border and rural regions; civic and political participation; young people; Education
Abstract :
[en] Highlights: − Young people are involved in diverse types of participation, being engaged, disengaged or unpolitical. −Young people perceive opportunities to organise initiatives but not to participate in local decisions. Constraints on participation and responses to promote it were identified. Context-specific barriers were mentioned by young people and policymakers. Municipalities and schools are priority contexts for fostering youth participation. Purpose: This article aims to assess constraints on and facilitators of youth participation in rural border regions. Knowledge about regional participation of young people is useful for developing territorialised policies. Methodology: Using a mixed method approach designed in line with theories of civic and political participation and youth studies, we analysed responses from young people to a questionnaire (n = 3968) and interviews with policymakers (n = 36) and young people (n = 20). Findings: Young people are involved in diverse types of civic and political participation and perceive more opportunities to organise initiatives than to participate in local decision-making. Constraints on participation relate to the distance between politics, governance institutions and young people, weak strategies of municipalities, lack of youth organisations and mobility. Facilitators of participation include supporting youth-led activities or involving young people in local decisions. Research implications: the study contributes to understanding youth participation in rural regions.
Disciplines :
Sociology & social sciences Education & instruction
Author, co-author :
da Silva, Sofia Marques; Centre for Research and Intervention in Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
DA SILVA, Nicolas ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Social Sciences (DSOC) > Centre for Childhood and Youth Research
Arezes, Sara; University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
Martins, Paulo Sérgio; Dr. Vieira de Carvalho Basic and Secondary School, Maia, Portugal
Faria, Sara; Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Dias, Vitor; Portuguese Institute of Sport and Youth, Porto, Portugal
Silva, Ana Milheiro; Centre for Research and Intervention in Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
External co-authors :
yes
Language :
English
Title :
Constraints on and facilitators of young people’s participation: the case of border regions of mainland Portugal.
Publication date :
2023
Journal title :
Journal of Social Science Education
ISSN :
1618-5293
eISSN :
1611-9665
Publisher :
sowi-online e.V.
Volume :
22
Issue :
3
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Funding text :
This work was supported by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), through the Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, IP (FCT) [grant no. POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029943 / PTDC/CED-EDG/29943/2017] (SMS); the Portuguese Government, through the FCT, under CIIE’s multi-annual funding [grants no. UID/CED/00167/2019, UIDB/00167/2020 and UIDP/00167/2020] (CIIE). Ana Milheiro Silva was supported by the FCT and by the European Social Fund through the Human Capital Operational Programme (POCH) from PORTUGAL 2020 [grant no. PD/BD/128118/2016]. Nicolas Martins Silva was supported by the FCT and the European Social Fund through the Human Capital Operational Programme (POCH) from PORTUGAL 2020 [grant no. SFRH/BD/143733/2019].
Adler, R., & Goggin, J. (2005). What do we mean by “civic engagement”? Journal of Transformative Education, 3(3), 236-253. doi:10.1177/1541344605276792
Akiva, T., Cortina, K., & Smith, C. (2014). Involving youth in program decision-making: How common and what might it do for youth? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(11), 1844-1860. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0183-y
Amnå, E. (2012). How is civic engagement developed over time? Emerging answers from a multidisciplinary field. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 611-627. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.011
Amnå, E., & Ekman, J. (2014). Standby citizens: Diverse faces of political passivity. European Political Science Review, 6(02), 261-281. doi:10.1017/S175577391300009X
Beck, U. (2001). Freedom’s children. In U. Beck & E. Beck-Gensheim (Eds.), Individualisation (pp. 156-171). London: SAGE.
Bennett, W. (2008). Changing citizenship in the digital age. In W. Bennett (Ed.), Civic life online: Learning how digital media can engage youth (pp. 1-24). Cambridge, USA: MIT Press.
Biesta, G. (2011). Learning democracy in school and society: Education, lifelong learning, and the politics of citizenship. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Biesta, G., & Lawy, R. (2006). From teaching citizenship to learning democracy: Overcoming individualism in research, policy and practice. Cambridge Journal of Education, 36, 63-79. doi:10.1080/03057640500490981.
Binder, A., Heiss, R., Matthes, J., & Sander, D. (2021). Dealigned but mobilized? Insights from a citizen science study on youth political engagement. Journal of Youth Studies, 24(2), 232-249. doi:10.1080/13676261.2020.1714567
Cahill, H., & Dadvand, B. (2018). Re-conceptualising youth participation: A framework to inform action. Children and Youth Services Review, 95, 243-253. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.11.001
Campbell, D. (2008). Voice in the classroom: How an open class climate fosters political engagement among adolescents. Political Behavior, 30(4), 437-454.
Carmo, R., & Matias, A. (2019). As dimensões existenciais da precariedade: Jovens trabalhadores e os seus modos de vida [The existential dimensions of precariousness: Young workers and their ways of life]. Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, 118, 53-78. doi:10.4000/rccs.8502
Checkoway, B. (2011). Community development, social diversity, and the new metropolis. Community Development Journal, 46(2), 5-14. doi:10.1093/cdj/bsr005
Checkoway, B., & Guttierez, L. (2006). Youth participation and community change. Journal of Community Practice, 14(1-2), 1-9. doi:10.1300/J125v14n01_01
Costa, P., Magalhães, P., Menezes, I., Silva, P., Costa, E., & Ferreira, P. (2022). A participação política dos jovens em Portugal, 2020 [Political participation of young people in Portugal, 2020]. Lisbon: Arquivo Português de Informação Social.
Council of Europe. (2003). Revised European charter on the participation of young people in local and regional life. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
Council of the European Union. (2018). Resolution of the Council of the European Union and the representatives of the governments of the member states meeting within the Council on a framework for European cooperation in the youth field: The European Union Youth Strategy 2019-2027. Official Journal of the European Union, C 456/1. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.C_.2018.456.01.0001.01.ENG
Dahl, V., Amnå, E., Banaji, S., Landberg, M., Šerek, J., Tibrito, N., … Zani, B. (2018). Apathy or alienation? Political passivity among youths across eight European Union countries. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(3), 284–301. doi:10.1080/17405629.2017.1404985
Earl, J., Maher, T., & Elliot, T. (2017). Youth, activism, and social movements. Sociology Compass, 11, e12465. doi:10.1111/soc4.12465
Ekman, J., & Amnå, E. (2012). Political participation and civic engagement: Towards a new typology. Human Affairs, 22(3), 283-300. doi:10.2478/s13374-012-0024-1
Enchikova, E., Neves, T., Beilman, M., Banaji, S., Pavlopoulos, V., & Ferreira, P. (2021). Active citizenship: Participatory patterns of European youth. Journal of Social Science Education, 20(1), 4-29. doi.org/10.4119:jsse-3146
ESPON. (2017). Shrinking rural regions in Europe: Towards smart and innovative approaches to regional development challenges in depopulating rural regions. Luxembourg: ESPON.
European Commission. (2019). Flash Eurobarometer 478: How do we build a stronger, more united Europe? The views of young people. Brussels: European Commission. doi:10.2766/62603
European Commission. (2022). Flash Eurobarometer 502: Youth and democracy in the European year of youth. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved from https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2282
Farrugia, D. (2014). Towards a spatialised youth sociology: The rural and the urban in times of change. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(3), 293-307. doi:10.1080/13676261.2013.830700
Farrugia, D., Smyth, J., & Harrison, T. (2014). Emplacing young people in an Australian rural community: An extraverted sense of place in times of change. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(9), 1152-1167. doi:10.1080/13676261.2014.901495
Farthing, R. (2010). The politics of youthful antipolitics: Representing the ‘issue’ of youth participation in politics. Journal of Youth Studies, 13(2), 181-195. doi:10.1080/13676260903233696
Ferreira, P., Azevedo, D., & Menezes, I. (2012a). The developmental quality of participation experiences: Beyond the rhetoric that “participation is always good!”. Journal of Adolescence, 35(3), 599-610. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.09.004
Ferreira, P., Coimbra, J., & Menezes, I. (2012b) Diversity within diversity: Exploring connections between community, participation and citizenship. Journal of Social Science Education, 11(3), 120-134. doi:10.4119/jsse-616
Flanagan, C., & Levine, P. (2010). Civic engagement and the transition to adulthood. The Future of Children, 20(1), 159-179. doi:10.1353/foc.0.0043
Furlong, A., & Cartmel, F. (2007). Young people and social change: Individualisation and risk in late modernity (2nd ed.). Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
Furlong, A., & Cartmel, F. (2012). Social change and political engagement among young people: Generation and the 2009/2010 British Election Survey. Parliamentary Affairs, 65(1), 13-28. doi:10.1093/pa/gsr045
Gaby, S. (2017). The civic engagement gap(s): Youth participation and inequality from 1976 to 2009. Youth & Society, 49(7), 923-946. doi:10.1177/0044118X16678155
Heiss, R., Schmuck, D., & Matthes, J. (2019). What drives interaction in political actors’ Facebook posts? Profile and content predictors of user engagement and political actors’ reactions. Information, Communication & Society, 22(10), 1497-1513. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2018.1445273
Henn, M., & Foard, N. (2012). Young people, political participation and trust in Britain. Parliamentary Affairs, 65(1), 47-67. doi:10.1093/pa/gsr046
Johansson, M. (2017). “Yes, the power is in the town”: An ethnographic study of student participation in a rural Swedish secondary school. Australian and International Journal of Rural Education, 27(2), 61-76. doi:10.47381/aijre.v27i2.118
Kitanova, M. (2020). Youth political participation in the EU: Evidence from a cross-national analysis. Journal of Youth Studies, 23(7), 819836. doi:10.1080/13676261.2019.1636951
Kline, B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Kovacheva, S. (2005). Will youth rejuvenate the patterns of political participation? In J. Forbig (Ed.), Revisiting youth political participation (pp. 19-29). Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Lind, T., & Stjernström, O. (2015). Organizational challenges for schools in rural municipalities: Cross-national comparisons in a Nordic context. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 30(6), 1-14. Retrieved from https://jrre.psu.edu/sites/default/files/2019-08/30-6.pdf
Lobo, M., Ferreira, V., & Rowland, J. (2015). Emprego, mobilidade, política e lazer: Situações e atitudes dos jovens portugueses numa perspetiva comparada. Relatório apresentado à Presidência da República [Employment, mobility, politics and leisure: Situations and attitudes of young Portuguese people in a comparative perspective. Report presented to the Presidency of the Republic]. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa; OPJ-Observatório Português da Juventude.
Malafaia, C., Menezes, I., & Neves, T. (2016). “Os cidadãos continuam a ter direito à democracia”: Discursos de jovens estudantes sobre as manifestações anti-austeridade em Portugal [“Citizens still have a right to democracy”: Young students’ discourses on anti-austerity demontrations in Portugal]. Educação, Sociedade & Culturas, 49, 51-71. doi:10.34626/esc.vi49.167
Malafaia, C., Piedade, F., Ribeiro, N., Ferreira, P., & Menezes, I. (2022). Perspetivas de jovens estudantes: A escola como contexto de educação para a cidadania e empoderamento político [Young students’ perspectives: School as a context for citizenship education and political empowerment], In I. Menezes, C. Malafaia & P. Ferreira (Eds.), Reinventar a cidadania europeia de jovens: As escolas como espaços de educação política. Porto: CIIE/FPCEUP.
Manning, N. (2013). “I mainly look at things on an issue by issue basis”: Reflexivity and phronêsis in young people’s political engagements. Journal of Youth Studies, 16(1), 17-33. doi:10.1080/13676261.2012.693586
Massey, D. (1994). Space, place and gender. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Mauritti, R., Nunes, N., Alves, J., & Diogo, F. (2019). Desigualdades sociais e desenvolvimento em Portugal: Um olhar à escala regional e aos territórios de baixa densidade [Social inequalities and development in Portugal: A look at the regional scale and low-density territories]. Sociologia Online, 19, 102-126. doi:10.30553/sociologiaonline.2019.19.5
McCowan, T. (2009). A ‘seamless enactment’ of citizenship education. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 43(1), 85-99. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9752.2009.00669.x
Menezes, I., & Ferreira, P. (2014). Cidadania participatória no cotidiano escolar: A vez e a voz das crianças e dos jovens [Participatory citizenship in everyday school life: The turn and the voice of children and young people]. Educar em Revista, 53. doi:10.1590/0104-4060.36586.
Menezes, I., & Makkawi, I. (2013). Editorial: Youth civic and political participation and citizenship Mediterranean: Lessons from the Arab Spring. JSSE-Journal of Social Science Education, 12(1), 2-5. doi:10.4119/jsse-629
Metzger, A., Alvis, L., & Oosteroff, B. (2020). Adolescent views of civic responsibility and civic efficacy: Differences by rurality and socioeconomic status. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 70. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101183
Norris, P. (2004, October). Young people and political activism: From the politics of loyalty to the politics of choice. Paper presented at Civic Engagement in the 21st Century: Toward a Scholarly and Practical Agenda at the University of Southern California, USA.
O’Toole, T. (2003) Engaging with young people’s conceptions of the political. Children’s Geographies, 1(1), 71-90. doi:10.1080/14733280302179
Olsson, T. (2016). Social media and new forms for civic participation. New Media & Society, 18(10), 2242-2248. doi:10.1177/1461444816656338
Pais, J. (2005). Jovens e cidadania [Young people and citizenship]. Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas, 49, 53-70.
Panelli, R. (2002). Young rural lives: Strategies beyond diversity. Journal of Rural Studies, 18(2), 113-122. doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(01)00047-X
Pickard, S. (2019). Introduction: From ‘apathetic youth’ to DIO politics and the ‘youthquake’. In S. Pickard, Politics, protest and young people (pp. 1-24). London: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-57788-7_1
Pickard, S., & Bessant J. (2018). Introduction. In S. Pickard & J. Bessant (Eds.), Young people re-generating politics in times of crises (pp. 1-16). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58250-4_1
Pontes, A., Henn, M., & Griffiths, M. (2017). Youth political (dis)engagement and the need for citizenship education: Encouraging young people’s civic and political participation through the curriculum. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 14(1), 3-21. doi:10.1177/1746197917734542
Prieto-Flores, Ò., & Gasparovic, S. (2022). Youth and mobility in EU rural areas. COST CA18213 Rural NEET Youth Policy Brief – Challenges Associated with Formal Education in Rural Areas. Policy Brief COST Action CA18213.
Pritzker, S., & Metzger, A. (2011). Facilitating civic engagement among rural youth: A role for social workers. In L. Ginsberg (Ed.), Social work in rural communities (pp. 185-210). Alexandria, VA: Council on Social World Education.
Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Chicago, USA: Simon & Schuster.
Queiroz, L., & Menezes, I. (2013). Exploring the limits and potentials of youth participation in public policy as citizenship learning: A study in the State of Acre, Brazil. Journal of Social Sciences Education, 12(3), 51-59. doi:10.4119/jsse-661
Quintelier, E. (2010). The effect of schools on political participation: A multilevel logistic analysis. Research Papers in Education, 25(2), 137-154. doi:10.1080/02671520802524810
Quintelier, E. (2015). Engaging adolescents in politics: The longitudinal effect of political socialization agents. Youth & Society, 47, 51-69. doi:10.1177/0044118x13507295
Ribeiro, A., & Menezes, I. (2022). Youth participation and citizenship education: An analysis of relations in four European countries. Journal of Social Science Education, 21(1). doi:10.11576/jsse-1454
Rodrigues, M., Menezes, I., & Ferreira, P. (2019). O escutismo na construção das cidadanias juvenis: Concepções de política de jovens escuteiros e escuteiras [The Scouting movement in the construction of youth citizenship: Conceptions of politics from young scouts]. Práxis Educativa, 14(3), 1270-1291. doi:10.5212/PraxEduc.v.14n3.025
Silva, M., Fernandes-Jesus, M., Loff, M., Nata, G., & Menezes, I. (2022). A participação política da juventude em Portugal: A participação política de jovens vista por dentro: Perspetivas de ativistas sobre as formas, as causas, os motivos e o futuro [Youth political participation in Portugal: Young people's political participation seen from the inside: Activists' perspectives on forms, causes, motives and the future] Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
Silva, N. M., Pinheiro, S., & Silva, S. M. (2022). Culturas de participação de jovens: O caso das regiões fronteiriças de Portugal [Cultures of youth participation: The case of the border regions of Portugal]. Sociologias, 24(60). doi:10.1590/18070337-112385
Silva, S. M. (2014). Growing up in a Portuguese borderland. In S. Spyrou & M. Christou (Eds.), Children and borders (pp. 62-78). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137326317.0008
Silva, S. M., & Silva, A. M. (2016). School population survey: Young people, education and border regions. Questionnaire approved by the Portuguese Directorate-General for Education, through the System of Monitoring Research in Education Environments (MIME 0566300001).
Simões, F., & Rio, N. (2020). How to increase rural NEETs professional involvement in agriculture? The roles of youth representations and vocational training packages improvement. Journal of Rural Studies, 75, 9-19. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.02.007
Statistics Portugal. (2017). Retrato territorial de Portugal [Territorial portrait of Portugal]. Lisbon: INE.
Statistics Portugal. (2019). Estudo sobre o poder de compra concelhio 2017 [Study on the purchasing power by municipality 2017]. Lisbon: INE.
Stefani, S., Prati, G., Tzankova, I., Ricci, E., Albanesi, C., & Cicognani, E. (2021). Gender differences in civic and political engagement and participation among Italian young people. Social Psychological Bulletin, 16, 1-25. doi:10.32872/spb.3887
Teorell, J., Torcal, M., & Montero, J. (2007). Political participation: Mapping the terrain. In J. Van Deth, J. Montero, & A. Westholm (Eds.), Citizenship and involvement in European democracies: A comparative analysis (pp. 334-357). London, New York: Routledge.
Trivelli, C., & Morel, J. (2021). Rural youth inclusion, empowerment, and participation. The Journal of Development Studies, 57(4), 635-649. doi:10.1080/00220388.2020.1808194
Van Deth, J. (2014). A conceptual map of political participation. Acta Politica, 49, 349-367. doi:10.1057/ap.2014.6
Vieira, M., & Ferreira, V. (Coords.). (2019). Juventude(s): Do local ao nacional. Que intervenção? [Youth(s): From local to national. What intervention?]. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa.
Walther, A., Lüküslü, D., Loncle, P., & Pais, A. (2021). Regimes of youth participation? Comparative analysis of youth policies and participation across European cities. Young, 29(2), 191-209. doi:10.1177/1103308820937550
Zukin, C., Keeter, S., Andolina, M., Jenkins, K., & Delli, M. (2006). New engagement? Political participation, civic life, and the changing American citizen. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1017/Si537592707071150