Teaching medicine with generative artificial intelligence (GenAI): A review of practices, pitfalls, and possibilities in medical education

Garcia, Manuel B.; de Almeida, Raquel Simões; Acut, Dharel P.; PEREIRA DE ALMEIDA, Rui Pedro; Garcia, Precious S.; Stefani, Eleonora

doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-1519-5.ch005

No full text

Contribution to collective works (Parts of books)

Teaching medicine with generative artificial intelligence (GenAI): A review of practices, pitfalls, and possibilities in medical education

Garcia, Manuel B.; de Almeida, Raquel Simões; Acut, Dharel P. et al.

2025 • In Teaching in the Age of Medical Technology

Peer reviewed

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/10993/67462

DOI
10.4018/979-8-3373-1519-5.ch005

Files (0)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

No document available.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Keywords :

'current; Automated assessment; Diagnostic feedback; Immersive; Medical training; Pathophysiology; Patient simulations; Real-time diagnostics; Science fictions; Virtual patients; Social Sciences (all); Medicine (all); Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (all)

Abstract :

[en] Once confined to science fiction and speculative futures, generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has swiftly entered the lecture halls of modern medical education. Despite its expanding use, a synthesis of its implementation, limitations, and educational value remains underexplored. This review aims to critically examine current applications, identify pedagogical pitfalls, and delineate future trajectories for GenAI in medical training. Key innovations include AI-driven content generation tailored to curricular benchmarks, automated assessments with real-time diagnostic feedback, and immersive virtual patient simulations replicating complex pathophysiologies. Additional advances span multilingual knowledge translation, anatomically precise surgical training environments, and adaptive learning systems powered by intelligent tutoring frameworks. As discussed herein, GenAI holds transformative potential for advancing clinical competence in an evolving medical landscape-provided its integration is evidence-based, ethically sound, and educationally coherent.

Disciplines :

Human health sciences: Multidisciplinary, general & others

Author, co-author :

Garcia, Manuel B. ; FEU Institute of Technology, Philippines

de Almeida, Raquel Simões ; Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal

Acut, Dharel P. ; Cebu Technological University, Philippines

PEREIRA DE ALMEIDA, Rui Pedro ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine (FSTM) > Department of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (DHML) > Medical Education

Garcia, Precious S.; Jose Rizal University, Philippines

Stefani, Eleonora ; University of Padova, Italy

External co-authors :

yes

Language :

English

Title :

Teaching medicine with generative artificial intelligence (GenAI): A review of practices, pitfalls, and possibilities in medical education

Publication date :

12 June 2025

Main work title :

Teaching in the Age of Medical Technology

Publisher :

IGI Global

ISBN/EAN :

9798337315218
9798337315195

Peer reviewed :

Peer reviewed

Additional URL :

https://www.igi-global.com/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=383073

Available on ORBilu :

since 26 January 2026

Statistics

Number of views

4 (0 by Unilu)

Number of downloads

0 (0 by Unilu)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

Acharya, V., Padhan, P., Bahinipati, J., Mishra, S., Aggarwal, K., Jhajharia, S., Parida, P., Sahu, D., & Pradhan, T. (2023). Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education. The Journal of International Medical Research, 1 (3), 87-91. DOI: 10.4103/jimr. jimr_17_23
Acut, D. P., Gamusa, E. V., Pernaa, J., Yuenyong, C., Pantaleon, A. T., Espina, R. C., Sim, M. J. C., & Garcia, M. B. (2025). AI Shaming Among Teacher Education Students: A Reflection on Acceptance and Identity in the Age of Generative Tools. In Pitfalls of AI Integration in Education: Skill Obsolescence, Misuse, and Bias. IGI Global., DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3373-0122-8.ch005
Acut, D. P., Malabago, N. K., Malicoban, E. V., Galamiton, N. S., & Garcia, M. B. (2024). "ChatGPT 4.0 Ghosted Us While Conducting Literature Search:" Modeling the Chatbot's Generated Non-Existent References Using Regression Analysis. Internet Reference Services Quarterly, 29(1), 27-54. DOI: 10.1080/10875301.2024.2426793
Alawneh, Y. J. J., Sleema, H., Salman, F. N., Alshammat, M. F., & Oteer, R. S., & ALrashidi, N. K. N. (2024). Adaptive Learning Systems: Revolutionizing Higher Education through AI-Driven Curricula. 2024 International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Communication Systems (ICKECS), 1, 1-5. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1109/ICKECS61492.2024.10616675
Almeida, R. S. d. (2023). Redefining Health Education in the Post-Pandemic World: How to Integrate Digital Technologies into the Curricula? In Handbook ofResearch on Instructional Technologies in Health Education and Allied Disciplines. IGI Global., DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-7164-7.ch001
As'ad, M. (2024). Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Healthcare Agents: A Proof of Concept and Dual-Layer Approach. Cu-reus. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.69710 PMID: 39308847
Aster, A., Laupichler, M. C., Rockwell-Kollmann, T., Masala, G., Bala, E., & Raupach, T. (2024). ChatGPT and Other Large Language Models in Medical Education-Scoping Literature Review. Medical Science Educator, 35(1), 1-13. DOI: 10.1007/s40670-024-02206-6 PMID: 40144083
Barwise, A. K., Curtis, S., Diedrich, D. A., & Pickering, B. W. (2024). Using Artificial Intelligence to Promote Equitable Care for Inpatients With Language Barriers and Complex Medical Needs: Clinical Stakeholder Perspectives. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association: JAMIA, 31(3), 611-621. DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocad224 PMID: 38099504
Boscardin, C. K., Gin, B., Golde, P. B., & Hauer, K. E. (2024). ChatGPT and Generative Artificial Intelligence for Medical Education: Potential Impact and Opportunity. Academic Medicine, 99(1), 22-27. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000005439 PMID: 37651677
Bozkurt, A., Xiao, J., Farrow, R., Bai, J. Y. H., Nerantzi, C., Moore, S., Dron, J., Stracke, C. M., Singh, L., Crompton, H., Koutropoulos, A., Terentev, E., Pazurek, A., Nichols, M., Sidorkin, A. M., Costello, E., Watson, S., Mulligan, D., Honeychurch, S., & Asino, T. I. (2024). The Manifesto for Teaching and Learning in a Time of Generative AI: A Critical Collective Stance to Better Navigate the Future. Open Praxis, 16(4), 487-513. DOI: 10.55982/openpraxis.16.4.777
Buja, L. M. (2019). Medical Education Today: All That Glitters is Not Gold. BMC Medical Education, 19(1), 1-11. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-019-1535-9 PMID: 30991988
Capuano, N., & Caballe, S. (2020). Adaptive Learning Technologies. AI Magazine, 41(2), 96-98. DOI: 10.1609/aimag.v41i2.5317
Castro-Schez, J. J., Glez-Morcillo, C., Albusac, J., & Vallejo, D. (2021). An Intelligent Tutoring System for Supporting Active Learning: A Case Study on Predictive Parsing Learning. Information Sciences, 544, 446-468. DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2020.08.079 PMID: 32958966
Cervantes, J., Smith, B., Ramadoss, T., D'Amario, V., Shoja, M. M., & Rajput, V. (2024). Decoding Medical Educators' Perceptions on Generative Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education. Journal of Investigative Medicine, 72(7), 633-639. DOI: 10.1177/10815589241257215 PMID: 38785310
Chen, Y., & Esmaeilzadeh, P. (2024). Generative AI in Medical Practice: In-Depth Exploration of Privacy and Security Challenges. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26, 1-19. DOI: 10.2196/53008 PMID: 38457208
Chowdhury, P. N., Vaish, A., Puri, B., & Vaishya, R. (2024). Medical Education Technology: Past, Present and Future. Apollo Medicine, 21(4), 374-380. DOI: 10.1177/09760016241256202
Cook, D. A. (2024). Creating Virtual Patients Using Large Language Models: Scalable, Global, and Low Cost. Medical Teacher, 47(1), 40-42. DOI: 10.1080/0142159X.2024.2376879 PMID: 38992981
Cox, G., Willmers, M., Brown, R., & Held, M. (2024). Learning along the Way: A Case Study on a Pedagogically Innovative Approach to Engage Medical Students in the Creation of Open Educational Resources Using ChatGPT. Mousaion: South African Journal of Information Studies, 42(1), 1-21. DOI: 10.25159/2663-659X/15331
Cross, J. L., Choma, M. A., & Onofrey, J. A. (2024). Bias in Medical AI: Implications for Clinical Decision-Making. PLOS Digital Health, 3(11), 1-19. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000651 PMID: 39509461
Dai, C.-P., & Ke, F. (2022). Educational Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Simulation-Based Learning: A Systematic Mapping Review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 1-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100087
Dao, X.-Q., Le, N.-B., & Nguyen, T.-M.-T. (2021). AI-Powered MOOCs: Video Lecture Generation. Proceedings of the 2021 3rd International Conference on Image, Video and Signal Processing, 95-102. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1145/3459212.3459227
Dixon, D., Sattar, H., Moros, N., Kesireddy, S. R., Ahsan, H., Lakkimsetti, M., Fatima, M., Doshi, D., Sadhu, K., & Junaid Hassan, M. (2024). Unveiling the Influence of AI Predictive Analytics on Patient Outcomes: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Cureus, 16(5), e59954. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59954 PMID: 38854327
Elendu, C., Amaechi, D. C., Okatta, A. U., Amaechi, E. C., Elendu, T. C., Ezeh, C. P., & Elendu, I. D. (2024). The Impact of Simulation-Based Training in Medical Education. Revista de Medicina (Sao Paulo), 1[03(27'), 1-14. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000038813 PMID: 38968472
Elhaddad, M., & Hamam, S. (2024). AI-Driven Clinical Decision Support Systems: An Ongoing Pursuit of Potential. Cureus, 16(4), 1-9. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57728 PMID: 38711724
Feigerlova, E., Hani, H., & Hothersall-Davies, E. (2025). A Systematic Review of the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Educational Outcomes in Health Professions Education. BMC Medical Education, 25(1), 1-18. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-025-06719-5 PMID: 39871336
Gantalao, L. C., Calzada, J. G. D., Capuyan, D. L., Lumantas, B. C., Acut, D. P., & Garcia, M. B. (2025). Equipping the Next Generation of Technicians: Navigating School Infrastructure and Technical Knowledge in the Age of AI Integration. In Pitfalls of AI Integration in Education: Skill Obsolescence, Misuse, and Bias. IGI Global., DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3373-0122-8.ch009
Garcia, M. B., Arif, Y. M., Khlaif, Z. N., Zhu, M., de Almeida, R. P. P., de Almeida, R. S., & Masters, K. (2024). Effective Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Practical Tips and Actionable Insights. In Transformative Approaches to Patient Literacy and Healthcare Innovation (pp. 1-19). IGI Global. https://doi.org/DOI:10.4018/979-8-3693-3661-8.ch001
Garcia, M. B., de Almeida, R. P. P., Arif, Y. M., Miranda, J. P. P., Tavares, D. P., Tariq, M. U., de Almeida, R. S., & Lopez, M. (2025). Technology-Enhanced Learning in Health Professions Education: Current Trends and Applications. In Jesus, A. (Ed.), Technological Approaches to Medical and Pharmaceutical Education (pp. 455-488). IGI Global., DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3373-1127-2.ch013
Garcia, M. B., & Garcia, P. S. (2023). Intelligent Tutoring System as an Instructional Technology in Learning Basic Nutrition Concepts: An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Study. In Handbook of Research on Instructional Technologies in Health Education and Allied Disciplines. IGI Global., DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-7164-7.ch012
Garcia, M. B., Garcia, P. S., Maaliw, R. R. III, Lagrazon, P. G. G., Arif, Y. M., Ofosu-Ampong, K., Yousef, A. M. F., & Vaithilingam, C. A. (2024). Technoethical Considerations for Advancing Health Literacy and Medical Practice: A Posthumanist Framework in the Age of Healthcare 5.0. In Emerging Technologies for Health Literacy and Medical Practice. IGI Global., DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3693-1214-8.ch001
Garcia, M. B., Rosak-Szyrocka, J., Yilmaz, R., Metwally, A. H. S., Acut, D. P., Ofosu-Ampong, K., Erdogdu, F., Fung, C. Y., & Bozkurt, A. (2025). Rethinking Educational Assessment in the Age of Generative AI: Actionable Strategies to Mitigate Academic Dishonesty. In Pitfalls of AI Integration in Education: Skill Obsolescence, Misuse, and Bias. IGI Global., DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3373-0122-8.ch001
Genovese, A., Borna, S., Gomez-Cabello, C. A., Haider, S. A., Prabha, S., Forte, A. J., & Veenstra, B. R. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Settings: A Systematic Review of Its Role in Language Translation and Interpretation. Annals of Translational Medicine, 12(6), 1-16. DOI: 10.21037/atm-24-162 PMID: 39817236
Giannakos, M., Azevedo, R., Brusilovsky, P., Cukurova, M., Dimitriadis, Y., Hernandez-Leo, D., Jarvela, S., Mavrikis, M., & Rienties, B. (2024). The Promise and Challenges of Generative AI in Education. Behaviour & Information Technology, •••, 1-27. DOI: 10.1080/0144929X.2024.2394886
Gordon, M., Daniel, M., Ajiboye, A., Uraiby, H., Xu, N. Y., Bartlett, R., Hanson, J., Haas, M., Spadafore, M., Grafton-Clarke, C., Gasiea, R. Y., Michie, C., Corral, J., Kwan, B., Dolmans, D., & Thammasitboon, S. (2024). A Scoping Review of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: BEME Guide No. 84. Medical Teacher, 46(4), 446-470. DOI: 10.1080/0142159X.2024.2314198 PMID: 38423127
Guraya, S. Y. (2024). Transforming Simulation in Healthcare to Enhance Interprofessional Collaboration Leveraging Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence. BMC Medical Education, 24(1), 941. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05916-y PMID: 39198809
Hale, J., Alexander, S., Wright, S. T., & Gilliland, K. (2024). Generative AI in Undergraduate Medical Education: A Rapid Review. Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development, 11, 1-15. DOI: 10.1177/23821205241266697
Han, Z., Battaglia, F., Udaiyar, A., Fooks, A., & Terlecky, S. R. (2024). An Explorative Assessment of ChatGPT as an Aid in Medical Education: Use It With Caution. Medical Teacher, 46(5), 657-664. DOI: 10.1080/0142159X.2023.2271159 PMID: 37862566
Hanna, M. G., Pantanowitz, L., Jackson, B., Palmer, O., Visweswaran, S., Panta-nowitz, J., Deebajah, M., & Rashidi, H. H. (2025). Ethical and Bias Considerations in Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning. Modern Pathology, 38(3), 1-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100686 PMID: 39694331
Hossain, E., Rana, R., Higgins, N., Soar, J., Barua, P. D., Pisani, A. R., & Turner, K. (2023). Natural Language Processing in Electronic Health Records in Relation to Healthcare Decision-Making: A Systematic Review. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 155, 1-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106649 PMID: 36805219
Jackson, P., Ponath Sukumaran, G., Babu, C., Tony, M. C., Jack, D. S., Reshma, V. R., Davis, D., Kurian, N., & John, A. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education-Perception Among Medical Students. BMC Medical Education, 24(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05760-0 PMID: 38172860
Janumpally, R., Nanua, S., Ngo, A., & Youens, K. (2024). Generative Artificial Intelligence in Graduate Medical Education. Frontiers in Medicine, 11, 1-9. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1525604 PMID: 39867924
Jin, Q., Chen, F., Zhou, Y., Xu, Z., Cheung, J. M., Chen, R., Summers, R. M., Rousseau, J. F., Ni, P., Landsman, M. J., Baxter, S. L., Al'Aref, S. J., Li, Y., Chen, A., Brejt, J. A., Chiang, M. F., Peng, Y., & Lu, Z. (2024). Hidden Flaws Behind ExpertLevel Accuracy of Multimodal GPT-4 Vision in Medicine. npj. Digital Medicine, 7(1), 1-6. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-024-01185-7 PMID: 38172429
Kabudi, T., Pappas, I., & Olsen, D. H. (2021). AI-Enabled Adaptive Learning Systems: A Systematic Mapping of the Literature. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100017. DOI: 10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100017
Khojasteh, L., Kafipour, R., Pakdel, F., & Mukundan, J. (2025). Empowering Medical Students With AI Writing Co-Pilots: Design and Validation of AI Self-Assessment Toolkit. BMC Medical Education, 25(1), 1-22. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-025-06753-3 PMID: 39891148
Khosravi, M., Zare, Z., Mojtabaeian, S. M., & Izadi, R. (2024). Artificial Intelligence and Decision-Making in Healthcare: A Thematic Analysis of a Systematic Review of Reviews. Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology, 11, 1-15. DOI: 10.1177/23333928241234863 PMID: 38449840
Kirch, S. A., & Sadofsky, M. J. (2021). Medical Education From a TheoryPractice-Philosophy Perspective. Academic Pathology, 8, 1-15. DOI: 10.1177/23742895211010236 PMID: 33959676
Krive, J., Isola, M., Chang, L., Patel, T., Anderson, M., & Sreedhar, R. (2023). Grounded in Reality: Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education. JAMIA Open, 6(2), 1-7. DOI: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooad037 PMID: 37273962
Lajoie, S. P., & Gube, M. (2018). Adaptive Expertise in Medical Education: Accelerating Learning Trajectories by Fostering Self-Regulated Learning. Medical Teacher, 40(8), 809-812. DOI: 10.1080/0142159X.2018.1485886 PMID: 30033791
Lin, C.-C., Huang, A. Y. Q., & Lu, O. H. T. (2023). Artificial Intelligence in Intelligent Tutoring Systems Toward Sustainable Education: A Systematic Review. Smart Learning Environments, 10(1), 1-22. DOI: 10.1186/s40561-023-00260-y
Lin, H., & Chen, Q. (2024). Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Integrated Educational Applications and College Students' Creativity and Academic Emotions: Students and Teachers' Perceptions and Attitudes. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 1-16. DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01979-0 PMID: 39285268
Liu, L. (2025). AI and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Higher Education. American Journal of STEM Education, 4, 16-26. DOI: 10.32674/42qssk59
Lobo, M. D., Miravent, S., de Almeida, R. P. P., & Garcia, M. B. (2024). Advancing Precision in Physical Education and Sports Science: A Review of Medical Imaging Methods for Assessing Body Composition. In Global Innovations in Physical Education and Health. IGI Global., DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3693-3952-7.ch011
MAI. (2025). All-in-One VR & MR Anatomy and Acupuncture Platform. https://www.mai.ai/
Martin, F., Chen, Y., Moore, R. L., & Westine, C. D. (2020). Systematic Review of Adaptive Learning Research Designs, Context, Strategies, and Technologies from 2009 to 2018. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(4), 1903-1929. DOI: 10.1007/s11423-020-09793-2 PMID: 32837122
McGee, R. G., Wark, S., Mwangi, F., Drovandi, A., Alele, F., Malau-Aduli, B. S., & The, A. C. (2024). Digital Learning of Clinical Skills and Its Impact on Medical Students' Academic Performance: A Systematic Review. BMC Medical Education, 24(1), 1-23. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-06471-2 PMID: 39696150
Mir, M. M., Mir, G. M., Raina, N. T., Mir, S. M., Mir, S. M., Miskeen, E., Al-harthi, M. H., & Alamri, M. M. S. (2023). Application of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives. Journal of Advances in Medical Education & Professionalism, 11(3), 133-140. DOI: 10.30476/jamp.2023.98655.1803 PMID: 37469385
Mirchi, N., Ledwos, N., & Del Maestro, R. F. (2020). Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Re-Envisioning Surgical Education in Response to COVID-19. The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 48(2), 198-200. DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2020.202 PMID: 32907644
Mousavinasab, E., Zarifsanaiey, N., & Niakan Kalhori, R., S., Rakhshan, M., Keikha, L., & Ghazi Saeedi, M. (. (2018). Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Systematic Review of Characteristics, Applications, and Evaluation Methods. Interactive Learning Environments, 29(1), 142-163. DOI: 10.1080/10494820.2018.1558257
Mustafa, M. Y., Tlili, A., Lampropoulos, G., Huang, R., Jandric, P., Zhao, J., Salha, S., Xu, L., Panda, S., Kinshuk, Lopez-Pernas, S., & Saqr, M. (2024). A Systematic Review of Literature Reviews on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED): A Roadmap to a Future Research Agenda. Smart Learning Environments, 11(1), 1-33. DOI: 10.1186/s40561-024-00350-5
Narayanan, S., Ramakrishnan, R., Durairaj, E., & Das, A. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Revolutionizing the Field of Medical Education. Cureus. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49604 PMID: 38161821
Naveen, P., & Trojovsky, P. (2024). Overview and Challenges of Machine Translation for Contextually Appropriate Translations. iScience, 27(10), 1-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110878 PMID: 39391737
Nguyen, T. (2024). ChatGPT in Medical Education: A Precursor for Automation Bias? JMIR Medical Education, 10, e50174. DOI: 10.2196/50174 PMID: 38231545
Nissen, L., Rother, J. F., Heinemann, M., Reimer, L. M., Jonas, S., & Raupach, T. (2025). A Randomised Cross-Over Trial Assessing the Impact of AI-Generated Individual Feedback on Written Online Assignments for Medical Students. Medical Teacher, 1-7. DOI: 10.1080/0142159X.2025.2451870 PMID: 39831699
Ogden, K., Kilpatrick, S., & Elmer, S. (2023). Examining the Nexus Between Medical Education and Complexity: A Systematic Review to Inform Practice and Research. BMC Medical Education, 23(1), 1-15. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04471-2 PMID: 37408005
PCS. (2025). PCS: Patient Communication Simulators. https://www.pcs.ai/alex/
Pirri, C., Stecco, C., Porzionato, A., Boscolo-Berto, R., Fortelny, R. H., Macchi, V., Konschake, M., Merigliano, S., & De Caro, R. (2021). Forensic Implications of Anatomical Education and Surgical Training With Cadavers. Frontiers in Surgery, 8, 1-10. DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.641581 PMID: 34250002
Potter, L., & Jefferies, C. (2024). Enhancing Communication and Clinical Reasoning in Medical Education: Building Virtual Patients With Generative AI. Future Healthcare Journal, 11, 100043. DOI: 10.1016/j.fhj.2024.100043
Preiksaitis, C., & Rose, C. (2023). Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Scoping Review. JMIR Medical Education, 9, 1-13. DOI: 10.2196/48785 PMID: 37862079
Resnik, D. B., & Hosseini, M. (2024). The Ethics of Using Artificial Intelligence in Scientific Research: New Guidance Needed for a New Tool. AI and Ethics, •••, 1-23. DOI: 10.1007/s43681-024-00493-8 PMID: 40337745
Riddle, E. W., Kewalramani, D., Narayan, M., & Jones, D. B. (2024). Surgical Simulation: Virtual Reality to Artificial Intelligence. Current Problems in Surgery, 61(11), 1-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpsurg.2024.101625 PMID: 39477664
Saleem, N., Mufti, T., Sohail, S. S., & Madsen, D. O. (2024). ChatGPT as an Innovative Heutagogical Tool in Medical Education. Cogent Education, 11(1), 1-10. DOI: 10.1080/2331186X.2024.2332850
Satapathy, P., Hermis, A. H., Rustagi, S., Pradhan, K. B., Padhi, B. K., & Sah, R. (2023). Artificial Intelligence in Surgical Education and Training: Opportunities, Challenges, and Ethical Considerations-Correspondence. International Journal of Surgery, 109(5), 1543-1544. DOI: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000387 PMID: 37037597
Schubert, T., Oosterlinck, T., Stevens, R. D., Maxwell, P. H., & van der Schaar, M. (2025). AI Education for Clinicians. EClinicalMedicine, 79, 1-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102968 PMID: 39720600
Serrano, D. R., Luciano, F. C., Anaya, B. J., Ongoren, B., Kara, A., Molina, G., Ramirez, B. I., Sanchez-Guirales, S. A., Simon, J. A., Tomietto, G., Rapti, C., Ruiz, H. K., Rawat, S., Kumar, D., & Lalatsa, A. (2024). Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications in Drug Discovery and Drug Delivery: Revolutionizing Personalized Medicine. Pharmaceutics, 16(10), 1-27. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16101328 PMID: 39458657
Singh, N., Gunjan, V. K., & Nasralla, M. M. (2022). A Parametrized Comparative Analysis of Performance Between Proposed Adaptive and Personalized Tutoring System "Seis Tutor" With Existing Online Tutoring System. IEEE Access: Practical Innovations, Open Solutions, 10, 39376-39386. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3166261
Stretton, B., Kovoor, J., Arnold, M., & Bacchi, S. (2024). ChatGPT-Based Learning: Generative Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education. Medical Science Educator, 34(1), 215-217. DOI: 10.1007/s40670-023-01934-5 PMID: 38510403
Strielkowski, W., Grebennikova, V., Lisovskiy, A., Rakhimova, G., & Vasileva, T. (2024). AI-Driven Adaptive Learning for Sustainable Educational Transformation. Sustainable Development. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1002/sd.3221
Sun, W., Jiang, X., Dong, X., Yu, G., Feng, Z., & Shuai, L. (2024). The Evolution of Simulation-Based Medical Education Research: From Traditional to Virtual Simulations. Heliyon, 10(15), 1-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35627 PMID: 39170203
Tang, Y. M., Chau, K. Y., Kwok, A. P. K., Zhu, T., & Ma, X. (2022). A Systematic Review of Immersive Technology Applications for Medical Practice and Education-Trends, Application Areas, Recipients, Teaching Contents, Evaluation Methods, and Performance. Educational Research Review, 35, 1-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100429
Thomae, A. V., Witt, C. M., & Barth, J. (2024). Integration of ChatGPT Into a Course for Medical Students: Explorative Study on Teaching Scenarios, Students' Perception, and Applications. JMIR Medical Education, 10, 1-10. DOI: 10.2196/50545 PMID: 39177012
Vaughn, J., Ford, S. H., Scott, M., Jones, C., & Lewinski, A. (2024). Enhancing Healthcare Education: Leveraging ChatGPT for Innovative Simulation Scenarios. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 87, 101487. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecns.2023.101487
Xia, Q., Weng, X., Ouyang, F., Lin, T. J., & Chiu, T. K. F. (2024). A Scoping Review on How Generative Artificial Intelligence Transforms Assessment in Higher Education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1), 40. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1186/s41239-024-00468-z
Xiao, J., Bozkurt, A., Nichols, M., Pazurek, A., Stracke, C. M., Bai, J. Y. H., Farrow, R., Mulligan, D., Nerantzi, C., Sharma, R. C., Singh, L., Frumin, I., Swindell, A., Honeychurch, S., Bond, M., Dron, J., Moore, S., Leng, J., van Tryon, P. J. S., & Themeli, C. (2025). Venturing into the Unknown: Critical Insights into Grey Areas and Pioneering Future Directions in Educational Generative AI Research. TechTrends. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1007/s11528-025-01060-6
Yang, Y.-Y., & Shulruf, B. (2019). An Expert-Led and Artificial Intelligence System-Assisted Tutoring Course to Improve the Confidence of Chinese Medical Interns in Suturing and Ligature Skills: A Prospective Pilot Study. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 16, 7. DOI: 10.3352/jeehp.2019.16.7 PMID: 30986892
Yazdani, S., & Abardeh, M. H. (2019). Five Decades of Research and Theorization on Clinical Reasoning: A Critical Review. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 10, 703-716. DOI: 10.2147/AMEP.S213492 PMID: 31695548
Zarei, M., Eftekhari Mamaghani, H., Abbasi, A., & Hosseini, M.-S. (2024). Application of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: A Review of Benefits, Challenges, and Solutions. Medicina Clinica Practica, 7(2), 1-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpsp.2023.100422
Zhai, C., Wibowo, S., & Li, L. D. (2024). The Effects of Over-Reliance on AI Dialogue Systems on Students' Cognitive Abilities: A Systematic Review. Smart Learning Environments, 11(1), 1-37. DOI: 10.1186/s40561-024-00316-7
Zidoun, Y., & Mardi, A. E. L. (2024). Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Based Simulators Versus Simulated Patients in Undergraduate Programs: A Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. BMC Medical Education, 24(1), 1-7. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-06236-x PMID: 39501219