Kosovo: Posttraumatic Growth or War-Related Distress?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62 (4): 717‐42. DOI: 10.1177/0022002716666324.
Kivling-Bodén Gunilla. 2001. “Life Situation and Posttraumatic Symptoms: A Follow-up Study of Refugees from the Former Yugoslavia Living in Sweden.” Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 55 (6): 401‐8. DOI: 10.1080/08039480152693291.
Klepal Jaroslav. 2018. “‘The Only Thing I “Earned” in the Damned War Was PTSD.’ Reconsidering Veteran Sociality and Politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 18 (4): 489‐507. DOI: 10.1080/14683857.2018.1546941.
Konitzer Andrew Grujić Jelena. 2009. “An Electorate Adrift: Refugees and Elections in Post-Milošević Serbia.” Europe-Asia Studies 61 (5): 857‐74. DOI: 10.1080/09668130902905057.
Lazer David Rubineau Brian Chetkovich Carol Katz Nancy Neblo Michael. 2010. “The Coevolution of Networks and Political Attitudes.” Political Communication 27 (3): 248‐74. DOI: 10.1080/10584609.2010.500187.
Mayer Adalbert Puller Steven L.. 2008. “The Old Boy (and Girl) Network: Social Network Formation on University Campuses.” Journal of Public Economics 92 (1): 329‐47. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.09.001.
Mitchneck Beth Mayorova Olga V. Regulska Joanna. 2009. “‘Post’-Conflict Displacement: Isolation and Integration in Georgia.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99 (5): 1022‐32. DOI: 10.1080/00045600903279408.
Mochtak Michal Glaurdić Josip Lesschaeve Christophe. 2020. “Talking War: Representation, Veterans and Ideology in Post-War Parliamentary Debates.” Government and Opposition, November, 1‐23. DOI: 10.1017/gov.2020.25.
Morimoto Shauna A. Yang Song. 2013. “What Friendship Entails: An Empirical Analysis of Graduate Students’ Social Networks.” Sociological Spectrum 33 (2): 99‐116. DOI: 10.1080/02732173.2013.732870.
Morris Martina Handcock Mark S. Hunter David R.. 2008. “Specification of Exponential-Family Random Graph Models: Terms and Computational Aspects.” Journal of Statistical Software 24 (4): 1‐24. DOI: 10.18637/jss.v024.i04.
Nikolic-Ristanovic Vesna. 2003. “Refugee Women in Serbia – Invisible Victims of War in the Former Yugoslavia.” Feminist Review 73 (1): 104‐13. DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400078.
Pariser Eli. 2012. The Filter Bubble: What The Internet Is Hiding From You. London: Penguin.
Pupavac Mladen Pupavac Vanessa. 2012. “Trauma Advocacy, Veteran Politics, and the Croatian Therapeutic State.” Alternatives 37 (3): 199‐213. DOI: 10.1177/0304375412450844.
Ray Susan L. Vanstone Meredith. 2009. “The Impact of PTSD on Veterans’ Family Relationships: An Interpretative Phenomenological Inquiry.” International Journal of Nursing Studies 46 (6): 838‐47. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.01.002.
Reich Stephanie M. Subrahmanyam Kaveri Espinoza Guadalupe. 2012. “Friending, IMing, and Hanging out Face-to-Face: Overlap in Adolescents’ Online and Offline Social Networks.” Developmental Psychology 48 (2): 356‐68. DOI: 10.1037/a0026980.
Richard Béatrice. 2012. “A Veteran’s Challenge: From the Test of War to the American Dream.” In War Veterans in Postwar Situations: Chechnya, Serbia, Turkey, Peru, and Cote D’Ivoire, edited by Duclos Nathalie, 117‐36. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ringdal Gerd Inger Ringdal Kristen Zan Strabac. 2012. “War Experiences and War-Related Distress in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Kosovo.” In The Aftermath of War: Experiences and Social Attitudes in the Western Balkans, edited by Simkus Albert Ringdal Kristen, 1st ed., 27‐46. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
Ringdal Kristen Simkus Albert. 2012. “Introduction.” In The Aftermath of War: Experiences and Social Attitudes in the Western Balkans, edited by Simkus Albert Ringdal Kristen, 1st ed., 1‐46. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
Sartori Giovanni Mair Peter. 2005. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. Nachdr. der Ausgabe Cambridge 1976. ECPR Classics. Colchester: ECPR Press.
Shalizi Cosma Rohilla Thomas Andrew C.. 2011. “Homophily and contagion are generically confounded in observational social network studies.” Sociological Methods & Research 40 (2): 211‐239.
Skitka Linda J. Bauman Christopher W. Sargis Edward G.. 2005. “Moral Conviction: Another Contributor to Attitude Strength or Something More?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (6): 895‐917. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.895.
Skocpol Theda. 1995. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States. Revised ed. edition. Harvard: Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press.
Smith Irving Marsh Kris Segal David R.. 2012. “The World War II Veteran Advantage? A Lifetime Cross-Sectional Study of Social Status Attainment.” Armed Forces & Society 38 (1): 5‐26. DOI: 10.1177/0095327X10390463.
Smith Tom W. 2002. “Measuring Inter-Racial Friendships.” Social Science Research 31 (4): 576‐93. DOI: 10.1016/S0049-089X(02)00015-7.
Snijders Tom A. B. Pattison Philippa E. Robins Garry L. Handcock Mark S.. 2006. “New Specifications for Exponential Random Graph Models.” Sociological Methodology 36 (1): 99‐153. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9531.2006.00176.x.
Sokolić Ivor. 2019. “Heroes at the Margins: Veterans, Elites and the Narrative of War.” In Framing the Nation and Collective Identities: Political Rituals and Cultural Memory of the Twentieth Century Traumas in Croatia, edited by Pavlaković Vjeran Pauković Davor, 143‐59. Memory Studies: Global Constellations 12. Abindgon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge.
Stouffer Samuel A. Suchman Edward A. DeVinney Leland C. Star Shirley A. Williams Robin M.. 1949. The American Soldier: Adjustment during Army Life. NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sunstein Cass R. 2018. #Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media. NED-New edition. Princeton University Press. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv8xnhtd.
Tajfel Henri Turner John C.. 2004. “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior.” In Political Psychology, edited by Jost John T. Sidanius Jim, 0 ed., 276‐93. Psychology Press. DOI: 10.4324/9780203505984-16.
Tanner Samuel. 2012. “The ‘Recycled’ Militiaman: An Examination of the Postwar Reconversion of Four Former Members of a Serbian Armed Group.” In War Veterans in Postwar Situations: Chechnya, Serbia, Turkey, Peru, and Cote D’Ivoire, edited by Duclos Nathalie, 157‐76. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tedeschi Richard G. Calhoun Lawrence G.. 2004. “Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence.” Psychological Inquiry 15 (1): 1‐18. DOI: 10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01.
Tedeschi Richard G. Park Crystal L. Calhoun Lawrence G.. 2014. Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes in the Aftermath of Crisis.
VanderWeele Tyler J. 2011. “Sensitivity analysis for contagion effects in social networks.” Sociological Methods & Research 40 (2): 240‐255.
Wayment Heidi A. 2004. “It Could Have Been Me: Vicarious Victims and Disaster-Focused Distress.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 (4): 515‐28. DOI: 10.1177/0146167203261892.
Wimmer Andreas Lewis Kevin. 2010. “Beyond and Below Racial Homophily: ERG Models of a Friendship Network Documented on Facebook.” American Journal of Sociology 116 (2): 583‐642. DOI: 10.1086/653658.
Wood Elisabeth Jean. 2008. “The Social Processes of Civil War: The Wartime Transformation of Social Networks.” Annual Review of Political Science 11 (1): 539‐61. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.082103.104832.
Zubrzycki Geneviève Woźny Anna. 2020. “The Comparative Politics of Collective Memory.” Annual Review of Sociology 46 (1): 175‐94. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054808.
Žunec Ozren. 2006. “Apsolutna Žrtva i Relativna Kompenzacija: Proturječja Društvenog Položaja Veterana i Državne Skrbi Za Ratne Veterane i Invalide.” Polemos 10 (18): 11‐42.