Non-Geostationary (NGSO) satellite constellations; non-terrestrial network (NTN); satellite communications; space information networks; space-based Internet providers; spacecraft
Résumé :
[en] The next phase of satellite technology is being characterized by a new evolution in non-geostationary orbit (NGSO) satellites, which conveys exciting new communication capabilities to provide non-terrestrial connectivity solutions and to support a wide range of digital technologies from various industries. NGSO communication systems are known for a number of key features such as lower propagation delay, smaller size, and lower signal losses in comparison to the conventional geostationary orbit (GSO) satellites, which can potentially enable latency-critical applications to be provided through satellites. NGSO promises a substantial boost in communication speed and energy efficiency, and thus, tackling the main inhibiting factors of commercializing GSO satellites for broader utilization. The promised improvements of NGSO systems have motivated this paper to provide a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art NGSO research focusing on the communication prospects, including physical layer and radio access technologies along with the networking aspects and the overall system features and architectures. Beyond this, there are still many NGSO deployment challenges to be addressed to ensure seamless integration not only with GSO systems but also with terrestrial networks. These unprecedented challenges are also discussed in this paper, including coexistence with GSO systems in terms of spectrum access and regulatory issues, satellite constellation and architecture designs, resource management problems, and user equipment requirements. Finally, we outline a set of innovative research directions and new opportunities for future NGSO research.
Disciplines :
Ingénierie électrique & électronique
Auteur, co-auteur :
AL-HRAISHAWI, Hayder ; University of Luxembourg > Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SNT) > SigCom
CHOUGRANI, Houcine ; University of Luxembourg > Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SNT) > SigCom
KISSELEFF, Steven ; University of Luxembourg > Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SNT) > SigCom
LAGUNAS, Eva ; University of Luxembourg > Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SNT) > SigCom
CHATZINOTAS, Symeon ; University of Luxembourg > Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SNT) > SigCom
Co-auteurs externes :
no
Langue du document :
Anglais
Titre :
A Survey on Non-Geostationary Satellite Systems: The Communication Perspective
A. I. Perez-Neira, M. A. Vazquez, M. R. B. Shankar, S. Maleki, and S. Chatzinotas, "Signal processing for high-throughput satellites: Challenges in new interference-limited scenarios," IEEE Signal Process. Mag., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 112-131, Jul. 2019.
G. Giambene, S. Kota, and P. Pillai, "Satellite-5G integration: A network perspective," IEEE Netw., vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 25-31, Sep./Oct. 2018.
P. Venezia, J. Scupin, and C. Lee-Yow, "Feed network design using NewSpace techniques: Meeting mass, size, cost, and schedule requirements," IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 54-59, Oct. 2019.
C. Schmierer, M. Kobald, K. Tomilin, U. Fischer, and S. Schlechtriem, "Low cost small-satellite access to space using hybrid rocket propulsion," Acta Astronaut., vol. 159, pp. 578-583, Jun. 2019.
M. Giordani and M. Zorzi, "Non-terrestrial networks in the 6G era: Challenges and opportunities," IEEE Netw., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 244-251, Mar./Apr. 2021.
"3rd generation partnership project; technical specification group radio access network; solutions for NR to support non-terrestrial networks (NTN) (release 16)," 3GPP, Sophia Antipolis, France, 3GPP Rep. TR 38.821 V16.0.0, 2019.
"3rd generation partnership project; technical specification group radio access network; study on new radio (NR) to support non terrestrial networks (release 15)," 3GPP, Sophia Antipolis, France, 3GPP Rep. TR 38.811V15.1.0, 2019.
M. Khalil, Z. Shamsi, A. Shabbir, and A. Samad, "A comparative study of rural networking solutions for global Internet access," in Proc. Int. Conf. Inf. Sci. Commun. Technol. (ICISCT), 2019, pp. 1-5.
M. O. Kolawole, Satellite Communication Engineering, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2017.
Simulation Methodologies for Determining Statistics of Short-Term Interference Between Co-Frequency, Codirectional Non-Geostationary-Satellite Orbit Fixed-Satellite Service Systems in Circular Orbits and Other Non-Geostationary Fixed-Satellite Service Systems in Circular Orbits or Geostationary-Satellite Orbit Fixed-Satellite Service Networks, Int. Telecommun. Union, Geneva, Switzerland, ITU-R Standard S.1325-3, 2003.
L. Wood, Satellite Constellation Networks. Boston, MA, USA: Springer, 2003, pp. 13-34.
W. Saad, M. Bennis, and M. Chen, "A vision of 6G wireless systems: Applications, trends, technologies, and open research problems," IEEE Netw., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 134-142, May/Jun. 2020.
D. Bhattacherjee et al., "Gearing up for the 21st century space race," in Proc. 17th ACM Workshop Hot Top. Netw., 2018, pp. 113-119.
I. del Portillo, B. G. Cameron, and E. F. Crawley, "A technical comparison of three low earth orbit satellite constellation systems to provide global broadband," Acta Astronaut., vol. 159, pp. 123-135, Jun. 2019.
Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA, USA. UCS Satellite Database, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/ satellite-database
Y. Guan, F. Geng, and J. H. Saleh, "Review of high throughput satellites: Market disruptions, Affordability-throughput map, and the cost per bit/second decision tree," IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag., vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 64-80, May 2019.
B. Di, L. Song, Y. Li, and H. V. Poor, "Ultra-Dense LEO: Integration of satellite access networks into 5G and beyond," IEEE Wireless Commun. Mag., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 62-69, Apr. 2019.
H. Al-Hraishawi, N. Maturo, E. Lagunas, and S. Chatzinotas, "Scheduling design and performance analysis of carrier aggregation in satellite communication systems," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 70, no. 8, pp. 7845-7857, Aug. 2021.
Y. Su, Y. Liu, Y. Zhou, J. Yuan, H. Cao, and J. Shi, "Broadband LEO satellite communications: Architectures and key technologies," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 55-61, Apr. 2019.
F. Babich, M. Comisso, A. Cuttin, M. Marchese, and F. Patrone, "Nanosatellite-5G integration in the Millimeter wave domain: A full top-down approach," IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 390-404, Feb. 2020.
L. A. Singh, W. R. Whittecar, M. D. DiPrinzio, J. D. Herman, M. P. Ferringer, and P. M. Reed, "Low cost satellite constellations for nearly continuous global coverage," Nat. Commun., vol. 11, Jan. 2020, Art. no. 200.
G. Stock, J. A. Fraire, T. Mömke, H. Hermanns, F. Babayev, and E. Cruz, "Managing fleets of LEO satellites: Nonlinear, optimal, efficient, scalable, usable, and robust," IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integr. Circuits Syst., vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 3762-3773, Nov. 2020.
R. G. W. Latio, "Social and cultural issues: The impact of digital divide on development and how satellite addresses this problem," Online J. Space Commun., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 1-17, 2021.
C. Niephaus, M. Kretschmer, and G. Ghinea, "QoS provisioning in converged satellite and terrestrial networks: A survey of the state-ofthe-art," IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 2415-2441, 4th Quart., 2016.
R. Radhakrishnan, W. W. Edmonson, F. Afghah, R. M. Rodriguez-Osorio, F. Pinto, and S. C. Burleigh, "Survey of inter-satellite communication for small satellite systems: Physical layer to network layer view," IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 2442-2473, 4th Quart., 2016.
J. Liu, Y. Shi, Z. M. Fadlullah, and N. Kato, "Space-air-ground integrated network: A survey," IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 2714-2741, 4th Quart. 2018.
M. Abo-Zeed, J.-B. Din, I. Shayea, and M. Ergen, "Survey on land mobile satellite system: Challenges and future research trends," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 137291-137304, 2019.
S. C. Burleigh, T. D. Cola, S. Morosi, S. Jayousi, E. Cianca, and C. Fuchs, "From connectivity to advanced Internet services: A comprehensive review of small satellites communications and networks," Wireless Commun. Mobile Comput., vol. 2019, May 2019, Art. no. 6243505.
O. Kodheli et al., "Satellite communications in the new space era: A survey and future challenges," IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 70-109, 1st Quart., 2021.
B. Li, Z. Fei, C. Zhou, and Y. Zhang, "Physical-layer security in space information networks: A survey," IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 33-52, Jan. 2020.
I. Leyva-Mayorga et al., "LEO small-satellite constellations for 5G and beyond-5G communications," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 184955-184964, 2020.
N. Saeed, A. Elzanaty, H. Almorad, H. Dahrouj, T. Y. Al-Naffouri, and M.-S. Alouini, "CubeSat communications: Recent advances and future challenges," IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1839-1862, 3rd Quart., 2020.
M. A. A. Madni, S. Iranmanesh, and R. Raad, "DTN and non-DTN routing protocols for inter-CubeSat communications: A comprehensive survey," Electronics, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 482, 2020.
A. Guidotti et al., "Architectures, standardisation, and procedures for 5G satellite communications: A survey," Comput. Netw., vol. 183, Dec. 2020 Art. no. 107588.
F. Rinaldi et al., "Non-terrestrial networks in 5G & beyond: A survey," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 165178-165200, 2020.
P. Wang, J. Zhang, X. Zhang, Z. Yan, B. G. Evans, and W. Wang, "Convergence of satellite and terrestrial networks: A comprehensive survey," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 5550-5588, 2020.
X. Fang, W. Feng, T. Wei, Y. Chen, N. Ge, and C.-X. Wang, "5G embraces satellites for 6G ubiquitous IoT: Basic models for integrated satellite terrestrial networks," IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 8, no. 18, pp. 14399-14417, Sep. 2021.
T. Butash, P. Garland, and B. Evans, "Non-geostationary satellite orbit communications satellite constellations history," Int. J. Satellite Commun. Netw., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 1-5, 2021.
J. Restrepo and G. Maral, "Cellular geometry for world-wide coverage by non-geo satellites using "earth-fixed cell" technique," in Proc. IEEE Global Commun. Conf., vol. 3, 1996, pp. 2133-2137.
J. Huang and J. Cao, "Recent development of commercial satellite communications systems," in Artificial Intelligence in China. Singapore: Springer, 2020, pp. 531-536.
T. M. Braun and W. R. Braun, Satellite Communications Payload and System, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2021.
N. Pachler, E. F. Crawley, and B. G. Cameron, "A genetic algorithm for beam placement in high-throughput satellite constellations," in Proc. IEEE Cogn. Commun. Aerosp. Appl. Workshop (CCAAW), 2021, pp. 1-6.
M. Manulis, C. P. Bridges, R. Harrison, V. Sekar, and A. Davis, "Cyber security in new space: Analysis of threats, key enabling technologies and challenges," Int. J. Inf. Secur., vol. 20, pp. 287-311, May 2020.
M. Handley, "Delay is not an option: Low latency routing in space," in Proc. 17th ACM Workshop Hot Top. Netw., New York, NY, USA, 2018, pp. 85-91.
E. W. Ashford, "Non-Geo systems-Where have all the satellites gone?" Acta Astronaut., vol. 55, nos. 3-9, pp. 649-657, 2004.
"Measuring digital development: Facts and figures," Int. Telecommun. Union, ITU Publ., Geneva Switzerland, Rep., 2020.
M. Graydon and L. Parks, "Connecting the unconnected: A critical assessment of U.S. satellite Internet services," Media Cult. Soc., vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 260-276, 2020.
G. Maral, M. Bousquet, and Z. Sun, Satellite Communications Systems: Systems, Techniques, and Technology, 5th ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2009.
"DVB-RCS2 higher layer satellite specification," Eur. Telecommun. Stand. Inst., Sophia Antipolis, France, ETSI TS 101 545-3, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://www.etsi.org
D. K. Sachdev, Success Stories in Satellite Systems. Reston, VA, USA: Amer. Inst. Aeronaut. Astronaut., 2009.
Spacenews. "Spacex Submits Paperwork for 30,000 More Starlink Satellites." 2019. [Online]. Available: https://spacenews.com/spacexsubmits-paperwork-for-30000-more-starlink-satellites/
OneWeb. "Oneweb Secures Investment From Softbank and Hughes Network Systems." 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.oneweb. world/media-center/oneweb-secures-investment-from-softbank-andhughes-network-systems
Kuiper Systems LLC. "Amazon Receives FCC Approval for Project Kuiper Satellite Constellation." [Online]. Available: https://https:/ /www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/amazon-receives-fccapproval-for-project-kuiper-satellite-constellation, (Accessed: Nov. 28, 2021).
C. S. Ruf et al., "A new paradigm in earth environmental monitoring with the cygnss small satellite constellation," Sci. Rep. Nat. Publ. Group, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2018.
C. Corbane et al., "Convolutional neural networks for global human settlements mapping from sentinel-2 satellite imagery," Neural Comput. Appl., vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 6697-6720, 2021.
J. T. Mackereth et al., "Prospects for galactic and stellar astrophysics with asteroseismology of giant stars in the TESS continuous viewing zones and beyond," Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc., vol. 502, no. 2, pp. 1947-1966, 2021.
P. Allen, J. Wickham-Eade, and M. Trichas, "The potential of small satellites for scientific and astronomical discovery," Nat. Astron., vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 1039-1042, 2020.
F. Davarian et al., "Improving small satellite communications and tracking in deep space-A review of the existing systems and technologies with recommendations for improvement. part II: Small satellite navigation, proximity links, and communications link science," IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag., vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 26-40, Jul. 2020.
V. S. Padilla, A. Collaguazo, J. J. Cabrera, and J. Pesantez, "M2M technology for bus fleet management. case study: A college transportation system," in Proc. IEEE Tech. Eng. Manage. Conf. (TEMSCON), 2020, pp. 1-5.
Q. Hao, Z. Wang, and L. Qin, "Design of BeiDou satellite system in ocean logistics real-time tracking system," J. Coastal Res., vol. 94, pp. 204-207, Sep. 2019.
H. Al-Hraishawi, E. Lagunas, and S. Chatzinotas, "Traffic simulator for Multibeam satellite communication systems," in Proc. 10th Adv. Satellite Multimedia Syst. Conf. 16th Signal Process. Space Commun. Workshop (ASMS/SPSC), 2020, pp. 1-8.
"Spire: Global Data and Analytics." [Online]. Available: https:// spire.com (Accessed: Nov. 15, 2021).
"Kleos Space S.A." https://kleos.space. [Online]. Available: (Accessed: Nov. 20, 2021).
A. Moreira et al., "Tandem-L: A highly innovative Bistatic SAR mission for global observation of dynamic processes on the earth's surface," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 8-23, Jun. 2015.
S. T. Gutiérrez, C. I. Fuentes, and M. A. Díaz, "Introducing SOST: An ultra-low-cost star tracker concept based on a raspberry pi and opensource astronomy software," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 166320-166334, 2020.
F. Davoli, C. Kourogiorgas, M. Marchese, A. Panagopoulos, and F. Patrone, "Small satellites and CubeSats: Survey of structures, architectures, and protocols," Int. J. Satellite Commun. Netw., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 343-359, 2019.
A. O. Onojeghuo, G. A. Blackburn, J. Huang, D. Kindred, and W. Huang, "Applications of satellite 'hyper-sensing' in chinese agriculture: Challenges and opportunities," Int. J. Appl. Earth Observ. Geoinf., vol. 64, pp. 62-86, Feb. 2018.
H. Ping, J. Wang, Z. Ma, and Y. Du, "Mini-review of application of IoT technology in monitoring agricultural products quality and safety," Int. J. Agricul. Biol. Eng., vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 35-45, 2018.
M. Buscher, Investigations on the Current and Future use of Radio Frequency Allocations for Small Satellite Operations (Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics: Scientific Series). Berlin, Germany: Universitatsverlag der TU Berlin, 2019.
M. Jarrold and D. Meltzer, Small Satellites and Innovations in Terminal and Teleport Design, Deployment, and Operation. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2020, pp. 599-618.
M. A. Skinner, Small Satellites and Their Challenges to Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and Space Traffic Management (STM). Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2020, pp. 1-14.
C. Weinbaum, S. Berner, and B. McClintock, "SIGINT for anyone: The growing availability of signals intelligence in the public domain," Rand Nat. Defense Res. Inst., Santa Monica, CA, USA, document PE-273-OSD, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.7249/PE273
European Space Agency (ESA). "Hera: ESA's Planetary Defence Mission." Accessed: Apr. 15, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www. esa.int/Safety_Security/Hera.
P. Zweifel et al., "Seismic high-resolution acquisition electronics for the NASA InSight mission on mars," Bull. Seismol. Soc. America, vol. 111, no. 6, pp. 2909-2923, 2021.
F. Fourati and M.-S. Alouini, "Artificial intelligence for satellite communication: A review," Intell. Conver. Netw., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 213-243, 2021.
M. Schwartz, W. Bennett, and S. Stein, Communication Systems and Techniques. New York, NY, USA: IEEE Press, 1996.
V. P. Hubenko, R. A. Raines, R. F. Mills, R. O. Baldwin, B. E. Mullins, and M. R. Grimaila, "Improving the global information grid's performance through satellite communications layer enhancements," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 66-72, Nov. 2006.
D. Minoli, Satellite Systems Engineering in an IPv6 Environment. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2009.
Y. Zeng, R. Zhang, and T. J. Lim, "Wireless communications with unmanned aerial vehicles: Opportunities and challenges," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 36-42, May 2016.
R. Deng, B. Di, H. Zhang, L. Kuang, and L. Song, "Ultra-dense LEO satellite constellations: How many LEO satellites do we need?" IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 4843-4857, Aug. 2021.
C. Wang, L. Liu, H. Ma, and D. Xia, "A joint optimization scheme for hybrid MAC layer in LEO satellite supported IoT," IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 8, no. 15, pp. 11822-11833, Aug. 2021.
G. Maral, M. Bousquet, and Z. Sun, Satellite Communications Systems: Systems, Techniques and Technology. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2020.
"Measurement procedure for determining non-geostationary satellite orbit satellite equivalent isotropically radiated power and antenna discrimination," Int. Telecommun. Union, Geneva, Switzerland, Rep. S.1512-0, 2001.
M. A. Salas-Natera and R. M. Rodríguez-Osorio, "Analytical evaluation of uncertainty on active antenna arrays," IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 1903-1913, Jul. 2012.
S. Chen, S. Sun, G. Xu, X. Su, and Y. Cai, "Beam-space multiplexing: Practice, theory, and trends, from 4G TD-LTE, 5G, to 6G and beyond," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 162-172, Apr. 2020.
B. P. Kumar, C. Kumar, V. S. Kumar, and V. V. Srinivasan, "Active spherical phased array design for satellite payload data transmission," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 4783-4791, Nov. 2015.
H. Lueschow and R. Pelaez, Satellite Communication for Security and Defense. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2020, pp. 779-796.
D. González-Ovejero, O. Yurduseven, G. Chattopadhyay, and N. Chahat, Metasurface Antennas: Flat Antennas for Small Satellites. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2021, pp. 255-313.
S. K. Sharma, J. Querol, N. Maturo, S. Chatzinotas, and B. Ottersten, "System modeling and design aspects of next generation high throughput satellites," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 2443-2447, Aug. 2021.
H. Al-Hraishawi, G. A. A. Baduge, H. Q. Ngo, and E. G. Larsson, "Multi-cell massive MIMO uplink with underlay spectrum sharing," IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 119-137, Mar. 2019.
L. You, K.-X. Li, J. Wang, X. Gao, X.-G. Xia, and B. Ottersten, "Massive MIMO transmission for LEO satellite communications," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1851-1865, Aug. 2020.
L. Feng, Y. Liu, L. Wu, Z. Zhang, and J. Dang, "A satellite handover strategy based on MIMO technology in LEO satellite networks," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1505-1509, Jul. 2020.
D. Goto, H. Shibayama, F. Yamashita, and T. Yamazato, "LEO-MIMO satellite systems for high capacity transmission," in Proc. IEEE Global Commun. Conf., 2018, pp. 1-6.
A. Almamori and S. Mohan, "Estimation of channel state information (CSI) in cell-free massive MIMO based on time of arrival (ToA)," Wireless Pers. Commun., vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 1825-1831, 2020.
M. Y. Abdelsadek, H. Yanikomeroglu, and G. K. Kurt, "Future ultradense LEO satellite networks: A cell-free massive MIMO approach," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf Commun. Workshops (ICC Workshops), 2021, pp. 1-6.
A. Guidotti, A. Vanelli-Coralli, A. Mengali, and S. Cioni, "Nonterrestrial networks: Link budget analysis," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf Commun. (ICC), 2020, pp. 1-7.
"Calibration results and link budget analysis," 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Mobile Broadband Standard, Thales Group, Paris, France, Rep. R1-1913110, 2019.
J. Pahl, J. Parker, and K. Singarajah, "A model for interference studies relating to multisatellite non-geostationary systems in the mobile satellite service," Int. J. Satellite Commun., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 107-123, Jan./Feb. 1994.
E. M. López, "Smart beamforming for direct access to 5G-NR user equipment from LEO satellite at Ka-band," Ph.D. dissertation, Barcelona School Telecommun. Eng., Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, Aug. 2020.
B. Rodiger, C. Fuchs, J. R. Nonay, W. Jung, and C. Schmidt, "Miniaturized optical Intersatellite communication terminal-CubeISL," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf Commun. Workshops (ICC Workshops), 2021, pp. 1-5.
I. Kallfass et al., "Towards the exploratory in-orbit verification of an E/W-band satellite communication link," in Proc. IEEE MTT-S Int. Wireless Symp. (IWS), 2021, pp. 1-3.
P. Pedrosa, D. Castanheira, A. Silva, R. Dinis, and A. Gameiro, "A state-space approach for tracking doppler shifts in radio inter-satellite links," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 102378-102386, 2021.
T. A. Khan and M. Afshang, "A stochastic geometry approach to doppler Characterization in a LEO satellite network," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf Commun. (ICC), 2020, pp. 1-6.
Y. Lee and J. P. Choi, "Connectivity analysis of mega-constellation satellite networks with optical intersatellite links," IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 4213-4226, Dec. 2021.
Q. Chen, G. Giambene, L. Yang, C. Fan, and X. Chen, "Analysis of inter-satellite link paths for LEO mega-constellation networks," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 2743-2755, Mar. 2021.
H. Keller and H. Salzwedel, "Link strategy for the mobile satellite system iridium," in Proc. IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC), vol. 2, 1996, pp. 1220-1224.
J. Stuart, "Teledesic network and space infrastructure architecture and design features," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Eng. Complex Comput. Syst., 1996, pp. 147-150.
European Space Agency (ESA). "PRISMA (Prototype Research Instruments and Space Mission Technology Advancement)." 2010. [Online]. Available: https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/ satellite-missions/p/prisma-prototype
European Space Agency (ESA). "PROBA-3: Project for on-board autonomy-3." 2020. [Online]. Available: https://directory.eoportal.org/ web/eoportal/satellite-missions/p/proba-3
I. F. Akyildiz, A. Kak, and S. Nie, "6G and beyond: The future of wireless communications systems," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 133995-134030, 2020.
J. Y. Suen, M. T. Fang, S. P. Denny, and P. M. Lubin, "Modeling of Terabit geostationary Terahertz satellite links from globally dry locations," IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 299-313, Mar. 2015.
J. Yu, Generation and Detection of Terahertz Signal. Singapore: Springer, 2021, pp. 25-45.
S. Gong et al., "Network availability Maximization for free-space optical satellite communications," IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 411-415, Mar. 2020.
T. Tolker-Nielsen and G. Oppenhauser, "In-orbit test result of an operational optical intersatellite link between ARTEMIS and SPOT4, SILEX," in Proc. Free-Space Laser Commun. Technol. XIV, vol. 4635, 2002, pp. 1-15.
M. R. Garcia-Talavera, Z. Sodnik, P. Lopez, A. Alonso, T. Viera, and G. Oppenhauser, "Preliminary results of the in-orbit test of ARTEMIS with the optical ground station," in Proc. Free-Space Laser Commun. Technol. XIV, vol. 4635, 2002, pp. 38-49.
M. Toyoshima et al., "Results from phase-1, phase-2 and phase-3 Kirari optical communication demonstration experiments with the NICT optical ground station (KODEN)," in Proc. 25th AIAA Int. Commun. Satellite Syst. Conf. (APSCC), 2007, pp. 1-11.
V. Cazaubiel et al., "LOLA: A 40000 km optical link between an aircraft and a geostationary satellite," in Proc. ESA Spec. Publ., vol. 621, 2006, pp. 1-6.
B. Smutny et al., "5.6 Gbps optical intersatellite communication link," in Proc. Free-Space Laser Commun. Technol. XXI, vol. 7199, 2009, Art. no. 719906.
F. Heine, G. Muhlnikel, H. Zech, S. Philipp-May, and R. Meyer, "The european data relay system, high speed laser based data links," in Proc. 7th Adv. Satellite Multimedia Syst. Conf. 13th Signal Process. Space Commun. Workshop (ASMS/SPSC), 2014, pp. 284-286.
"Recommended standard-Optical communications coding synchronization," Consult. Committee Space Data Syst., Washington, DC, USA, CCSDS Rep. 142.0-B-1, Aug. 2019.
"Recommended standard + Pink Sheets for O3K-Optical Communications Physical Layer," Consult. Committee Space Data Syst., Washington, DC, USA, CCSDS Rep. 141.0-B-1. Feb. 2020.
M. Q. Vu, T. V. Pham, N. T. Dang, and A. T. Pham, "Design and performance of relay-assisted satellite free-space optical quantum key distribution systems," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 122498-122510, 2020.
M. De Sanctis, E. Cianca, T. Rossi, C. Sacchi, L. Mucchi, and R. Prasad, "Waveform design solutions for EHF broadband satellite communications," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 18-23, Mar. 2015.
"Digital video broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guidelines for the second generation system for broadcasting, interactive services, news gathering and other broadband satellite applications;part 2: S2 extensions (DVB-S2X)," Eur. Telecommun. Stand. Inst., Sophia Antipolis, France, ETSI Standard TR 102 376-2, 2015. [Online]. Available: (http:/ /www.etsi.org).
M. A. Vázquez et al., "Precoding in Multibeam satellite communications: Present and future challenges," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 88-95, Dec. 2016.
R. De Gaudenzi, P. Angeletti, D. Petrolati, and E. Re, "Future technologies for very high throughput satellite systems," Int. J. Satellite Commun. Netw., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 141-161, 2020.
European Space Agency (ESA). "5G-GOA-5G Enabled Ground Segment Technologies Over the Air Demonstrator," 2021. [Online]. Available: https://artes.esa.int/projects/5ggoa
"5G Space Communications Lab." Accessed: May 21, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://wwwfr.uni.lu/snt/research/sigcom/ 5g_space_communications_lab
A. Jayaprakash, B. G. Evans, P. Xiao, A. B. Awoseyila, and Y. Zhang, "New radio numerology and waveform evaluation for satellite integration into 5G terrestrial network," in Proc. IEEE Int. Commun. Conf. (ICC), 2020, pp. 1-7.
O. Kodheli et al., "Random access procedure over non-terrestrial networks: From theory to practice," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 109130-109143, 2021.
A. Jayaprakash et al., "Analysis of candidate waveforms for integrated satellite-terrestrial 5G systems," in Proc. IEEE 2nd 5G World Forum (5GWF), 2019, pp. 636-641.
A. Guidotti et al., "Architectures and key technical challenges for 5G systems incorporating satellites," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 2624-2639, Mar. 2019.
P.-D. Arapoglou, S. Cioni, E. Re, and A. Ginesi, "Direct access to 5G new radio user equipment from NGSO satellites in Millimeter waves," in Proc. 10th Adv. Satellite Multimedia Syst. Conf. 16th Signal Process. Space Commun. Workshop (ASMS/SPSC), 2020, pp. 1-8.
J. Bai and G. Ren, "Adaptive packet-length assisted random access scheme in LEO satellite network," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 68250-68259, 2019.
L. Boero, R. Bruschi, F. Davoli, M. Marchese, and F. Patrone, "Satellite networking integration in the 5G ecosystem: Research trends and open challenges," IEEE Netw., vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 9-15, Sep./Oct. 2018.
M. Kibria, E. Lagunas, N. Maturo, D. Spano, H. Al-Hraishawi, and S. Chatzinotas, "Carrier aggregation in multi-beam high throughput satellite systems," in Proc. IEEE Global Commun. Conf., Dec. 2019, pp. 1-6.
F. Clazzer, "Modern random access for satellite communications," Ph.D. dissertation, Inst. Commun. Navigat., Univ. Genoa, Genoa, Italy, Apr. 2017.
D. T. C. Wong, Q. Chen, X. Peng, and F. P. S. Chin, "Multi-channel pure collective aloha MAC protocol with decollision algorithm for satellite uplink," in Proc. IEEE 4th World Forum Internet Things (WF-IoT), 2018, pp. 251-256.
Y. Wu, X. Gao, S. Zhou, W. Yang, Y. Polyanskiy, and G. Caire, "Massive access for future wireless communication systems," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 148-156, Aug. 2020.
N. M. Abramson, "The ALOHA system: Another alternative for computer communications," in Proc. Fall Joint Comput. Conf., 1970, pp. 281-285.
R. De Gaudenzi, O. D. R. Herrero, G. Gallinaro, S. Cioni, and P.-D. Arapoglou, "Random access schemes for satellite networks, from VSAT to M2M: A survey," Int. J. Satellite Commun. Netw., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 66-107, 2018.
F. A. Tondo, S. Montejo-Sánchez, M. E. Pellenz, S. Céspedes, and R. D. Souza, "Direct-to-satellite IoT slotted aloha systems with multiple satellites and unequal erasure probabilities," Sensors, vol. 21, no. 21, p. 7099, 2021.
P. Cassará, A. Gotta, and T. de Cola, "A statistical framework for performance analysis of diversity framed slotted aloha with interference cancellation," IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 4327-4337, Dec. 2020.
L. Zhen, A. K. Bashir, K. Yu, Y. D. Al-Otaibi, C. H. Foh, and P. Xiao, "Energy-efficient random access for LEO satellite-assisted 6G Internet of Remote Things," IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 5114-5128, Apr. 2021.
Q. Wang, G. Ren, S. Gao, and K. Wu, "A framework of nonorthogonal slotted aloha (NOSA) protocol for TDMA-based random multiple access in IoT-oriented satellite networks," IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 77542-77553, 2018.
P. Kim, S. Jung, D.-H. Jung, J.-G. Ryu, and D.-G. Oh, "Performance analysis of direct sequence spread spectrum aloha for LEO satellite based IoT service," in Proc. IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC), 2019, pp. 1-5.
F. Sforza, "Communications system," U.S. Patent 8 406 275 B2, 2013.
M. Asad Ullah, K. Mikhaylov, and H. Alves, "Massive machinetype communication and satellite integration for remote areas," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 74-80, Aug. 2021.
C. Zhang, L. Wang, L. Jiao, S. Wang, J. Shi, and J. Yue, "A novel orthogonal LoRa multiple access algorithm for satellite Internet of Things," China Commun., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 279-289, Mar. 2022.
L. Fernandez, J. A. Ruiz-de Azua, A. Calveras, and A. Camps, "On-demand satellite payload execution strategy for natural disasters monitoring using LoRa: Observation requirements and optimum medium access layer mechanisms," Remote Sens., vol. 13, no. 19, p. 4014, 2021.
A. Mengali, R. De Gaudenzi, and C. Stefanović, "On the modeling and performance assessment of random access with SIC," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 292-303, Feb. 2018.
R. Rom and M. Sidi, Multiple Access Protocols: Performance and Analysis. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2012.
Z. Katona et al., "A flexible LEO satellite modem with Ka-band RF frontend for a data relay satellite system," Int. J. Satellite Commun. Netw., vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 301-313, 2020.
S. D. Ilcev, "Space division multiple access (SDMA) applicable for mobile satellite communications," in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Telecommun. Modern Satellite Cable Broadcast. Services (TELSIKS), vol. 2, 2011, pp. 693-696.
Z. Lin, M. Lin, J.-B. Wang, T. de Cola, and J. Wang, "Joint Beamforming and power allocation for satellite-terrestrial integrated networks with non-orthogonal multiple access," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal Process., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 657-670, Jun. 2019.
S. R. Islam, N. Avazov, O. A. Dobre, and K.-S. Kwak, "Power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in 5G systems: Potentials and challenges," IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 721-742, 2nd Quart., 2017.
A. I. Perez-Neira, M. Caus, and M. A. Vazquez, "Non-orthogonal transmission techniques for multibeam satellite systems," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 58-63, Dec. 2019.
Z. Gao, A. Liu, C. Han, and X. Liang, "Non-orthogonal multiple access based average age of information minimization in LEO satelliteterrestrial integrated networks," IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw., early access, Mar. 15, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TGCN.2022.3159559.
J. Jiao, S. Wu, R. Lu, and Q. Zhang, "Massive access in space-based Internet of Things: Challenges, opportunities, and future directions," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 118-125, Oct. 2021.
J. Zhao, X. Yue, S. Kang, and W. Tang, "Joint effects of imperfect CSI and SIC on NOMA based satellite-terrestrial systems," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 12545-12554, 2021.
Z. Gao, A. Liu, C. Han, and X. Liang, "Sum rate Maximization of massive MIMO NOMA in LEO satellite communication system," IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1667-1671, Aug. 2021.
M. G. Kibria, E. Lagunas, N. Maturo, H. Al-Hraishawi, and S. Chatzinotas, "Carrier aggregation in satellite communications: Impact and performance study," IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc., vol. 1, pp. 1390-1402, 2020.
H. Al-Hraishawi, N. Maturo, E. Lagunas, and S. Chatzinotas, "Perceptive packet scheduling for carrier aggregation in satellite communication systems," in Proc. IEEE Int. Commun. Conf. (ICC), Jun. 2020, pp. 1-6.
"Evolved universal terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) and evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN); overall description; stage 2," 3GPP, Sophia Antipolis, France, ETSI Standard TS 136 300, Jun. 2012.
Q. Feng, J. Pang, M. Maso, M. Debbah, and W. Tong, "IDFT-VFDM for supplementary uplink and LTE-NR co-existence," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 3435-3448, May 2020.
M. Dazhi, H. Al-Hraishawi, M. R. B. Shankar, and S. Chatzinotas, "Uplink capacity optimization for high throughput satellites using SDN and multi-orbital dual connectivity," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf Commun. Workshops (ICC Workshops), 2022, pp. 544-549.
W. Zhang, G. Zhang, Z. Xie, D. Bian, and Y. Li, "A hierarchical autonomous system based space information network architecture and topology control," J. Commun. Inf. Netw., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 77-89, 2016.
K. Dai and C. Zhu, "A new architecture design of space information networks," in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Internet Comput. Sci. Eng., 2012, pp. 217-220.
N. U. L. Hassan, C. Huang, C. Yuen, A. Ahmad, and Y. Zhang, "Dense small satellite networks for modern terrestrial communication systems: Benefits, infrastructure, and technologies," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 96-103, Oct. 2020.
M. Sheng, D. Zhou, R. Liu, Y. Wang, and J. Li, "Resource mobility in space information networks: Opportunities, challenges, and approaches," IEEE Netw., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 128-135, Jan./Feb. 2019.
J. Guo, Y. Du, X. Wu, and M. Li, "An anti-quantum authentication protocol for space information networks based on ring learning with errors," J. Commun. Inf. Netw., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 301-311, Sep. 2021.
Q.-Y. Yu, W.-X. Meng, M.-C. Yang, L.-M. Zheng, and Z.-Z. Zhang, "Virtual multi-beamforming for distributed satellite clusters in space information networks," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 95-101, Feb. 2016.
European Space Agency (ESA), Paris, France. "European Data Relay Satellite System (EDRS)." Accessed: Feb. 10, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://artes.esa.int/edrs/overview
D. J. Israel, G. W. Heckler, and R. J. Menrad, "Space mobile network: A near earth communications and navigation architecture," in Proc. IEEE Aerosp. Conf., 2016, pp. 1-7.
T. O. Walker, M. Tummala, and J. McEachen, "A system of systems study of space-based networks utilizing picosatellite formations," in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. System Syst. Eng., 2010, pp. 1-6.
J. Guo and Y. Du, "Fog service in space information network: Architecture, use case, security and challenges," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 11104-11115, 2020.
Z. Jia, M. Sheng, J. Li, D. Zhou, and Z. Han, "Joint HAP access and LEO satellite Backhaul in 6G: Matching game-based approaches," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 1147-1159, Apr. 2021.
J. Li, H. Lu, K. Xue, and Y. Zhang, "Temporal Netgrid model-based dynamic routing in large-scale small satellite networks," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 6009-6021, Jun. 2019.
Y. Turk and E. Zeydan, "Satellite Backhauling for next generation cellular networks: Challenges and opportunities," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 52-57, Dec. 2019.
K. Liolis et al., "Use cases and scenarios of 5G integrated satelliteterrestrial networks for enhanced mobile broadband: The SaT5G approach," Int. J. Satellite Commun. Netw., vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 91-112, 2019.
B. Di, H. Zhang, L. Song, Y. Li, and G. Y. Li, "Ultra-dense LEO: Integrating terrestrial-satellite networks into 5G and beyond for data offloading," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 47-62, Jan. 2019.
S. Xu, X.-W. Wang, and M. Huang, "Software-defined next-generation satellite networks: Architecture, challenges, and solutions," IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 4027-4041, 2018.
B. Yang, Y. Wu, X. Chu, and G. Song, "Seamless handover in softwaredefined satellite networking," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1768-1771, Sep. 2016.
M. Sheng, Y. Wang, J. Li, R. Liu, D. Zhou, and L. He, "Toward a flexible and reconfigurable broadband satellite network: Resource management architecture and strategies," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 127-133, Aug. 2017.
T. Li, H. Zhou, H. Luo, and S. Yu, "SERvICE: A software defined framework for integrated space-terrestrial satellite communication," IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 703-716, Mar. 2018.
Y. Shi, Y. Cao, J. Liu, and N. Kato, "A cross-domain SDN architecture for multi-layered space-terrestrial integrated networks," IEEE Netw., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 29-35, Jan./Feb. 2019.
I. F. Akyildiz and A. Kak, "The Internet of Space Things/cubesats," IEEE Netw., vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 212-218, Sep./Oct. 2019.
Y. Drif et al., "An extensible network slicing framework for satellite integration into 5G," Int. J. Satellite Commun. Netw., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 339-357, 2021.
T. Ahmed, A. Alleg, R. Ferrus, and R. Riggio, "On-demand network slicing using SDN/NFV-enabled satellite ground segment systems," in Proc. IEEE Conf. Netw. Softw. Workshops (NetSoft), 2018, pp. 242-246.
P. Rost et al., "Network slicing to enable scalability and flexibility in 5G mobile networks," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 72-79, May 2017.
R. Ferrús et al., "SDN/NFV-enabled satellite communications networks: Opportunities, scenarios and challenges," Phys. Commun., vol. 18, pp. 95-112, Mar. 2016.
H. Wu, J. Chen, C. Zhou, J. Li, and X. Shen, "Learning-based joint resource slicing and scheduling in space-terrestrial integrated vehicular networks," J. Commun. Inf. Netw., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 208-223, Sep. 2021.
M. Bacco et al., "IoT applications and services in space information networks," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 31-37, Apr. 2019.
V. Joroughi, L. K. Alminde, and E. Cruz, "5G satellite communications services through constellation of LEO satellites," in Proc. Int. Conf. Ad-Hoc Netw. Wireless, 2019, pp. 543-548.
M. R. Palattella et al., "5G smart connectivity platform for ubiquitous and automated innovative services," in Proc. IEEE 32nd Int. Symp. Pers. Indoor Mob. Radio Commun. (PIMRC), 2021, pp. 1582-1588.
Z. Zheng, J. Guo, and E. Gill, "Distributed onboard mission planning for multi-satellite systems," Aerosp. Sci. Tech., vol. 89, pp. 111-122, Jun. 2019.
J. R. Carpenter, "Decentralized control of satellite formations," Int. J. Robust Nonlinear Control, vol. 12, nos. 2-3, pp. 141-161, 2002.
H. Al-Hraishawi, S. Chatzinotas, and B. Ottersten, "Broadband nongeostationary satellite communication systems: Research challenges and key opportunities," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf Commun. (ICC), Jun. 2021, pp. 1-6.
E. Lagunas, M. G. Kibria, H. Al-Hraishawi, N. Maturo, and S. Chatzinotas, "Precoded cluster hopping for Multibeam GEO satellite communication systems," Front. Signal Process., vol. 1, pp. 1-11, Oct. 2021.
F. Vidal, H. Legay, G. Goussetis, M. G. Vigueras, S. Tubau, and J.-D. Gayrard, "A methodology to benchmark flexible payload architectures in a megaconstellation use case," Int. J. Satellite Commun. Netw., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 29-46, 2021.
E. Lagunas, M. G. Kibria, H. Al-Hraishawi, N. Maturo, and S. Chatzinotas, "Dealing with non-uniform demands in flexible GEO satellites: The carrier aggregation perspective," in Proc. 10th Adv. Satellite Multimedia Syst. Conf. 16th Signal Process. Space Commun. Workshop (ASMS/SPSC), 2020, pp. 1-5.
S. Kisseleff, E. Lagunas, T. S. Abdu, S. Chatzinotas, and B. Ottersten, "Radio resource management techniques for Multibeam satellite systems," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 2448-2452, Aug. 2021.
L. Kuang, X. Chen, C. Jiang, H. Zhang, and S. Wu, "Radio resource management in future terrestrial-satellite communication networks," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 81-87, Oct. 2017.
E. Lutz, M. Werner, and A. Jahn, Satellite Systems for Personal and Broadband Communications. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2012.
S. Kisseleff, B. Shankar, D. Spano, and J.-D. Gayrard, "A new optimization tool for mega-constellation design and its application to trunking systems," in Proc. Adv. Commun. Satellite Syst. Int. Commun. Satellite Syst. Conf. (ICSSC), 2019, pp. 1-15.
Y. Wu, G. Hu, F. Jin, and J. Zu, "A satellite handover strategy based on the potential game in LEO satellite networks," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 133641-133652, 2019.
T. Wang, W. Li, and Y. Li, "Co-frequency interference analysis between large-scale NGSO constellations and GSO systems," in Proc. Int. Conf. Wireless Commun. Signal Process. (WCSP), 2020, pp. 679-684.
C. Braun, A. M. Voicu, L. Simić, and P. Mahönen, "Should we worry about interference in emerging dense NGSO satellite constellations?" in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Dynamic Spectr. Access Net. (DySPAN), 2019, pp. 1-10.
H. Wang, C. Wang, J. Yuan, Y. Zhao, R. Ding, and W. Wang, "Coexistence Downlink interference analysis between LEO system and GEO system in Ka band," in Proc. IEEE/CIC Int. Conf. Commun. China (ICCC), 2018, pp. 465-469.
A. Pourmoghadas, S. K. Sharma, S. Chatzinotas, and B. Ottersten, "On the spectral coexistence of GSO and NGSO FSS systems: Power control mechanisms and a methodology for inter-site distance determination," Int. J. Satellite Commun. Netw., vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 443-459, 2017.
S. Tonkin and J. P. de Vries, "NewSpace spectrum sharing: Assessing interference risk and Mitigations for new satellite constellations," in Proc. TPRC 46th Res. Conf. Commun. Inf. Internet Policy, Sep. 2018, pp. 1-102.
H. A. Mendoza, G. Corral-Briones, J. M. Ayarde, and G. G. Riva, "Spectrum coexistence of LEO and GSO networks: An interferencebased design criteria for LEO inter-satellite links," in Proc. IEEE Latin Amer. Comput. Conf. (CLEI), 2017, pp. 1-6.
H. Wang, Q. Chang, Y. Xu, and X. Li, "Adaptive narrow-band interference suppression and performance evaluation based on codeaided in GNSS inter-satellite links," IEEE Syst. J., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 538-547, Mar. 2020.
S. Haykin, "Cognitive radio: Brain-empowered wireless communications," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 201-220, Feb. 2005.
A. Goldsmith, S. A. Jafar, I. Maric, and S. Srinivasa, "Breaking spectrum gridlock with cognitive radios: An information theoretic perspective," Proc. IEEE, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 894-914, May 2009.
Y. Zou, J. Zhu, B. Zheng, and Y.-D. Yao, "An adaptive cooperation diversity scheme with best-relay selection in cognitive radio networks," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 5438-5445, Oct. 2010.
H. Al-Hraishawi and G. A. A. Baduge, "Sum rate analysis of cognitive massive MIMO systems with underlay spectrum sharing," in Proc. IEEE Globel Comnun. Conf. (Globecom), Apr. 2016, pp. 1-7.
Y. Han, A. Pandharipande, and S. H. Ting, "Cooperative decode-andforward relaying for secondary spectrum access," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 4945-4950, Oct. 2009.
P. K. Sharma, P. K. Upadhyay, D. B. da Costa, P. S. Bithas, and A. G. Kanatas, "Performance analysis of overlay spectrum sharing in hybrid satellite-terrestrial systems with secondary network selection," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 6586-6601, Oct. 2017.
M. Höyhtyä et al., "Database-assisted spectrum sharing in satellite communications: A survey," IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 25322-25341, 2017.
P. Gu, R. Li, C. Hua, and R. Tafazolli, "Dynamic cooperative spectrum sharing in a multi-beam LEO-GEO co-existing satellite system," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 1170-1182, Feb. 2022.
Y. Wang, X. Ding, and G. Zhang, "A novel dynamic spectrum-sharing method for GEO and LEO satellite networks," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 147895-147906, 2020.
J. Tang, D. Bian, G. Li, J. Hu, and J. Cheng, "Resource allocation for LEO beam-hopping satellites in a spectrum sharing scenario," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 56468-56478, 2021.
D. He, X. Li, S. Chan, J. Gao, and M. Guizani, "Security analysis of a space-based wireless network," IEEE Netw., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 36-43, Jan./Feb. 2019.
M. Lichtman et al., "A communications jamming taxonomy," IEEE Security Privacy, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 47-54, Jan./Feb. 2016.
M. Lichtman and J. H. Reed, "Analysis of reactive jamming against satellite communications," Int. J. Satellite Commun. Netw., vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 195-210, 2016.
A. Roy-Chowdhury, J. S. Baras, M. Hadjitheodosiou, and S. Papademetriou, "Security issues in hybrid networks with a satellite component," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 50-61, Dec. 2005.
Y. Xiao, J. Liu, Y. Shen, X. Jiang, and N. Shiratori, "Secure communication in non-geostationary orbit satellite systems: A physical layer security perspective," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 3371-3382, 2019.
G. Zheng, P.-D. Arapoglou, and B. Ottersten, "Physical layer security in multibeam satellite systems," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 852-863, Feb. 2012.
C. Bonato, A. Tomaello, V. Da Deppo, G. Naletto, and P. Villoresi, "Feasibility of satellite quantum key distribution," New J. Phys., vol. 11, no. 4, 2009, Art. no. 45017.
H. Al-Hraishawi, G. A. A. Baduge, and R. F. Schaefer, "Secure communication in underlay cognitive massive MIMO systems with pilot contamination," in Proc. IEEE Globel Comnun. Conf. (Globecom), 2017, pp. 1-7.
R. Xu, Y. Chen, E. Blasch, and G. Chen, "Exploration of blockchainenabled decentralized capability-based access control strategy for space situation awareness," Opt. Eng., vol. 58, no. 4, Feb. 2019, Art. no. 41609.
H. Al-Hraishawi, G. A. A. Baduge, and R. F. Schaefer, "Artificial noiseaided physical layer security in underlay cognitive massive MIMO systems with pilot contamination," Entropy, vol. 19, no. 7, p. 349, 2017.
"Study on using satellite access in 5G," 3GPP, Sophia Antipolis, France, 3GPP Rep. TR 22.822, 2018.
M. Bacco et al., "Networking challenges for non-terrestrial networks exploitation in 5G," in Proc. IEEE 2nd 5G World Forum (5GWF), 2019, pp. 623-628.
Y. Dai, D. Han, and H. Minn, "Impacts of large-scale NGSO satellites: RFI and a new paradigm for satellite communications and radio astronomy systems," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 7840-7855, Nov. 2019.
A. Rivière, The Rise of the LEO: Is There a Need to Create a Distinct Legal Regime for Constellations of Satellites? Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2019, pp. 39-53.
"Functional description to be used in developing software tools for determining conformity of non-geostationary-satellite orbit fixedsatellite service systems or networks with limits contained in article 22 of the radio regulations," Int. Telecommun. Union, Geneva, Switzerland, Standard ITU-R S.1503-3, 2018.
European Space Agency (ESA). "CONSTELLATION-Simulator for Managing Interference Between NGSO Constellations and GSO," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://artes.esa.int/projects/constellation
R. Higgins, "Method for limiting interference between satellite communications systems," U.S. Patent 6 511 020 B2, 2000.
"Updated rules to facilitate non-geostationary satellite systems," Federal Commun. Comm. (FCC), Washington, DC, USA, Rep. FCC-17-122, Sep. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.fcc.gov/document/ updated-rules-facilitate-non-geostationary-satellite-systems
"Methods to enhance sharing between NGSO FSS systems (except MSS feeder links) in the frequency bands between 10-30 GHz," Int. Telecommun. Union, Geneva, Switzerland, Standard ITU-R S.1431, 2020.
Z. Qu, G. Zhang, H. Cao, and J. Xie, "LEO satellite constellation for Internet of Things," IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 18391-18401, 2017.
J. G.Walker, "Satellite constellations," J. Brit. Interplanet. Soc., vol. 37, pp. 559-571, Dec. 1984.
D. Mortari, M. P. Wilkins, and C. Bruccoleri, "The flower constellations," J. Astronaut. Sci., vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 107-127, 2004.
S. W. Paek, "Reconfigurable satellite constellations for GEO-spatially adaptive earth observation missions," M.S. thesis, Dept. Aeronaut. Astronaut., Massachusetts Inst. Technol., Cambridge, MA, USA, 2012.
S. Chan, A. T. Samuels, N. B. Shah, J. E. Underwood, and O. L. de Weck, "Optimization of hybrid satellite constellations using multiple layers and mixed circular-elliptical orbits," in Proc. 22nd AIAA Int. Commun. Satellite Syst. Conf. Exhibit., Monterey, CA, USA, 2004, pp. 1-15.
D.-M. Ma, Z.-C. Hong, T.-H. Lee, and B.-J. Chang, "Design of a microsatellite constellation for communication," Acta Astronaut., vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 54-59, 2013.
H. W. Lee, S. Shimizu, S. Yoshikawa, and K. Ho, "Satellite constellation pattern optimization for complex regional coverage," J. Spacecraft Rockets, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1309-1327, 2020.
H. W. Lee, P. C. Jakob, K. Ho, S. Shimizu, and S. Yoshikawa, "Optimization of satellite constellation deployment strategy considering uncertain areas of interest," Acta Astronaut., vol. 153, pp. 213-228, Dec. 2018.
R. Jakoby, A. Gaebler, and C. Weickhmann, "Microwave liquid crystal enabling technology for electronically steerable antennas in SATCOM and 5G Millimeter-wave systems," Crystals, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 514, 2020.
Q. Tang et al., "Flat-panel mechanical beam steerable array antennas with in-plane rotations: Theory, design and low-cost implementation," IEEE Open J. Antennas Propag., vol. 2, pp. 679-688, 2021.
AST and Science. "AST Mobile Space: Transforming Connectivity Eliminating Coverage Gaps for Billions." Accessed: Nov. 28, 2021. [Online]. Available: hhttps://ast-science.com/
Y. Cheng et al., "Satellite ground stations with electronic beam steering," in Proc. IEEE 1st AESS Eur. Conf. Satellite Telecommun. (ESTEL), 2012, pp. 1-7.
A. Guidotti et al., "LTE-based satellite communications in LEO mega-constellations," Int. J. Satellite Commun. Netw., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 316-330, 2019.
B. Sadhu, X. Gu, and A. Valdes-Garcia, "The more (antennas), the merrier: A survey of silicon-based mm-wave phased arrays using multi-IC scaling," IEEE Microw. Mag., vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 32-50, Dec. 2019.
Isotropic Syst., Inc. "The World's First Multi-Service High Throughput Terminals." Accessed: Oct. 12, 2021. [Online]. Available: https:// www.isotropicsystems.com
Y. I. Choni, A. G. Romanov, I. Y. Danilov, V. V. Mochalov, V. A. Bartenev, and A. O. Shemyakov, "On the efficiency of defocusing a large satellite multi-beam hybrid parabolic antenna," IOP Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 450, Nov. 2018, Art. no. 22020.
M. Takahashi, Y. Kawamoto, N. Kato, A. Miura, and M. Toyoshima, "Adaptive power resource allocation with multi-beam Directivity control in high-throughput satellite communication systems," IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1248-1251, Aug. 2019.
J. Sedin, L. Feltrin, and X. Lin, "Throughput and capacity evaluation of 5G new radio non-terrestrial networks with LEO satellites," in Proc. IEEE Global Commun. Conf., 2020, pp. 1-6.
M. A. Dubovitskiy, "Practical design considerations for sparse antenna array using reflector antenna with continuously adjustable phase Center displacement," in Proc. Int. Youth Conf. Radio Electron. Elect. Power Eng. (REEPE), 2020, pp. 1-8.
A. C. Boley and M. Byers, "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in low earth orbit, the atmosphere and on earth," Nat. Commun., vol. 11, May 2021, Art. no. 10642.
J. C. McDowell, "The low earth orbit satellite population and impacts of the SpaceX Starlink constellation," Astrophys. J., vol. 892, no. 2, p. L36, Apr. 2020.
C.Walker et al., "Impact of satellite constellations on optical astronomy and recommendations toward Mitigations," Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc., vol. 52, no. 2, p. 22, Aug. 2020.
A. Venkatesan, J. Lowenthal, P. Prem, and M. Vidaurri, "The impact of satellite constellations on space as an ancestral global commons," Nature Astron., vol. 4, pp. 1043-1048, Nov. 2020.
V. L. Foreman, A. Siddiqi, and O. L. de Weck, "Large satellite constellation orbital debris impacts: Case studies of OneWeb and SpaceX proposals," in Proc. AIAA SPACE Astronaut. Forum Expo, Sep. 2017, p. 5200.
P. Kelly and R. Bevilacqua, "An optimized analytical solution for geostationary debris removal using solar sails," Acta Astronaut., vol. 162, pp. 72-86, Sep. 2019.
C. R. Phipps et al., "Removing orbital debris with lasers," Adv. Space Res., vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 1283-1300, 2012.
S. K. Singh, R. Singh, and B. Kumbhani, "The evolution of radio access network towards open-RAN: Challenges and opportunities," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Commun. Netw. Conf. Workshops (WCNCW), 2020, pp. 1-6.
"ORAN: Towards an open and smart RAN," Alfter, Germany, ORAN, White Paper, Oct. 2018.
H. Al-Hraishawi, M. Minardi, H. Chougrani, O. Kodheli, J. F. M. Montoya, and S. Chatzinotas, "Multi-layer space information networks: Access design and Softwarization," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 158587-158598, 2021.
T. M. Lovelly et al., "A framework to analyze processor architectures for next-generation on-board space computing," in Proc. IEEE Aerosp. Conf., 2014, pp. 1-10.
Z. Zhang, W. Zhang, and F.-H. Tseng, "Satellite mobile edge computing: Improving QoS of high-speed satellite-terrestrial networks using edge computing techniques," IEEE Netw., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 70-76, Jan./Feb. 2019.
Y. Wang, J. Yang, X. Guo, and Z. Qu, "A game-theoretic approach to computation offloading in satellite edge computing," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 12510-12520, 2019.
C. Li, Y. Zhang, R. Xie, X. Hao, and T. Huang, "Integrating edge computing into low earth orbit satellite networks: Architecture and prototype," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 39126-39137, 2021.
Q. Tang, Z. Fei, B. Li, and Z. Han, "Computation offloading in LEO satellite networks with hybrid cloud and edge computing," IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 9164-9176, Jun. 2021.
X. Jia, T. Lv, F. He, and H. Huang, "Collaborative data downloading by using inter-satellite links in LEO satellite networks," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1523-1532, Mar. 2017.
H. Huang, S. Guo, and K. Wang, "Envisioned wireless big data storage for low-Earth-orbit satellite-based cloud," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 26-31, Feb. 2018.
Spacebelt. "The Global Cloud Platform Above All Others." Accessed: Sep. 17, 2021. [Online]. Available: http://spacebelt.com/
H. Huang, S. Guo, W. Liang, K. Wang, and Y. Okabe, "Coflowlike online data acquisition from low-Earth-orbit Datacenters," IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 2743-2760, Dec. 2020.
M. Bacco, P. Cassarà, M. Colucci, and A. Gotta, "Modeling reliable M2M/IoT traffic over random access satellite links in nonsaturated conditions," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 1042-1051, May 2018.
"Study on NB-IoT/eMTC support for non-terrestrial network," 3GPP, Sophia Antipolis, France, Rep. RP-193235, 2019.
H. Chougrani, S. Kisseleff, W. A. Martins, and S. Chatzinotas, "NBIoT random access for non-terrestrial networks: Preamble detection and uplink Synchronization," IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 9, no. 16, pp. 14913-14927, Aug. 2022.
G. Charbit, D. Lin, K. Medles, L. Li, and I.-K. Fu, "Space-terrestrial radio network integration for IoT," in Proc. IEEE 2nd 6G Wireless Summit (6G SUMMIT), 2020, pp. 1-5.
O. Kodheli, S. Andrenacci, N. Maturo, S. Chatzinotas, and F. Zimmer, "Resource allocation approach for differential doppler reduction in NBIoT over LEO satellite," in Proc. 9th Adv. Satellite Multimedia Syst. Conf. 15th Signal Process. Space Commun. Workshop (ASMS/SPSC), 2018, pp. 1-8.
J. Kua, S. W. Loke, C. Arora, N. Fernando, and C. Ranaweera, "Internet of Things in space: A review of opportunities and challenges from satellite-aided computing to digitally-enhanced space living," Sensors, vol. 21, no. 23, p. 8117, 2021.
S. Liu, X. Hu, Y. Wang, G. Cui, and W. Wang, "Distributed caching based on matching game in LEO satellite constellation networks," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 300-303, Feb. 2018.
T. X. Vu, N. Maturo, S. Vuppala, S. Chatzinotas, J. Grotz, and N. Alagha, "Efficient 5G edge caching over satellite," in Proc. 36th Int. Commun. Satellite Syst. Conf. (ICSSC), 2018, pp. 1-5.
C. Qiu, H. Yao, F. R. Yu, F. Xu, and C. Zhao, "Deep Q-learning aided networking, caching, and computing resources allocation in softwaredefined satellite-terrestrial networks," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 5871-5883, Jun. 2019.
S. Alfattani, W. Jaafar, Y. Hmamouche, H. Yanikomeroglu, and A. Yongaçoglu, "Link budget analysis for reconfigurable smart surfaces in aerial platforms," IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc., vol. 2, pp. 1980-1995, 2021.
J.-H. Lee, J. Park, M. Bennis, and Y.-C. Ko, "Integrating LEO satellite and UAV relaying via reinforcement learning for non-terrestrial networks," in Proc. IEEE Globel Comnun. Conf. (Globecom), 2020, pp. 1-6.
N. Hosseini, H. Jamal, J. Haque, T. Magesacher, and D. W. Matolak, "UAV command and control, navigation and surveillance: A review of potential 5G and satellite systems," in Proc. IEEE Aerosp. Conf., 2019, pp. 1-10.
M. Hua, Y. Wang, M. Lin, C. Li, Y. Huang, and L. Yang, "Joint CoMP transmission for UAV-aided cognitive satellite terrestrial networks," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 14959-14968, 2019.
C. Liu, W. Feng, Y. Chen, C.-X. Wang, and N. Ge, "Cellfree satellite-UAV networks for 6G wide-area Internet of Things," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 1116-1131, Apr. 2021.
M. Li, Y. Hong, C. Zeng, Y. Song, and X. Zhang, "Investigation on the UAV-to-satellite optical communication systems," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 2128-2138, Sep. 2018.
J. Zhao, F. Gao, Q. Wu, S. Jin, Y. Wu, and W. Jia, "Beam tracking for UAV mounted SatCom on-the-move with massive antenna array," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 363-375, Feb. 2018.
S. Yoo and W. Lee, "Federated reinforcement learning-based AANs with LEO satellites and UAVs," Sensors, vol. 21, no. 23, p. 8111, 2021.
