Are agroforestry systems more productive than monocultures in Mediterranean countries? A meta-analysis

Scordia, D.; Corinzia, S.A.; Coello, J.; Vilaplana Ventura, R.; Jiménez-De-Santiago, D.E.; Singla Just, B.; Castaño-Sánchez, O.; Casas Arcarons, C.; Tchamitchian, M.; Garreau, L.; Emran, M.; Mohamed, S.Z.; Khedr, M.; Rashad, M.; LORILLA, Roxanne Suzette; Parizel, A.; Mancini, G.; Iurato, A.; Ponsá, S.; Dimauro, C.; Gresta, F.; Cosentino, S.L.; Testa, G.

doi:10.1007/s13593-023-00927-3

No full text

Article (Scientific journals)

Are agroforestry systems more productive than monocultures in Mediterranean countries? A meta-analysis

Scordia, D.; Corinzia, S.A.; Coello, J. et al.

2023 • In Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 43 (6)

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/10993/67911

DOI
10.1007/s13593-023-00927-3

Files (0)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

No document available.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Keywords :

Agroecology; Cropping system; Mixed cropping; Mixed-effect models; Relative yield; Tree/annual intercrop; Yield; Mediterranean Region; agroecology; agroforestry; crop yield; intercropping; meta-analysis; monoculture

Abstract :

[en] Agroforestry is gaining interest due to its potential in enhancing climate resilience and sustainability of farming systems. In this meta-analysis, the crop yield in agroforestry system compared to the control (sole crop) from thirty-six experimental field trials in Mediterranean countries was assessed. The response variable Wlog(RR) (i.e., the weighted natural logarithm of the response ratio) was analyzed by the 95% confidence intervals of mean and by fitting eight linear mixed models. Fixed effects, namely the tree cover (low, medium, high), the tree species (ash tree, chestnut, cork oak, holm oak, olive, poplar, walnut), and the crop species (alfalfa, barley, durum wheat, faba bean, forage, oat, pasture, pea, winter wheat) were significant (P = 0.030, P = 0.017, and P = 0.014, respectively), while the system type (alley cropping, silvo-arable, silvo-pastoral) was not. Among management practices (variety, pruning, fertilization, irrigation, crop age classes, imposed warming and drought, harvest time), only the fertilization significantly improved the response variable (P = 0.006), while the interaction of pruning × crop species was marginally significant (P = 0.065). Relatively large study heterogeneity was observed (Q = 72.6, I 2 = 72%), which is quite common for agronomic meta-analysis. On the contrary, publication bias based on funnel plots and the Trim and Fill method suggested symmetrical distribution of studies. The sensitivity analysis for significant models identified room for improvements. Overall, we observed a negative effect of trees on crop yield that could be ascribed to the competition for light. Nonetheless, facilitation could be expected under extreme climate events, provided that agricultural practices will maximize synergies among tree cover, tree species, crop species, and management. Future works are encouraged to focus on the overall benefit agroforestry can provide at the field and landscape level, along with long-term monitoring to assess the whole lifespan of these systems and other companion planting options and designs in the Mediterranean region. © 2023, The Author(s).

Disciplines :

Agriculture & agronomy

Author, co-author :

Scordia, D.; Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, Messina, 98168, Italy

Corinzia, S.A.; Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente – Di3A, University of Catania, via Valdisavoia 5, Catania, 95123, Italy

Coello, J.; Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia, Crta. de St. Llorenç de Morunys, km 2, Solsona, 25280, Spain

Vilaplana Ventura, R.; BETA Technological Center, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, C/de Roda 70, Vic, 08500, Spain

Jiménez-De-Santiago, D.E.; INRAE, Ecodéveloppement, Avignon, 84000, France

Singla Just, B.; Land and Water Technologies Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research, Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt

Castaño-Sánchez, O.; BEYOND Operational Unit, IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, 6 Karystou, Athens, 15236, Greece

Casas Arcarons, C.; French Agroforestry Association, 27 chemin de la Bourdette, Auch, 32000, France

Tchamitchian, M.; Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, Sassari, 07100, Italy

Garreau, L.

More authors (13 more)

External co-authors :

yes

Language :

English

Title :

Are agroforestry systems more productive than monocultures in Mediterranean countries? A meta-analysis

Publication date :

2023

Journal title :

Agronomy for Sustainable Development

ISSN :

1774-0746

eISSN :

1773-0155

Publisher :

Springer-Verlag Italia s.r.l.

Volume :

Issue :

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85175706086&doi=10.1007%2fs13593-023-00927-3&partnerID=40&md5=9ab7d848ab23d19c9b765a5cb8b149c0

Available on ORBilu :

since 04 March 2026

Statistics

Number of views

31 (0 by Unilu)

Number of downloads

0 (0 by Unilu)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

Alexopoulou E, Zanetti F, Scordia D, Zegada-Lizarazu W, Christou M, Testa G, Cosentino SL, Monti A (2015) Long-term yields of switchgrass, giant reed, and miscanthus in the Mediterranean Basin. Bioenergy Res 8:1492–1499. 10.1007/s12155-015-9687-x DOI: 10.1007/s12155-015-9687-x
Allito BB, Ewusi-Mensah N, Logah V, Hunegnaw DK (2021) Legume-rhizobium specificity effect on nodeluation, biomass prodution and partitioning of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Sci Report 11:3678. 10.1038/s41598-021-83235-8 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83235-8
Andersson L (2018) Agroforestry network and VI-SKOGEN. http://agroforestrynetwork.org.hemsida.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Achieving-the-Global-Goals-through-agroforestry.pdf. ISBN: 978-91-985041-1-8. Accessed on 11 October 2022
Arenas-Corraliza MG, López-Díaz ML, Moreno G (2018) Winter cereal production in a Mediterranean silvoarable walnut system in the face of climate change. Agric Ecosyst Environ 264:111–118. 10.1016/j.agee.2018.05.024 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2018.05.024
Baldwin CS (1988) The influence of field windbreaks on vegetable and specialty crops. Agric Ecosyst Environ 22–23:191–203. 10.1016/0167-8809(88)90018-7 DOI: 10.1016/0167-8809(88)90018-7
Borenstein M (2020) Research Note: In a meta-analysis, the I2 index does not tell us how much the effect size varies across studies. J Physiother 66(2):135–139. 10.1016/j.jphys.2020.02.011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphys.2020.02.011
Borenstein M (2022) In a meta-analysis, the I-squared statistic does not tell us how much the effect size varies. J Clin Epidemiol 152:281–284. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.10.003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.10.003
Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR (2009) Introduction to Meta-Analysis, 1st edn. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ DOI: 10.1002/9780470743386
Borenstein M, Higgins JP, Hedges LV, Rothstein HR (2017) Basics of meta-analysis: I2 is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity. Res Synth Method 8(1):5–18. 10.1002/jrsm.1230 DOI: 10.1002/jrsm.1230
Carrier M, Rhéaume Gonzalez F-A, Cogliastro A et al (2019) Light availability, weed cover and crop yields in second generation of temperate tree-based intercropping systems. Field Crop Res 239:30–517. 10.1016/j.fcr.2019.05.004 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2019.05.004
Casagrande M, Alletto L, Naudin C, Lenoir A, Siah A, Celette F (2017) Enhancing planned and associated biodiversity in French farming systems. Agron Sustain Dev 37:57. 10.1007/s13593-017-0463-5 DOI: 10.1007/s13593-017-0463-5
Climate information tool of AQUASTAT FAO’s global information system on water and agriculture (n.d.). https://aquastat.fao.org/climate-information-tool/. Accessed 19 Nov 2022
COM(2020)/380. Communication from the commission to the european parliament, the council, the european economic and social committee and the committee of the regions: EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 Bringing nature back into our lives. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0380. Accessed on 5 October 2022
COM(2020)/381. Communication from the commission to the european parliament, the council, the european economic and social committee and the committee of the regions: A Farm To Fork Strategy For A Fair, Healthy And Environmentally-Friendly Food System. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0381. Accessed on 5 October 2022
COM(2020)/98. Communication from the commission to the european parliament, the council, the european economic and social committee and the committee of the regions: A new circular economy action plan for a cleaner and more competitive Europe. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN. Accessed on 5 October 2022
Cubera E, Nunes JN, Madeira M, Gazarini L (2009) Influence of Quercus ilex trees on herbaceous production and nutrient concentrations in southern Portugal. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 172:565–571. 10.1002/jpln.200800191 DOI: 10.1002/jpln.200800191
Daoui K, Fatemi Z (2014) Agroforestry systems in Morocco: the case of olive tree and annual crops association in Saïs Region. In: Behnassi, M., Shahid, S., Mintz-Habib, N. (eds) Science, Policy and Politics of Modern Agricultural System. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7957-0_19
den Herder M, Moreno M, Mosquera-Losada RM, Palma JHN, Sidiropoulou A, Santiago Freijanes JJ, Crous-Duran J, Paulo JA, Tomé M, Pantera A, Papanastasis VP, Mantzanas K, Pachana P, Papadopoulos A, Plieninger T, Burgess PJ (2017) Current extent and stratification of agroforestry in the European Union. Agric Ecosyst Environ 241:121–132. 10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.005 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.005
DerSimonian R, Laird N (2015) Meta-analysis in clinical trials revisited. Contemp Clin Trials 45(Pt A):139–145. 10.1016/j.cct.2015.09.002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.09.002
Dufour L, Metay A, Talbot G, Dupraz C (2013) Assessing light competition for cereal production in temperate agroforestry systems using experimentation and crop modelling. J Agron Crop Sci 199:217–227. 10.1111/jac.12008 DOI: 10.1111/jac.12008
Dufour L, Gosme M, Le Bec J, Dupraz C (2020) Does pollarding trees improve the crop yield in a mature alley-cropping agroforestry system? J Agron Crop Sci 206:640–649. 10.1111/jac.12403 DOI: 10.1111/jac.12403
European Commission, Directorate-General for agriculture and rural development (2021). List of potential AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES that ECO-SCHEMES could support. January 2021 #EUGreenDeal. https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-01/factsheet-agri-practices-under-ecoscheme_en_0.pdf. Accessed on 2 November 2022
FAO and ICRAF (2019) Agroforestry and tenure. Forestry Working Paper 8:40
Garba II, Bell LW, Williams A (2022) Cover crop legacy impacts on soil water and nitrogen dynamics, and on subsequent crop yields in drylands: a meta-analysis. Agronom Sustain Devel 42:34. 10.1007/s13593-022-00760-0 DOI: 10.1007/s13593-022-00760-0
Gea-Izquierdo G, Montero G, Canellas I (2009) Changes in limiting resources determine spatio-temporal variability in tree–grass interactions. Agrofor Syst 76:375–387. 10.1007/s10457-009-9211-4 DOI: 10.1007/s10457-009-9211-4
Giannakopoulos C, Le Sager P, Bindi M, Moriondo M, Kostopoulou E, Goodess CM (2009) Climatic changes and associated impacts in the Mediterranean resulting from a 2°C global warming. Glob Planet Change 68:209–224. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.06.001 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.06.001
Graves AR, Burgess PJ, Palma JHN, Herzog F, Moreno G, Bertomeu M, Dupraz C, Liagre F, Keesman K, van der Werf W, Koeffeman de Nooy A, van den Briel JP (2007) Development and application of bio-economic modelling to compare silvoarable, arable and forestry systems in three European countries. Ecol Eng 29:434–449. 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.09.018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.09.018
Hernàndez-Esteban A, Lòpez-Dìaz ML, Càceres Y, Moreno G (2019) Are sown legume-rich pastures effective allies for the profitability and sustainability of Mediterranean dehesas? Agrofor Syst 93:2047–2065. 10.1007/s10457-018-0307-6 DOI: 10.1007/s10457-018-0307-6
Hidalgo-Galvez MD, Barkaoui K, Volaire F, Matías L, Cambrollé J, Fernández-Rebollo P, Carbonero MD, Pérez-Ramos IM (2022) Can trees buffer the impact of climate change on pasture production and digestibility of Mediterranean dehesas? Sci Total Environ 835:155535. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155535 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155535
Higgins JP (2008) Commentary: Heterogeneity in meta-analysis should be expected and appropriately quantified. Int J Epidemiol 37(5):1158–1160. 10.1093/ije/dyn204 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyn204
Higgins JP, Thompson SG (2002) Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 21(11):1539–1558. 10.1002/sim.1186 DOI: 10.1002/sim.1186
Higgins J, Thompson S, Deeks J, Altman D (2002) Statistical heterogeneity in systematic reviews of clinical trials: a critical appraisal of guidelines and practice. J Heal Serv Res Policy 7:51–61. 10.1258/1355819021927674 DOI: 10.1258/1355819021927674
Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327(7414):557–560. 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
Higgins JPT, Thomas J (2019) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (J.P.T. Higgins, J. Thomas, J. Chandler, M. Cumpston, T. Li, M. J. Page, & V.A. Welch, Eds. 2nd Edition. ed.). Wiley
Hussain MZ, Otieno DO, Mirzae H, Li YL, Schmidt MWT, Siebickec L, Foken T, Ribeiro NA, Pereira JS, Tenhunen JD (2009) CO2 exchange and biomass development of the herbaceous vegetation in the Portuguese montado ecosystem during spring. Agric Ecosyst Environ 132:143–152. 10.1016/j.agee.2009.03.008 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2009.03.008
Huth NI, Robertson MJ, Poulton PL (2010) Regional differences in tree-crop competition due to soil, climate and management. Crop Pasture Sci. 61(9):763–770. 10.1071/CP09254 DOI: 10.1071/CP09254
IntHout J, Ioannidis JPA, Rovers MM, Goeman JJ (2016) Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis. BMJ Open 6(7):e010247. 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010247 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010247
Inurreta-Aguirre DE, Lauri PE, Dupraz C, Gosme M (2018) Yield components and phenology of durum wheat in a Mediterranean alley-cropping system. Agrofor Syst 92:961–974. 10.1007/s10457-018-0201-2 DOI: 10.1007/s10457-018-0201-2
Inurreta-Aguirre DE, Lauri PE, Dupraz C, Gosme M (2022) Impact of shade and tree root pruning on soil water content and crop yield of winter cereals in a Mediterranean alley cropping system. Agrofor Syst 96:747–757. 10.1007/s10457-022-00736-9 DOI: 10.1007/s10457-022-00736-9
Ivezić V, Yu Y, van der Werf W (2021) Crop yields in European agroforestry systems: a meta-analysis. Front Sustain Food Syst 5:606631. 10.3389/fsufs.2021.606631 DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.606631
Kahane R, Hodgkin T, Jaenicke H, Hoogendoorn C, Hermann M, Hughes JDA, Padulosi S, Looney N (2013) Agrobiodiversity for food security, health and income. Agron Sustain Dev 33(4):671–693. 10.1007/s13593-013-0147-8 DOI: 10.1007/s13593-013-0147-8
Kanzler M, Böhm C, Mirck J, Schmitt D, Veste M (2019) Microclimate effects on evaporation and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield within a temperate agroforestry system. Agroforest Syst 93:1821–1841. 10.1007/s10457-018-0289-4 DOI: 10.1007/s10457-018-0289-4
Kort J (1988) Benefits of windbreaks to field and forage crops. Agriculture Ecosyst Environ 22–23:165–190. 10.1016/0167-8809(88)90017-5 DOI: 10.1016/0167-8809(88)90017-5
Langan D, Higgins JPT, Jackson D, Bowden J, Veroniki AA, Kontopantelis E, Viechtbauer W, Simmonds M (2019) A comparison of heterogeneity variance estimators in simulated random-effects meta-analyses. Res Synth Methods 10(1):83–98. 10.1002/jrsm.1316 DOI: 10.1002/jrsm.1316
Laub M, Pataczek L, Feuerbacher A, Zikeli S, Högy P (2022) Contrasting yield responses at varying levels of shade suggest different suitability of crops for dual land-use systems: a meta-analysis. Agron Sustain Dev 42:51. 10.1007/s13593-022-00783-7 DOI: 10.1007/s13593-022-00783-7
Leakey RRB (1996) Definition of agroforestry revisited. Agroforestry Today 8(1):5–7
Lee H, Lautenbach S, Garcìa Nieto AP, Bondeau A, Cramer W, Geijzendorffer IR (2019) The impact of conservation farming practices on Mediterranean agro-ecosystem services provisioning-a meta-analysis. Reg Environ Change 19:2187–2202. 10.1007/s10113-018-1447-y DOI: 10.1007/s10113-018-1447-y
Lòpez-Carrasco C, Lòpez-Sànchez A, San Miguel A, Roig S (2014) The effect of tree cover on the biomass and diversity of the herbaceous layer in a Mediterranean dehesa. Grass Forage Sci 70:639–650. 10.1111/gfs.12161 DOI: 10.1111/gfs.12161
Luedeling E, Smethurst PJ, Baudron F, Bayala J, Huth NI, van Noordwijk M, Ong CK, Mulia R, Lusiana B, Muthuri C, Sinclair FL (2016) Field-scale modeling of tree–crop interactions: challenges and development needs. Agric Syst 142:51–69. 10.1016/j.agsy.2015.11.005 DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2015.11.005
Mantino A, Tozzini C, Bonari E, Mele M, Ragaglini G (2021) Competition for light affects alfalfa biomass production more than its nutritive value in an olive-based alley-cropping system. Forests 12:233. 10.3390/f12020233 DOI: 10.3390/f12020233
Mantzanas K, Pantera A, Koutsoulis D, Papadopoulos A, Kapsalis D, Ispikoudis S, Fotiadis G, Sidiropoulou A, Papanastasis VP (2021) Intercrop of olive trees with cereals and legumes in Chalkidiki, Northern Greece. Agrofor Syst 95:895–905. 10.1007/s10457-021-00618-6 DOI: 10.1007/s10457-021-00618-6
Markwitz C, Knohl A, Siebicke L (2020) Evapotranspiration over agroforestry sites in Germany. Biogeosciences 17(5183–5208):2020. 10.5194/bg-17-5183-2020 DOI: 10.5194/bg-17-5183-2020
Martins A, Marques G, Borges O, Portela E, Lousada J, Raimundo F, Madeira M (2011) Management of chestnut plantations for a multifunctional land use under Mediterranean conditions: effects on productivity and sustainability. Agrofor Syst 81:175–189. 10.1007/s10457-010-9355-2 DOI: 10.1007/s10457-010-9355-2
Moreno G (2008) Response of understorey forage to multiple tree effects in Iberian dehesas. Agric Ecosyst Environ 123:239–244. 10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.006 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.006
Moreno G, Obrador JJ, Garcìa A (2007) Impact of evergreen oaks on soil fertility and crop production in intercropped dehesas. Agric Ecosyst Environ 119:270–280. 10.1016/j.agee.2006.07.013 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2006.07.013
Moreno G, Obrador JJ, García E, Cubera E, Montero MJ, Pulido F, Dupraz C (2007) Driving competitive and facilitative interactions in oak dehesas through management practices. Agroforest Syst 70:25–40. 10.1007/s10457-007-9036-y DOI: 10.1007/s10457-007-9036-y
Pacey A (2008) Agroforestry in Africa. In: Selin, H. (eds) Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_8987
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hróbjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA, Stewart LA, Thomas J, Tricco AC, Welch VA, Whiting P, Moher D (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2021 Sep;74(9):790-799. English, Spanish. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2021.07.010
Panozzo A, Huang H, Bernazeau B, Vamerali T, Samson MF, Desclaux D (2020) Morphology, phenology, yield, and quality of durum wheat cultivated within organic olive orchards of the Mediterranean area. Agronomy 10:1789. 10.3390/agronomy10111789 DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10111789
Pardon P, Reubens B, Mertens J, Verheyen K, De Frenne P, De Smet G, Van Waes C, Reheul D (2018) Effects of temperate agroforestry on yield and quality of different arable intercrops. Agricultur Syst 166:135–151. 10.1016/j.agsy.2018.08.008 DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2018.08.008
Paris P, Camilli F, Rosati A, Mantino A, Mezzalira G, Dalla Valle C, Franca A, Seddaiu G, Pisanelli A, Lauteri M, Brunori A, Re GA, Sanna F, Ragaglini G, Mele M, Ferrario V, Burgess PJ (2019) What is the future for agroforestry in Italy? Agroforest Syst 93:2243–2256. 10.1007/s10457-019-00346-y DOI: 10.1007/s10457-019-00346-y
Peel MC, Finlayson BL, McMahon TA (2007) Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11:1633–1644 DOI: 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007
Pent GJ (2020) Over-yielding in temperate silvopastures: a meta-analysis. Agroforest Syst 94:1741–1758. 10.1007/s10457-020-00494-6 DOI: 10.1007/s10457-020-00494-6
Philibert A, Loyce C, Makowski D (2012) Assessment of the quality of meta-analysis in agronomy. Agric Ecosyst Environ 148:72–82. 10.1016/j.agee.2011.12.003 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2011.12.003
Pulina A, Campus S, Cappai C, Roggero PP, Salis L, Seddaiu G (2021) Tree cover influences the soil C balance in Mediterranean cork oak-based silvopastoral systems. Soil Tillage Res 215:105234. 10.1016/j.still.2021.105234 DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2021.105234
Rivest D, Paquette A, Moreno G, Messier C (2013) A meta-analysis reveals mostly neutral influence of scattered trees on pasture yield along with some contrasted effects depending on functional groups and rainfall conditions. Agric Ecosyst Environ 165:74–79. 10.1016/j.agee.2012.12.010 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2012.12.010
Rohatgi A (2017) WebPlotDigitizer [Web based tool]. Retrieved from: https://automeris.io/WebPlotDigitizer/index.html. Accessed on 2 November 2022
Sánchez IA, McCollin D (2015) A comparison of microclimate and environmental modification produced by hedgerows and dehesa in the Mediterranean region: a study in the Guadarrama region, Spain. Landsc Urban Plan 143:230–237. 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.07.002 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.07.002
Sanna F, Re GA, Piluzza G, Campesi G, Sulas L (2018) Forage yield, nutritive value and N-fixation ability of legume based swards are affected by light intensity in a Mediterranean agroforestry system. Agrofor Syst 93:2151–2161. 10.1007/s10457-018-0331-6 DOI: 10.1007/s10457-018-0331-6
Santoro A (2022) Traditional oases in Northern Africa as multifunctional agroforestry systems: a systematic literature review of the provided Ecosystem Services and of the main vulnerabilities. Agroforest Syst 97:81–96. 10.1007/s10457-022-00789-w DOI: 10.1007/s10457-022-00789-w
Sereke F, Graves AR, Dux D, Palma JHN, Herzog F (2015) Innovative agroecosystem goods and services: key profitability drivers in Swiss agroforestry. Agron Sustain Dev 35:759–770. 10.1007/s13593-014-0261-2 DOI: 10.1007/s13593-014-0261-2
Serrano J, Shahidian S, Costa F, Carreira E, Pereira A, Carvalho M (2021) Can soil pH correction reduce the animal supplementation needs in the critical autumn period in Mediterranean montado ecosystem? Agronomy 11:514. 10.3390/agronomy11030514 DOI: 10.3390/agronomy11030514
Serrano J, Shahidian S, Machado E, Paniagua LL, Carreira E, Moral F, Pereira A, Carvalho M (2021) Floristic composition: dynamic biodiversity indicator of tree canopy effect on dryland and improved Mediterranean pastures. Agriculture 11:1128. 10.3390/agriculture11111128 DOI: 10.3390/agriculture11111128
Shi L, Feng W, Xu J, Kuzyakov Y (2017) Agroforestry systems: meta-analysis of soil carbon stocks, sequestration processes, and future potentials. Land Degrad Dev 29(11):3886–3897. 10.1002/ldr.3136 DOI: 10.1002/ldr.3136
Soleimani A, Rabiei V, Hassani D, Mozaffari MR (2019) Phenological characteristics of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes under environmental conditions of Karaj in Iran. Crop Breed J 9(2):11–22. 10.22092/cbj.2020.128539.1045 DOI: 10.22092/cbj.2020.128539.1045
Temani F, Bouaziz A, Daoui K, Wery J, Barkaoui K (2021) Olive agroforestry can improve land productivity even under low water availability in the South Mediterranean. Agric Ecosyst Environ 307:107234. 10.1016/j.agee.2020.107234 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2020.107234
Torralba M, Fagerholma N, Burgess PJ, Moreno G, Plieninger T (2016) Do European agroforestry systems enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services? A meta-analysis. Agric Ecosyst Environ 230:150–161. 10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.002 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.002
Tuel A, Eltahir EAB (2020) Why is the Mediterranean a climate change hot spot? J Clim 33(14):5829–5843. 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0910.1 DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0910.1
Van Vooren L, Reubens B, Broekx S, Pardon P, Reheul D, van Winsen F, Verheyen K, Wauters E, Lauwers L (2016) Greening and producing: an economic assessment framework for integrating trees in cropping systems. Agric Syst 148:44–57. 10.1016/j.agsy.2016.06.007 DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2016.06.007
Veldkamp E, Schmidt M, Markwitz C, Beule L, Beuschel R, Biertümpfel A, Bischel X, Duan X, Gerjets R, Göbel L, Graß R, Guerra V, Heinlein F, Komainda M, Langhof M, Luo J, Potthoff M, van Ramshorst JGV, Rudolf C, Seserman DA, Shao G, Siebicke L, Svoboda N, Swieter A, Carminati A, Freese D, Graf T, Greef JM, Isselstein J, Jansen M, Karlovsky P, Knohl A, Lamersdorf N, Priesack E, Wachendorf C, Wachendorf M (2023) Corre MD (2023) Multifunctionality of temperate alley-cropping agroforestry outperforms open cropland and grassland. Commun Earth Environ 4:20. 10.1038/s43247-023-00680-1 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-023-00680-1
Wolz JK, DeLucia EH (2018) Alley cropping: global patterns of species composition and function. Agric Ecosyst Environ 252:61–68. 10.1016/j.agee.2017.10.005 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2017.10.005