Humans; Male; Female; Cross-Sectional Studies; Middle Aged; Adult; Surveys and Questionnaires; Trust; Aged; Hospitals; Internationality; Artificial Intelligence; Delivery of Health Care; Medicine (all)
Abstract :
[en] [en] IMPORTANCE: The successful implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care depends on its acceptance by key stakeholders, particularly patients, who are the primary beneficiaries of AI-driven outcomes.
OBJECTIVES: To survey hospital patients to investigate their trust, concerns, and preferences toward the use of AI in health care and diagnostics and to assess the sociodemographic factors associated with patient attitudes.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study developed and implemented an anonymous quantitative survey between February 1 and November 1, 2023, using a nonprobability sample at 74 hospitals in 43 countries. Participants included hospital patients 18 years of age or older who agreed with voluntary participation in the survey presented in 1 of 26 languages.
EXPOSURE: Information sheets and paper surveys handed out by hospital staff and posted in conspicuous hospital locations.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was participant responses to a 26-item instrument containing a general data section (8 items) and 3 dimensions (trust in AI, AI and diagnosis, preferences and concerns toward AI) with 6 items each. Subgroup analyses used cumulative link mixed and binary mixed-effects models.
RESULTS: In total, 13 806 patients participated, including 8951 (64.8%) in the Global North and 4855 (35.2%) in the Global South. Their median (IQR) age was 48 (34-62) years, and 6973 (50.5%) were male. The survey results indicated a predominantly favorable general view of AI in health care, with 57.6% of respondents (7775 of 13 502) expressing a positive attitude. However, attitudes exhibited notable variation based on demographic characteristics, health status, and technological literacy. Female respondents (3511 of 6318 [55.6%]) exhibited fewer positive attitudes toward AI use in medicine than male respondents (4057 of 6864 [59.1%]), and participants with poorer health status exhibited fewer positive attitudes toward AI use in medicine (eg, 58 of 199 [29.2%] with rather negative views) than patients with very good health (eg, 134 of 2538 [5.3%] with rather negative views). Conversely, higher levels of AI knowledge and frequent use of technology devices were associated with more positive attitudes. Notably, fewer than half of the participants expressed positive attitudes regarding all items pertaining to trust in AI. The lowest level of trust was observed for the accuracy of AI in providing information regarding treatment responses (5637 of 13 480 respondents [41.8%] trusted AI). Patients preferred explainable AI (8816 of 12 563 [70.2%]) and physician-led decision-making (9222 of 12 652 [72.9%]), even if it meant slightly compromised accuracy.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cross-sectional study of patient attitudes toward AI use in health care across 6 continents, findings indicated that tailored AI implementation strategies should take patient demographics, health status, and preferences for explainable AI and physician oversight into account.
Disciplines :
Human health sciences: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
Busch, Felix; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Hoffmann, Lena; Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Xu, Lina; Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Zhang, Long Jiang; Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
Hu, Bin; Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
García-Juárez, Ignacio; Department of Gastroenterology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico ; Unit of Liver Transplantation, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
Toapanta-Yanchapaxi, Liz N; Department of Neurology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
Gorelik, Natalia; Department of Radiology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Rodriguez-Granillo, Gaston A; Center for Medical Education and Clinical Research-National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CEMIC-CONICET), Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
Ferrarotti, Carlos; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Center for Medical Education and Clinical Research "Norberto Quirno" (CEMIC), Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
Cuong, Nguyen N; Radiology Center Hanoi, Medical University Hospital Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam
Thi, Chau A P; Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tuncel, Murat; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Kaya, Gürsan; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Solis-Barquero, Sergio M; Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Imaging, Escuela de Tecnologias en Salud, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
Mendez Avila, Maria C; Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Imaging, Escuela de Tecnologias en Salud, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
Ivanova, Nevena G; Department of Urology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria ; St Karidad MHAT, Karidad Medical Health Center, Cardiology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria ; Department of General Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Kitamura, Felipe C; Department of Radiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil ; Diagnósticos da América SA (DASA), São Paulo, Brazil
Hayama, Karina Y I; Department of Radiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Puntunet Bates, Monserrat L; Unidad de Calidad, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
Torres, Pedro Iturralde; Subdirection of Diagnosis and Treatment, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
Ortiz-Prado, Esteban; One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
Izquierdo-Condoy, Juan S; One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
Schwarz, Gilbert M; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Hofstaetter, Jochen G; Michael Ogon Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Hospital Vienna-Speising, Vienna, Austria ; 2nd Department, Orthopaedic Hospital Vienna-Speising, Vienna, Austria
Hide, Michihiro; Department of Dermatology, Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
Takeda, Konagi; Department of Radiology, Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
Peric, Barbara; Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Pilko, Gašper; Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Thulesius, Hans O; Research and Development Department Region Kronoberg, Växjö, Sweden ; Department of Medicine and Optometry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
Lindow, Thomas; Department of Clinical Physiology, Research and Development, Växjö Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden ; Department of Clinical Physiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Kolawole, Israel K; Department of Anesthesia, University of Ilorin/Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
Olatoke, Samuel Adegboyega; Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin/Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
Grzybowski, Andrzej; Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznań, Poland
Corlateanu, Alexandru; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
Iaconi, Oana-Simina; Research Cooperation Unit, Research Department, National Institute of Research in Medicine and Health, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
Li, Ting; Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
Domitrz, Izabela; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland ; Department of Neurology, Bielanski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
Kepczynska, Katarzyna; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland ; Department of Neurology, Bielanski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
Mihalcin, Matúš; Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic ; Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Fašaneková, Lenka; Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic ; Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Zatonski, Tomasz; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
Fulek, Katarzyna; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
Molnár, András; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Maihoub, Stefani; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
da Silva Gama, Zenewton A; Department of Collective Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
Saba, Luca; Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), di Cagliari-Polo di Monserrato s.s. 554 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
Sountoulides, Petros; Department of Urology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Makowski, Marcus R; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Aerts, Hugo J W L; Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM) Program, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts ; Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, CARIM & GROW, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands ; Department of Radiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Adams, Lisa C; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Bressem, Keno K; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany ; School of Medicine and Health, Institute for Cardiovascular Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, German Heart Center Munich, TUM University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
COMFORT consortium
Navarro, Álvaro Aceña; Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain ; Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Águas, Catarina; Department of Radiology, Algarve University Hospital Center, Faro, Portugal
Aineseder, Martina; Department of Radiology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
Alomar, Muaed; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Al Sliman, Rashid; Department of Urology, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
Anand, Gautam; Department of Oncosurgery, Max Institute of Cancer Care, Vaishali, Delhi, India
Angkurawaranon, Salita; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Aoki, Shuhei; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
Arkoh, Samuel; Department of Radiology, Wenchi Methodist Hospital, Wenchi, Ghana
Ashraf, Gizem; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Astri, Yesi; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Palembang, Indonesia
Bakhshi, Sameer; Department of Medical Oncology, Dr B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Bayramov, Nuru Y; Department of I Surgical Diseases, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
Billis, Antonis; Lab of Medical Physics & Digital Innovation, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Bitencourt, Almir G V; Department of Imaging, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
Bolejko, Anetta; Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden ; Department of Medical Imaging and Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
Bollas Becerra, Antonio J; Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
Bwambale, Joe; Society of Radiography of Uganda, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Mulago, Kampala, Uganda
Capela, Andreia; Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia-Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal ; Associação de Investigação de Cuidados de Suporte em Oncologia (AICSO), Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
Cau, Riccardo; Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), di Cagliari-Polo di Monserrato s.s. 554 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
Chacon-Acevedo, Kelly R; Instituto Global de Excelencia Clínica, Grupo de investigación Traslacional, Keralty, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
Chaunzwa, Tafadzwa L; Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Radiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Chojniak, Rubens; Department of Imaging, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
Clements, Warren; Department of Radiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Surgery, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; National Trauma Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Cuocolo, Renato; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
Dahlblom, Victor; Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Sousa, Kelienny de Meneses; Department of Collective Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
Villarrubia, Jorge Esteban; Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
Desai, Vijay B; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Dhakal, Ajaya K; Department of Pediatrics, KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
Dignum, Virginia; Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
Andrade, Rubens G Feijo; Department of Radiology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Ferraioli, Giovanna; Department of Clinical, Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Ganguly, Shuvadeep; Department of Medical Oncology, Dr B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Garg, Harshit; Department of Urology, Oncology and Robotic Surgery, Max Institute of Cancer Care, Vaishali, Delhi, India
Savevska, Cvetanka Gjerakaroska; University Clinic for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
Radovikj, Marija Gjerakaroska; University Clinic for State Cardiac Surgery, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
Gkartzoni, Anastasia; Lab of Medical Physics & Digital Innovation, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Gorospe, Luis; Department of Radiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
Griffin, Ian; Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Gainesville
Hadamitzky, Martin; Institute for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Ndahiro, Martin Hakorimana; Ministry of Health, Byumba Hospital, Byumba, Rwanda
Hering, Alessa; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands ; Fraunhofer MEVIS, Institute for Digital Medicine, Bremen, Germany
Hochhegger, Bruno; Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Gainesville
Huseynova, Mehriban R; Department of I Surgical Diseases, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
Ishida, Fujimaro; Department of Neurosurgery, Mie Chuo Medical Center, Tsu, Japan
Jha, Nisha; Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
Jiang, Lili; Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
Kader, Rawen; Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Kavnoudias, Helen; Department of Radiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Surgery, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; National Trauma Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Klein, Clément; Department of Urology, Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
Kolostoumpis, George; European Cancer Patient Coalition (ECPC), Brussels, Belgium
Koshy, Abraham; Department of Gastroenterology, Lakeshore Hospital, Kochi, India
Kruger, Nicholas A; Orthopaedic Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Löser, Alexander; Berlin University of Applied Sciences and Technology (BHT), Berlin, Germany
Lucijanic, Marko; Department of Hematology, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia ; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Mantziari, Despoina; Lab of Medical Physics & Digital Innovation, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Margue, Gaelle; Department of Urology, Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
McFadden, Sonyia; School of Health Sciences, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
Miyake, Masahiro; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
Morakote, Wipawee; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Ngabonziza, Issa; Ministry of Health, Byumba Hospital, Byumba, Rwanda
Nguyen, Thao T; Department of Radiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
Niehues, Stefan M; Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Nortje, Marc; Orthopaedic Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Palaian, Subish; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Pentara, Natalia V; Department of Clinical Radiology, AHEPA General University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
PEREIRA DE ALMEIDA, Rui Pedro ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine (FSTM) > Department of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (DHML) > Medical Education
Poma, Gianluigi; Department of Diagnostic and Imaging Services, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
Purwoko, Mitayani; Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Palembang, Indonesia
Pyrgidis, Nikolaos; Department of Urology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Rafailidis, Vasileios; Department of Clinical Radiology, AHEPA General University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Rainey, Clare; School of Health Sciences, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
Ribeiro, João C; Department of Otolaryngology, Coimbra University and Medical School, Coimbra, Portugal
Agudelo, Nicolás Rozo; Instituto Global de Excelencia Clínica, Grupo de investigación Traslacional, Keralty, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
Sado, Keina; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
Saidman, Julia M; Department of Radiology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Saturno-Hernandez, Pedro J; AXA Chair in Healthcare Quality, CIEE, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Suryadevara, Vidyani; Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
Schulz, Gerald B; Department of Urology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Soric, Ena; Department of Hematology, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
Soto-Pérez-Olivares, Javier; Department of Radiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
Stanzione, Arnaldo; Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
Struck, Julian Peter; Department of Urology, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
Takaoka, Hiroyuki; Department of Cardiology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
Tanioka, Satoru; Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan ; Charité Lab for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Huyen, Tran T M; Department of Radiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
Truhn, Daniel; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
van Dijk, Elon H C; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands ; Department of Ophthalmology, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, the Netherlands
van Wijngaarden, Peter; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Wang, Yuan-Cheng; Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, China
Weidlich, Matthias; Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Zhang, Shuhang; Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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