Real-time error controlled adaptive mesh refinement in surgical simulation: Application to needle insertion simulation

This paper presents the first real-time discretisation-error-driven adaptive finite element approach for corotational elasticity problems involving strain localisation. We propose a hexahedron-based finite element method combined with local oct-tree $h$-refinement, driven by a posteriori error estimation, for simulating soft tissue deformation. This enables to control the local error and global error level in the mechanical fields during the simulation. The local error level is used to refine the mesh only where it is needed, while maintaining a coarser mesh elsewhere. We investigate the convergence of the algorithm on academic examples, and demonstrate its practical usability on a percutaneous procedure involving needle insertion in a liver. For the latter case, we compare the force displacement curves obtained from the proposed adaptive algorithm with that obtained from a uniform refinement approach.