PAPR Performance Evaluation of OFDM, RPDM, and ORPDM Multicarrier Modulation Schemes

DFT; OFDM; orthogonal Ramanujan basis; Ramanujan sums; RPDM; RPT; Modulation schemes; Multicarriers; Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing; Orthogonal ramanujan base; Peakto-average power ratios (PAPR); Ramanujan periodic-subspace division multiplexing; Ratio performance; Computer Networks and Communications; Peak to average power ratio; Multiplexing; Modulation; Symbols; Spectral efficiency; Computational complexity; Discrete Fourier transforms; Filter banks; Fast Fourier transforms

Abstract :

[en] Multicarrier Modulation (MCM) schemes based on Nested Periodic Matrices (NPMs) offer promising solutions to the high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) problem in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Among these, Ramanujan Periodic-subspace Division Multiplexing (RPDM) emerges as a candidate and has been analyzed when the number of subcarriers q is an integer power of 2, which represents a small subset of ℕ . Moreover, RPDM’s transformation matrix loses orthogonality for non-integer-power-of-two subcarriers, leading to increased computational complexity. To address these limitations, this work introduces Orthogonal Ramanujan Periodic-subspace Division Multiplexing (ORPDM), an MCM scheme leveraging Orthogonal Ramanujan Bases (ORBs) that retain transformation matrix orthogonality for all q ∈ ℕ with an enhanced computational efficiency over RPDM. The PAPR performance of OFDM, RPDM, and ORPDM is comprehensively evaluated across all natural numbers. Our theoretical and numerical analyses reveal: 1) RPDM and ORPDM consistently provide lower PAPR than OFDM; 2) For prime q, RPDM provides the lowest PAPR; 3) For prime power (q=pm) , ORPDM excels for smaller prime powers (p < 7) , while RPDM is superior when p ≥ 7 ; 4) For composite q, if all prime factors are ≤ 5 , ORPDM achieves the best PAPR reduction; if all prime factors are ≥ 7 , RPDM remains optimal. In addition to PAPR, we evaluate and compare spectral efficiency, Out-of-Band (OOB) emissions, and Bit Error Rate (BER) performance across the three MCM schemes.

Precision for document type :

Review article

Disciplines :

Electrical & electronics engineering

Author, co-author :

Shaik Basheeruddin Shah ^✱; Khalifia University > Electrical Engineering

Ali, Nazar T. ; Khalifa University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

^✱ These authors have contributed equally to this work.

Critical editor :

GOLI, Srikanth ; University of Luxembourg > Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SNT) > SigCom

Other collaborator :

Altunaiji, Ahmed ; Khalifa University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Olcan, Dragan I. ; University of Belgrade, School of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia

External co-authors :

yes

Language :

English

Title :

PAPR Performance Evaluation of OFDM, RPDM, and ORPDM Multicarrier Modulation Schemes

Publication date :

16 June 2025

Journal title :

IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society

eISSN :

2644-125X

Publisher :

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.

Volume :

Pages :

5297 - 5318

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

http://xplorestaging.ieee.org/ielx8/8782661/10829557/11036771.pdf?arnumber=11036771

Funders :

Khalifa University under the KU-Belgrade Joint Research Collaboration

Funding text :

This work was supported by the Khalifa University under the KU-Belgrade Joint Research Collaboration.

Available on ORBilu :

since 06 February 2026

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