Quantum Information , Physical Layer , Communication Systems , Multiple-input Multiple-output , Quantum State , Quantum Computing , Modulation Technique , Quantum Sensor , Coherent Control , Multiplex Technique , Spatial Multiplexing , Quantum Channel , Optical System , Class Of Systems , Wireless Communication Systems , Optical Communication , Quantum Coherence , Orbital Angular Momentum , Coherent State , Low Earth Orbit , Quantum Key Distribution , Key Rate , Quantum Error Correction , Single-photon Avalanche Diode , Orbital Angular Momentum Modes , Homodyne Detection , Quantum Network , Single-photon Detectors , Free-space Optical Communication , Spatial Light Modulat
Abstract :
[en] Quantum communication systems support unique applications in the form of distributed quantum computing, distributed quantum sensing, and several cryptographic protocols. The main enabler in these communication systems is an efficient infrastructure that is capable to transport unknown quantum states with high rate and fidelity. This feat requires a new approach to communication system design which efficiently exploits the available physical layer resources, while respecting the limitations and principles of quantum information. Despite the fundamental differences between the classic and quantum worlds, there exist universal communication concepts that may proven beneficial in quantum communication systems as well. In this survey, the distinctive aspects of physical layer quantum communications are highlighted in a attempt to draw commonalities and divergences between classic and quantum communications. More specifically, we begin by overviewing the quantum channels and use cases over diverse optical propagation media, shedding light on the concepts of crosstalk and interference. Subsequently, we survey quantum sources, detectors, channels and modulation techniques. More importantly, we discuss and analyze spatial multiplexing techniques, such as coherent control, multiplexing, diversity and MIMO. Finally, we identify synergies between the two communication technologies and grand open challenges that can be pivotal in the development of next-generation quantum communication systems.
Disciplines :
Physical, chemical, mathematical & earth Sciences: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
KOUDIA, Seid ; University of Luxembourg > Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SNT) > SigCom ; Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust (SnT), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
OLEYNIK, Leonardo ; University of Luxembourg > Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SNT) > SigCom ; Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust (SnT), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
BAYRAKTAR, Mert ; University of Luxembourg ; Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust (SnT), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
UR REHMAN, Junaid ; University of Luxembourg ; Department of Electrical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
CHATZINOTAS, Symeon ; University of Luxembourg ; Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust (SnT), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
External co-authors :
yes
Language :
English
Title :
Physical Layer Aspects of Quantum Communications: A Survey
Publication date :
December 2025
Journal title :
IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials
ISSN :
1553-877X
eISSN :
2373-745X
Publisher :
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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