computational reproduction; reliability; replications; social and behavioural sciences
Abstract :
[en] This study investigates researcher variability in computational reproduction, an activity for which it is least expected. Eighty-five independent teams attempted numerical replication of results from an original study of policy preferences and immigration. Reproduction teams were randomly grouped into a 'transparent group' receiving original study and code or 'opaque group' receiving only a method and results description and no code. The transparent group mostly verified original results (95.7% same sign and p-value cutoff), while the opaque group had less success (89.3%). Second-decimal place exact numerical reproductions were less common (76.9 and 48.1%). Qualitative investigation of the workflows revealed many causes of error, including mistakes and procedural variations. When curating mistakes, we still find that only the transparent group was reliably successful. Our findings imply a need for transparency, but also more. Institutional checks and less subjective difficulty for researchers 'doing reproduction' would help, implying a need for better training. We also urge increased awareness of complexity in the research process and in 'push button' replications.
Disciplines :
Sociology & social sciences
Author, co-author :
Breznau, Nate ; Organization and Program Planning, German Institute for Adult Education-Leibniz Center of Lifelong Learning, Bonn 53175, Germany
Rinke, Eike Mark ; School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Wuttke, Alexander ; Geschwister Scholl Institute, LMU Munich, Munich 81541, Germany
Adem, Muna ; Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park 47405, USA
Adriaans, Jule ; Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
Akdeniz, Esra ; School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
Alvarez-Benjumea, Amalia ; The Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28003, Spain
Andersen, Henrik K ; Institute of Sociology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
Auer, Daniel ; Social and Political Science, Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin 10122, Italy
Azevedo, Flavio ; Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, Netherlands
Bahnsen, Oke ; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany
Bai, Ling; Organization and Program Planning, German Institute for Adult Education-Leibniz Center of Lifelong Learning, Bonn 53175, Germany ; School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ; Geschwister Scholl Institute, LMU Munich, Munich 81541, Germany ; Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park 47405, USA ; Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld 33615, Germany ; School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey ; The Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28003, Spain ; Institute of Sociology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany ; Social and Political Science, Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin 10122, Italy ; Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, Netherlands ; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Institute of Sociology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany ; Institute of Political Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79085, Germany ; Institute of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, 79098, Germany ; Department of Sociology, LMU Munich, Munich 80801, Germany ; Office of the Executive Board, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany ; Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics, and Business Administration, University of Bamberg, Bamberg 96052, Germany ; Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES), University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68131, Germany ; Institute for Political Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55099, Germany ; Research Depart-ment IV: Intrastate Conflict, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF), Frankfurt 60329, Germany ; Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Knowledge Exchange and Outreach, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 67067, Germany ; Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 10117, Germany ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WP, Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg TX 78539, USA ; Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria & Austrian National Public Health Institute (Gesundheit Österreich GmbH, GÖG), Vienna, Austria ; School of Social Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany ; Department of Education, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany ; Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland ; Social Research Institute, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK ; Independent Researcher ; Department of Sociology Universidad de Chile, Millennium Nucleus on Digital Inequalities and Opportunities (NUDOS NCS2022_046), and Center for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (COES), University of Chile, Santiago 7800284, Chile ; Department of Political Science and International Relations, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles CA 90045, USA ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, Scotland ; Institute of Sociology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels 1050, Belgium ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada ; Institute of Political Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69115, Germany ; Médialab Sciences Po, Paris 75007, France ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, Netherlands ; Department of Quantitative Theory and Methods, Emory University, Atlanta 30306, USA ; Department of Work and Social Economy, Government of Flanders-Belgium ; Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Europa Universität Viadrina, Frankfurt 15230, Germany ; Educational Measurement, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia ; Department of Sociology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany ; Research Data Center and Communication, SHARE BERLIN Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Division Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland ; Association for Doctoral Studies Baden-Wuerttemberg 70174, Germany ; Research Group 'Health and Social Inequality', WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Transformations of Democracy Unit, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Research Unit Migration, Integration, Transnationalization, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institue for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Facultad de Emprendimiento, Negocios y Economía, Universidad Espíritu Santo, ReplicationWiki, and EQ-Lab ; Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut (WSI), Hans-Böckler-Foundation, Düsseldorf 40474, Germany ; SOCIUM-Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy, University of Bremen, Bremen 10785, Germany ; Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2000, Belgium ; Cluster 'Data-Methods-Monitoring', German Center for Integration and Migration Research (DeZIM ; Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037AB, Netherlands ; Institute of Political Science and Sociology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53111, Germany ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg 20457, Germany ; Economics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA ; School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97330, USA ; Institute of Sociology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35394, Germany ; Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Bundesamt Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden 67549, Germany ; Department of Research on Social and Institutional Transformations, Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-625, Poland ; Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48823, USA ; Center for Evaluation, Independent Researcher (Formerly Uni Cologne ; Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Oslo 0851, Norway ; Department of Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Witen/Herdecke University, Witten 58488, Germany ; Department of Primary Care and Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX11JD, England ; Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies, University of Neuchatel, Neuchâtel 1205, Switzerland ; Instituto de Sociologia, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile ; Massive Data Institute, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, USA ; Department of Politics, University of Manchester, Manchester M19JS, UK ; Department of Institutional Research, Western Governors University, Millcreek 84107, USA ; Director of Data for Freedom, Equity Research Cooperative, 19107 ; Department of Sociology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA ; Department of Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA ; Department of Sociology, Center for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, 3000 ; Department of Politics, Westpoint Department of Systems Engineering, M19 2JS ; Department of Sociology and Centre for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, 1353 ; Department of School Development, Karlsruhe University of Education, Karlsruhe 76133, Germany ; Competence Centre for Regional Development, Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR), 03048 ; Department of Social, Economic & Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden 2333AK, The Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; School of Social Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany ; Department of Geosciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany ; Division of Migration, Ethnicity and Society (REMESO), Linköping University, 60174 ; Administrative Headquarters, Max Planck Society, Munich 80539, Germany ; Department of Political Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84321, USA ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada ; Department of Economics, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037 AB, The Netherlands ; Department of Social Policy, Sociology and Criminology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK ; Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat, B-9000, Belgium ; School of Law, Empirical Research Group, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, 4366, Luxembourg ; SHARE Operations, SHARE Berlin Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; School of Politics and International Relations, Australian National University, Canberra 2132, Australia ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 63130, USA ; Institute for Media and Communication Studies, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Socio-Economic Panel, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Teacher and Teaching Quality, Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Chair group European Politics and Society, University of Groningen, Groningen 9712 EK, Netherlands ; Department of Political Science, University of Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany ; Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department Migration, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA ; Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria ; Centre for Political Science Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; Expert Council on Intergration and Migration, Berlin 10178, Germany ; School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, USA ; Institute for Social Sciences, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim 31141, Germany ; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 05, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, USA ; Social Research Institute (UCL), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, USA ; Center for Social and Cultural Psychology (CESCUP), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, BE-1050, Belgium ; Optentia Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa ; Department of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen 58097, Germany ; Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo 851, Norway ; Education and Employment, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna 1080, Austria ; Research Institute for Quality of Life, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 010071, Romania ; Department of Sociology, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, 550024, Romania ; Beleidsvisies, Burgervisies en Gedragingen (Policy Perspectives, Citizen Perspectives, and Behaviors), Netherlands Institute for Social Research, The Hague 2594, Netherlands ; Research Cluster 'The Politics of Inequality', University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Zurich, Zürich 8050, Switzerland ; Mechanisms of Normative Change, Max-Planck-Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn 53113, Germany ; GESIS Leibniz-Institute for the Social Science & University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Sociology, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada ; Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan ; Department of Political Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen 47057, Germany ; Institute for Employment Research, Federal Employment Agency, Nuremberg 90478, Germany ; Department of Computational Social Sciences, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-330, Poland ; Political Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
Balzer, Dave ; Institute of Sociology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
Bauer, Paul C ; Institute of Political Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79085, Germany ; Institute of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, 79098, Germany
Bauer, Gerrit ; Department of Sociology, LMU Munich, Munich 80801, Germany
Baumann, Markus ; Office of the Executive Board, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany
Baute, Sharon ; Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany
Benoit, Verena ; Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics, and Business Administration, University of Bamberg, Bamberg 96052, Germany
Bernauer, Julian ; Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES), University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68131, Germany
Berning, Carl; Institute for Political Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55099, Germany
Berthold, Anna ; Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics, and Business Administration, University of Bamberg, Bamberg 96052, Germany
Bethke, Felix S ; Research Depart-ment IV: Intrastate Conflict, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF), Frankfurt 60329, Germany
Biegert, Thomas ; Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK
Blinzler, Katharina; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany
Blumenberg, Johannes N ; Knowledge Exchange and Outreach, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 67067, Germany
Bobzien, Licia ; Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 10117, Germany
Bohman, Andrea ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
Bol, Thijs ; Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WP, Netherlands
Bostic, Amie ; Department of Sociology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg TX 78539, USA
Brzozowska, Zuzanna ; Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria & Austrian National Public Health Institute (Gesundheit Österreich GmbH, GÖG), Vienna, Austria
Burgdorf, Katharina ; School of Social Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
Burger, Kaspar ; Department of Education, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany ; Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland ; Social Research Institute, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK
Busch, Kathrin ; Independent Researcher
Castillo, Juan-Carlos ; Department of Sociology Universidad de Chile, Millennium Nucleus on Digital Inequalities and Opportunities (NUDOS NCS2022_046), and Center for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (COES), University of Chile, Santiago 7800284, Chile
Chan, Nathan ; Department of Political Science and International Relations, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles CA 90045, USA
Christmann, Pablo ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany
Connelly, Roxanne ; School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, Scotland
Czymara, Christian S ; Institute of Sociology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60323, Germany
Damian, Elena ; Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels 1050, Belgium
de Rooij, Eline A ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada
Ecker, Alejandro ; Institute of Political Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69115, Germany
Edelmann, Achim ; Médialab Sciences Po, Paris 75007, France
Eder, Christina ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany
Eger, Maureen A ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Ellerbrock, Simon ; Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES), University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68131, Germany
Forke, Anna; Organization and Program Planning, German Institute for Adult Education-Leibniz Center of Lifelong Learning, Bonn 53175, Germany ; School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ; Geschwister Scholl Institute, LMU Munich, Munich 81541, Germany ; Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park 47405, USA ; Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld 33615, Germany ; School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey ; The Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28003, Spain ; Institute of Sociology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany ; Social and Political Science, Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin 10122, Italy ; Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, Netherlands ; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Institute of Sociology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany ; Institute of Political Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79085, Germany ; Institute of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, 79098, Germany ; Department of Sociology, LMU Munich, Munich 80801, Germany ; Office of the Executive Board, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany ; Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics, and Business Administration, University of Bamberg, Bamberg 96052, Germany ; Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES), University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68131, Germany ; Institute for Political Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55099, Germany ; Research Depart-ment IV: Intrastate Conflict, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF), Frankfurt 60329, Germany ; Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Knowledge Exchange and Outreach, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 67067, Germany ; Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 10117, Germany ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WP, Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg TX 78539, USA ; Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria & Austrian National Public Health Institute (Gesundheit Österreich GmbH, GÖG), Vienna, Austria ; School of Social Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany ; Department of Education, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany ; Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland ; Social Research Institute, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK ; Independent Researcher ; Department of Sociology Universidad de Chile, Millennium Nucleus on Digital Inequalities and Opportunities (NUDOS NCS2022_046), and Center for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (COES), University of Chile, Santiago 7800284, Chile ; Department of Political Science and International Relations, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles CA 90045, USA ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, Scotland ; Institute of Sociology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels 1050, Belgium ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada ; Institute of Political Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69115, Germany ; Médialab Sciences Po, Paris 75007, France ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, Netherlands ; Department of Quantitative Theory and Methods, Emory University, Atlanta 30306, USA ; Department of Work and Social Economy, Government of Flanders-Belgium ; Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Europa Universität Viadrina, Frankfurt 15230, Germany ; Educational Measurement, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia ; Department of Sociology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany ; Research Data Center and Communication, SHARE BERLIN Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Division Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland ; Association for Doctoral Studies Baden-Wuerttemberg 70174, Germany ; Research Group 'Health and Social Inequality', WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Transformations of Democracy Unit, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Research Unit Migration, Integration, Transnationalization, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institue for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Facultad de Emprendimiento, Negocios y Economía, Universidad Espíritu Santo, ReplicationWiki, and EQ-Lab ; Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut (WSI), Hans-Böckler-Foundation, Düsseldorf 40474, Germany ; SOCIUM-Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy, University of Bremen, Bremen 10785, Germany ; Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2000, Belgium ; Cluster 'Data-Methods-Monitoring', German Center for Integration and Migration Research (DeZIM ; Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037AB, Netherlands ; Institute of Political Science and Sociology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53111, Germany ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg 20457, Germany ; Economics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA ; School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97330, USA ; Institute of Sociology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35394, Germany ; Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Bundesamt Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden 67549, Germany ; Department of Research on Social and Institutional Transformations, Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-625, Poland ; Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48823, USA ; Center for Evaluation, Independent Researcher (Formerly Uni Cologne ; Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Oslo 0851, Norway ; Department of Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Witen/Herdecke University, Witten 58488, Germany ; Department of Primary Care and Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX11JD, England ; Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies, University of Neuchatel, Neuchâtel 1205, Switzerland ; Instituto de Sociologia, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile ; Massive Data Institute, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, USA ; Department of Politics, University of Manchester, Manchester M19JS, UK ; Department of Institutional Research, Western Governors University, Millcreek 84107, USA ; Director of Data for Freedom, Equity Research Cooperative, 19107 ; Department of Sociology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA ; Department of Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA ; Department of Sociology, Center for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, 3000 ; Department of Politics, Westpoint Department of Systems Engineering, M19 2JS ; Department of Sociology and Centre for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, 1353 ; Department of School Development, Karlsruhe University of Education, Karlsruhe 76133, Germany ; Competence Centre for Regional Development, Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR), 03048 ; Department of Social, Economic & Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden 2333AK, The Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; School of Social Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany ; Department of Geosciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany ; Division of Migration, Ethnicity and Society (REMESO), Linköping University, 60174 ; Administrative Headquarters, Max Planck Society, Munich 80539, Germany ; Department of Political Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84321, USA ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada ; Department of Economics, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037 AB, The Netherlands ; Department of Social Policy, Sociology and Criminology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK ; Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat, B-9000, Belgium ; School of Law, Empirical Research Group, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, 4366, Luxembourg ; SHARE Operations, SHARE Berlin Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; School of Politics and International Relations, Australian National University, Canberra 2132, Australia ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 63130, USA ; Institute for Media and Communication Studies, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Socio-Economic Panel, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Teacher and Teaching Quality, Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Chair group European Politics and Society, University of Groningen, Groningen 9712 EK, Netherlands ; Department of Political Science, University of Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany ; Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department Migration, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA ; Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria ; Centre for Political Science Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; Expert Council on Intergration and Migration, Berlin 10178, Germany ; School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, USA ; Institute for Social Sciences, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim 31141, Germany ; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 05, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, USA ; Social Research Institute (UCL), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, USA ; Center for Social and Cultural Psychology (CESCUP), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, BE-1050, Belgium ; Optentia Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa ; Department of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen 58097, Germany ; Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo 851, Norway ; Education and Employment, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna 1080, Austria ; Research Institute for Quality of Life, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 010071, Romania ; Department of Sociology, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, 550024, Romania ; Beleidsvisies, Burgervisies en Gedragingen (Policy Perspectives, Citizen Perspectives, and Behaviors), Netherlands Institute for Social Research, The Hague 2594, Netherlands ; Research Cluster 'The Politics of Inequality', University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Zurich, Zürich 8050, Switzerland ; Mechanisms of Normative Change, Max-Planck-Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn 53113, Germany ; GESIS Leibniz-Institute for the Social Science & University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Sociology, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada ; Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan ; Department of Political Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen 47057, Germany ; Institute for Employment Research, Federal Employment Agency, Nuremberg 90478, Germany ; Department of Computational Social Sciences, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-330, Poland ; Political Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
Forster, Andrea ; Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, Netherlands
Freire, Danilo ; Department of Quantitative Theory and Methods, Emory University, Atlanta 30306, USA
Gaasendam, Chris ; Department of Work and Social Economy, Government of Flanders-Belgium
Gavras, Konstantin ; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany
Gayle, Vernon ; School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, Scotland
Gessler, Theresa ; Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Europa Universität Viadrina, Frankfurt 15230, Germany
Gnambs, Timo ; Educational Measurement, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany
Godefroidt, Amélie ; Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
Grömping, Max ; School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
Groß, Martin ; Department of Sociology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
Gruber, Stefan ; Research Data Center and Communication, SHARE BERLIN Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany
Gummer, Tobias ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany
Hadjar, Andreas ; Division Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
Halbherr, Verena ; Association for Doctoral Studies Baden-Wuerttemberg 70174, Germany
Heisig, Jan Paul ; Research Group 'Health and Social Inequality', WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany
Hellmeier, Sebastian ; Transformations of Democracy Unit, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany
Heyne, Stefanie ; Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES), University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68131, Germany
Hirsch, Magdalena ; Research Unit Migration, Integration, Transnationalization, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany
Hjerm, Mikael ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
Hochman, Oshrat ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institue for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany
Höffler, Jan H ; Facultad de Emprendimiento, Negocios y Economía, Universidad Espíritu Santo, ReplicationWiki, and EQ-Lab
Hövermann, Andreas ; Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut (WSI), Hans-Böckler-Foundation, Düsseldorf 40474, Germany
Hunger, Sophia ; SOCIUM-Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy, University of Bremen, Bremen 10785, Germany
Hunkler, Christian ; Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany
Huth-Stöckle, Nora ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany
Ignácz, Zsófia S ; Institute of Sociology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60323, Germany
Israel, Sabine; Independent Researcher
Jacobs, Laura ; Department of Political Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2000, Belgium
Jacobsen, Jannes ; Cluster 'Data-Methods-Monitoring', German Center for Integration and Migration Research (DeZIM
Jaeger, Bastian ; Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037AB, Netherlands
Jungkunz, Sebastian ; Institute of Political Science and Sociology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53111, Germany
Jungmann, Nils ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany
Kanjana, Jennifer; Organization and Program Planning, German Institute for Adult Education-Leibniz Center of Lifelong Learning, Bonn 53175, Germany ; School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ; Geschwister Scholl Institute, LMU Munich, Munich 81541, Germany ; Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park 47405, USA ; Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld 33615, Germany ; School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey ; The Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28003, Spain ; Institute of Sociology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany ; Social and Political Science, Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin 10122, Italy ; Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, Netherlands ; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Institute of Sociology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany ; Institute of Political Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79085, Germany ; Institute of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, 79098, Germany ; Department of Sociology, LMU Munich, Munich 80801, Germany ; Office of the Executive Board, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany ; Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics, and Business Administration, University of Bamberg, Bamberg 96052, Germany ; Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES), University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68131, Germany ; Institute for Political Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55099, Germany ; Research Depart-ment IV: Intrastate Conflict, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF), Frankfurt 60329, Germany ; Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Knowledge Exchange and Outreach, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 67067, Germany ; Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 10117, Germany ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WP, Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg TX 78539, USA ; Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria & Austrian National Public Health Institute (Gesundheit Österreich GmbH, GÖG), Vienna, Austria ; School of Social Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany ; Department of Education, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany ; Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland ; Social Research Institute, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK ; Independent Researcher ; Department of Sociology Universidad de Chile, Millennium Nucleus on Digital Inequalities and Opportunities (NUDOS NCS2022_046), and Center for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (COES), University of Chile, Santiago 7800284, Chile ; Department of Political Science and International Relations, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles CA 90045, USA ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, Scotland ; Institute of Sociology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels 1050, Belgium ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada ; Institute of Political Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69115, Germany ; Médialab Sciences Po, Paris 75007, France ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, Netherlands ; Department of Quantitative Theory and Methods, Emory University, Atlanta 30306, USA ; Department of Work and Social Economy, Government of Flanders-Belgium ; Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Europa Universität Viadrina, Frankfurt 15230, Germany ; Educational Measurement, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia ; Department of Sociology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany ; Research Data Center and Communication, SHARE BERLIN Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Division Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland ; Association for Doctoral Studies Baden-Wuerttemberg 70174, Germany ; Research Group 'Health and Social Inequality', WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Transformations of Democracy Unit, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Research Unit Migration, Integration, Transnationalization, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institue for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Facultad de Emprendimiento, Negocios y Economía, Universidad Espíritu Santo, ReplicationWiki, and EQ-Lab ; Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut (WSI), Hans-Böckler-Foundation, Düsseldorf 40474, Germany ; SOCIUM-Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy, University of Bremen, Bremen 10785, Germany ; Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2000, Belgium ; Cluster 'Data-Methods-Monitoring', German Center for Integration and Migration Research (DeZIM ; Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037AB, Netherlands ; Institute of Political Science and Sociology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53111, Germany ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg 20457, Germany ; Economics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA ; School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97330, USA ; Institute of Sociology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35394, Germany ; Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Bundesamt Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden 67549, Germany ; Department of Research on Social and Institutional Transformations, Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-625, Poland ; Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48823, USA ; Center for Evaluation, Independent Researcher (Formerly Uni Cologne ; Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Oslo 0851, Norway ; Department of Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Witen/Herdecke University, Witten 58488, Germany ; Department of Primary Care and Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX11JD, England ; Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies, University of Neuchatel, Neuchâtel 1205, Switzerland ; Instituto de Sociologia, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile ; Massive Data Institute, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, USA ; Department of Politics, University of Manchester, Manchester M19JS, UK ; Department of Institutional Research, Western Governors University, Millcreek 84107, USA ; Director of Data for Freedom, Equity Research Cooperative, 19107 ; Department of Sociology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA ; Department of Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA ; Department of Sociology, Center for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, 3000 ; Department of Politics, Westpoint Department of Systems Engineering, M19 2JS ; Department of Sociology and Centre for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, 1353 ; Department of School Development, Karlsruhe University of Education, Karlsruhe 76133, Germany ; Competence Centre for Regional Development, Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR), 03048 ; Department of Social, Economic & Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden 2333AK, The Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; School of Social Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany ; Department of Geosciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany ; Division of Migration, Ethnicity and Society (REMESO), Linköping University, 60174 ; Administrative Headquarters, Max Planck Society, Munich 80539, Germany ; Department of Political Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84321, USA ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada ; Department of Economics, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037 AB, The Netherlands ; Department of Social Policy, Sociology and Criminology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK ; Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat, B-9000, Belgium ; School of Law, Empirical Research Group, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, 4366, Luxembourg ; SHARE Operations, SHARE Berlin Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; School of Politics and International Relations, Australian National University, Canberra 2132, Australia ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 63130, USA ; Institute for Media and Communication Studies, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Socio-Economic Panel, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Teacher and Teaching Quality, Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Chair group European Politics and Society, University of Groningen, Groningen 9712 EK, Netherlands ; Department of Political Science, University of Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany ; Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department Migration, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA ; Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria ; Centre for Political Science Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; Expert Council on Intergration and Migration, Berlin 10178, Germany ; School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, USA ; Institute for Social Sciences, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim 31141, Germany ; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 05, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, USA ; Social Research Institute (UCL), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, USA ; Center for Social and Cultural Psychology (CESCUP), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, BE-1050, Belgium ; Optentia Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa ; Department of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen 58097, Germany ; Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo 851, Norway ; Education and Employment, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna 1080, Austria ; Research Institute for Quality of Life, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 010071, Romania ; Department of Sociology, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, 550024, Romania ; Beleidsvisies, Burgervisies en Gedragingen (Policy Perspectives, Citizen Perspectives, and Behaviors), Netherlands Institute for Social Research, The Hague 2594, Netherlands ; Research Cluster 'The Politics of Inequality', University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Zurich, Zürich 8050, Switzerland ; Mechanisms of Normative Change, Max-Planck-Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn 53113, Germany ; GESIS Leibniz-Institute for the Social Science & University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Sociology, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada ; Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan ; Department of Political Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen 47057, Germany ; Institute for Employment Research, Federal Employment Agency, Nuremberg 90478, Germany ; Department of Computational Social Sciences, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-330, Poland ; Political Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
Kauff, Mathias ; Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg 20457, Germany
Khan, Salman; Economics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Khatua, Sayak ; School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97330, USA
Kleinert, Manuel; Institute of Sociology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35394, Germany
Kołczyńska, Marta ; Department of Research on Social and Institutional Transformations, Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-625, Poland
Kuk, John ; Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48823, USA
Kunißen, Katharina ; Institute of Sociology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
Kurti Sinatra, Dafina ; Center for Evaluation, Independent Researcher (Formerly Uni Cologne
Langenkamp, Alexander ; Institute of Sociology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60323, Germany
Lee, Robin C; Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
Lersch, Philipp M ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany
Liu, David; Organization and Program Planning, German Institute for Adult Education-Leibniz Center of Lifelong Learning, Bonn 53175, Germany ; School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ; Geschwister Scholl Institute, LMU Munich, Munich 81541, Germany ; Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park 47405, USA ; Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld 33615, Germany ; School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey ; The Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28003, Spain ; Institute of Sociology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany ; Social and Political Science, Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin 10122, Italy ; Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, Netherlands ; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Institute of Sociology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany ; Institute of Political Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79085, Germany ; Institute of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, 79098, Germany ; Department of Sociology, LMU Munich, Munich 80801, Germany ; Office of the Executive Board, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany ; Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics, and Business Administration, University of Bamberg, Bamberg 96052, Germany ; Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES), University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68131, Germany ; Institute for Political Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55099, Germany ; Research Depart-ment IV: Intrastate Conflict, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF), Frankfurt 60329, Germany ; Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Knowledge Exchange and Outreach, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 67067, Germany ; Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 10117, Germany ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WP, Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg TX 78539, USA ; Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria & Austrian National Public Health Institute (Gesundheit Österreich GmbH, GÖG), Vienna, Austria ; School of Social Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany ; Department of Education, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany ; Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland ; Social Research Institute, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK ; Independent Researcher ; Department of Sociology Universidad de Chile, Millennium Nucleus on Digital Inequalities and Opportunities (NUDOS NCS2022_046), and Center for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (COES), University of Chile, Santiago 7800284, Chile ; Department of Political Science and International Relations, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles CA 90045, USA ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, Scotland ; Institute of Sociology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels 1050, Belgium ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada ; Institute of Political Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69115, Germany ; Médialab Sciences Po, Paris 75007, France ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, Netherlands ; Department of Quantitative Theory and Methods, Emory University, Atlanta 30306, USA ; Department of Work and Social Economy, Government of Flanders-Belgium ; Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Europa Universität Viadrina, Frankfurt 15230, Germany ; Educational Measurement, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia ; Department of Sociology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany ; Research Data Center and Communication, SHARE BERLIN Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Division Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland ; Association for Doctoral Studies Baden-Wuerttemberg 70174, Germany ; Research Group 'Health and Social Inequality', WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Transformations of Democracy Unit, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Research Unit Migration, Integration, Transnationalization, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institue for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Facultad de Emprendimiento, Negocios y Economía, Universidad Espíritu Santo, ReplicationWiki, and EQ-Lab ; Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut (WSI), Hans-Böckler-Foundation, Düsseldorf 40474, Germany ; SOCIUM-Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy, University of Bremen, Bremen 10785, Germany ; Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2000, Belgium ; Cluster 'Data-Methods-Monitoring', German Center for Integration and Migration Research (DeZIM ; Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037AB, Netherlands ; Institute of Political Science and Sociology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53111, Germany ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg 20457, Germany ; Economics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA ; School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97330, USA ; Institute of Sociology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35394, Germany ; Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Bundesamt Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden 67549, Germany ; Department of Research on Social and Institutional Transformations, Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-625, Poland ; Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48823, USA ; Center for Evaluation, Independent Researcher (Formerly Uni Cologne ; Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Oslo 0851, Norway ; Department of Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Witen/Herdecke University, Witten 58488, Germany ; Department of Primary Care and Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX11JD, England ; Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies, University of Neuchatel, Neuchâtel 1205, Switzerland ; Instituto de Sociologia, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile ; Massive Data Institute, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, USA ; Department of Politics, University of Manchester, Manchester M19JS, UK ; Department of Institutional Research, Western Governors University, Millcreek 84107, USA ; Director of Data for Freedom, Equity Research Cooperative, 19107 ; Department of Sociology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA ; Department of Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA ; Department of Sociology, Center for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, 3000 ; Department of Politics, Westpoint Department of Systems Engineering, M19 2JS ; Department of Sociology and Centre for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, 1353 ; Department of School Development, Karlsruhe University of Education, Karlsruhe 76133, Germany ; Competence Centre for Regional Development, Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR), 03048 ; Department of Social, Economic & Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden 2333AK, The Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; School of Social Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany ; Department of Geosciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany ; Division of Migration, Ethnicity and Society (REMESO), Linköping University, 60174 ; Administrative Headquarters, Max Planck Society, Munich 80539, Germany ; Department of Political Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84321, USA ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada ; Department of Economics, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037 AB, The Netherlands ; Department of Social Policy, Sociology and Criminology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK ; Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat, B-9000, Belgium ; School of Law, Empirical Research Group, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, 4366, Luxembourg ; SHARE Operations, SHARE Berlin Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; School of Politics and International Relations, Australian National University, Canberra 2132, Australia ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 63130, USA ; Institute for Media and Communication Studies, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Socio-Economic Panel, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Teacher and Teaching Quality, Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Chair group European Politics and Society, University of Groningen, Groningen 9712 EK, Netherlands ; Department of Political Science, University of Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany ; Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department Migration, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA ; Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria ; Centre for Political Science Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; Expert Council on Intergration and Migration, Berlin 10178, Germany ; School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, USA ; Institute for Social Sciences, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim 31141, Germany ; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 05, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, USA ; Social Research Institute (UCL), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, USA ; Center for Social and Cultural Psychology (CESCUP), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, BE-1050, Belgium ; Optentia Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa ; Department of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen 58097, Germany ; Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo 851, Norway ; Education and Employment, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna 1080, Austria ; Research Institute for Quality of Life, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 010071, Romania ; Department of Sociology, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, 550024, Romania ; Beleidsvisies, Burgervisies en Gedragingen (Policy Perspectives, Citizen Perspectives, and Behaviors), Netherlands Institute for Social Research, The Hague 2594, Netherlands ; Research Cluster 'The Politics of Inequality', University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Zurich, Zürich 8050, Switzerland ; Mechanisms of Normative Change, Max-Planck-Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn 53113, Germany ; GESIS Leibniz-Institute for the Social Science & University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Sociology, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada ; Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan ; Department of Political Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen 47057, Germany ; Institute for Employment Research, Federal Employment Agency, Nuremberg 90478, Germany ; Department of Computational Social Sciences, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-330, Poland ; Political Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
Löbel, Lea-Maria ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany
Lutscher, Philipp ; Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Oslo 0851, Norway
Mader, Matthias ; Department of Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Witen/Herdecke University, Witten 58488, Germany
Madia, Joan E ; Department of Primary Care and Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX11JD, England
Malancu, Natalia ; Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies, University of Neuchatel, Neuchâtel 1205, Switzerland
Maldonado, Luis; Instituto de Sociologia, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
Marahrens, Helge ; Massive Data Institute, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, USA
Martin, Nicole ; Department of Politics, University of Manchester, Manchester M19JS, UK
Martinez, Paul ; Department of Institutional Research, Western Governors University, Millcreek 84107, USA
Mayerl, Jochen ; Institute of Sociology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
Mayorga, Oscar J ; Director of Data for Freedom, Equity Research Cooperative, 19107
McDonnell, Robert ; Organization and Program Planning, German Institute for Adult Education-Leibniz Center of Lifelong Learning, Bonn 53175, Germany ; School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ; Geschwister Scholl Institute, LMU Munich, Munich 81541, Germany ; Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park 47405, USA ; Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld 33615, Germany ; School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey ; The Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28003, Spain ; Institute of Sociology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany ; Social and Political Science, Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin 10122, Italy ; Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, Netherlands ; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Institute of Sociology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany ; Institute of Political Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79085, Germany ; Institute of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, 79098, Germany ; Department of Sociology, LMU Munich, Munich 80801, Germany ; Office of the Executive Board, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany ; Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics, and Business Administration, University of Bamberg, Bamberg 96052, Germany ; Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES), University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68131, Germany ; Institute for Political Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55099, Germany ; Research Depart-ment IV: Intrastate Conflict, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF), Frankfurt 60329, Germany ; Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Knowledge Exchange and Outreach, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 67067, Germany ; Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 10117, Germany ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WP, Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg TX 78539, USA ; Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria & Austrian National Public Health Institute (Gesundheit Österreich GmbH, GÖG), Vienna, Austria ; School of Social Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany ; Department of Education, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany ; Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland ; Social Research Institute, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK ; Independent Researcher ; Department of Sociology Universidad de Chile, Millennium Nucleus on Digital Inequalities and Opportunities (NUDOS NCS2022_046), and Center for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (COES), University of Chile, Santiago 7800284, Chile ; Department of Political Science and International Relations, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles CA 90045, USA ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, Scotland ; Institute of Sociology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels 1050, Belgium ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada ; Institute of Political Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69115, Germany ; Médialab Sciences Po, Paris 75007, France ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, Netherlands ; Department of Quantitative Theory and Methods, Emory University, Atlanta 30306, USA ; Department of Work and Social Economy, Government of Flanders-Belgium ; Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Europa Universität Viadrina, Frankfurt 15230, Germany ; Educational Measurement, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia ; Department of Sociology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany ; Research Data Center and Communication, SHARE BERLIN Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Division Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland ; Association for Doctoral Studies Baden-Wuerttemberg 70174, Germany ; Research Group 'Health and Social Inequality', WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Transformations of Democracy Unit, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Research Unit Migration, Integration, Transnationalization, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institue for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Facultad de Emprendimiento, Negocios y Economía, Universidad Espíritu Santo, ReplicationWiki, and EQ-Lab ; Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut (WSI), Hans-Böckler-Foundation, Düsseldorf 40474, Germany ; SOCIUM-Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy, University of Bremen, Bremen 10785, Germany ; Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2000, Belgium ; Cluster 'Data-Methods-Monitoring', German Center for Integration and Migration Research (DeZIM ; Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037AB, Netherlands ; Institute of Political Science and Sociology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53111, Germany ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg 20457, Germany ; Economics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA ; School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97330, USA ; Institute of Sociology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35394, Germany ; Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Bundesamt Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden 67549, Germany ; Department of Research on Social and Institutional Transformations, Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-625, Poland ; Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48823, USA ; Center for Evaluation, Independent Researcher (Formerly Uni Cologne ; Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Oslo 0851, Norway ; Department of Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Witen/Herdecke University, Witten 58488, Germany ; Department of Primary Care and Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX11JD, England ; Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies, University of Neuchatel, Neuchâtel 1205, Switzerland ; Instituto de Sociologia, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile ; Massive Data Institute, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, USA ; Department of Politics, University of Manchester, Manchester M19JS, UK ; Department of Institutional Research, Western Governors University, Millcreek 84107, USA ; Director of Data for Freedom, Equity Research Cooperative, 19107 ; Department of Sociology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA ; Department of Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA ; Department of Sociology, Center for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, 3000 ; Department of Politics, Westpoint Department of Systems Engineering, M19 2JS ; Department of Sociology and Centre for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, 1353 ; Department of School Development, Karlsruhe University of Education, Karlsruhe 76133, Germany ; Competence Centre for Regional Development, Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR), 03048 ; Department of Social, Economic & Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden 2333AK, The Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; School of Social Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany ; Department of Geosciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany ; Division of Migration, Ethnicity and Society (REMESO), Linköping University, 60174 ; Administrative Headquarters, Max Planck Society, Munich 80539, Germany ; Department of Political Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84321, USA ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada ; Department of Economics, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037 AB, The Netherlands ; Department of Social Policy, Sociology and Criminology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK ; Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat, B-9000, Belgium ; School of Law, Empirical Research Group, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, 4366, Luxembourg ; SHARE Operations, SHARE Berlin Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; School of Politics and International Relations, Australian National University, Canberra 2132, Australia ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 63130, USA ; Institute for Media and Communication Studies, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Socio-Economic Panel, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Teacher and Teaching Quality, Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Chair group European Politics and Society, University of Groningen, Groningen 9712 EK, Netherlands ; Department of Political Science, University of Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany ; Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department Migration, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA ; Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria ; Centre for Political Science Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; Expert Council on Intergration and Migration, Berlin 10178, Germany ; School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, USA ; Institute for Social Sciences, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim 31141, Germany ; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 05, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, USA ; Social Research Institute (UCL), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, USA ; Center for Social and Cultural Psychology (CESCUP), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, BE-1050, Belgium ; Optentia Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa ; Department of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen 58097, Germany ; Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo 851, Norway ; Education and Employment, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna 1080, Austria ; Research Institute for Quality of Life, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 010071, Romania ; Department of Sociology, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, 550024, Romania ; Beleidsvisies, Burgervisies en Gedragingen (Policy Perspectives, Citizen Perspectives, and Behaviors), Netherlands Institute for Social Research, The Hague 2594, Netherlands ; Research Cluster 'The Politics of Inequality', University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Zurich, Zürich 8050, Switzerland ; Mechanisms of Normative Change, Max-Planck-Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn 53113, Germany ; GESIS Leibniz-Institute for the Social Science & University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Sociology, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada ; Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan ; Department of Political Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen 47057, Germany ; Institute for Employment Research, Federal Employment Agency, Nuremberg 90478, Germany ; Department of Computational Social Sciences, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-330, Poland ; Political Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
McManus, Patricia ; Department of Sociology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
McWagner, Kyle ; Department of Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
Meeusen, Cecil ; Department of Sociology, Center for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, 3000
Meierrieks, Daniel ; Research Unit Migration, Integration, Transnationalization, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany
Mellon, Jonathan ; Department of Politics, Westpoint Department of Systems Engineering, M19 2JS
Merhout, Friedolin ; Department of Sociology and Centre for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, 1353
Merk, Samuel ; Department of School Development, Karlsruhe University of Education, Karlsruhe 76133, Germany
Meyer, Daniel ; Competence Centre for Regional Development, Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR), 03048
Micheli, Leticia ; Department of Social, Economic & Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden 2333AK, The Netherlands
Mijs, Jonathan ; Department of Sociology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Moya, Cristóbal ; Socio-Economic Panel, Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany
Neunhoeffer, Marcel ; School of Social Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
Nüst, Daniel ; Department of Geosciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
Nygård, Olav ; Division of Migration, Ethnicity and Society (REMESO), Linköping University, 60174
Ochsenfeld, Fabian; Administrative Headquarters, Max Planck Society, Munich 80539, Germany
Otte, Gunnar ; Institute of Sociology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
Pechenkina, Anna ; Department of Political Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84321, USA
Pickup, Mark ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada
Prosser, Christopher ; Organization and Program Planning, German Institute for Adult Education-Leibniz Center of Lifelong Learning, Bonn 53175, Germany ; School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ; Geschwister Scholl Institute, LMU Munich, Munich 81541, Germany ; Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park 47405, USA ; Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld 33615, Germany ; School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey ; The Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28003, Spain ; Institute of Sociology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany ; Social and Political Science, Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin 10122, Italy ; Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, Netherlands ; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Institute of Sociology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany ; Institute of Political Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79085, Germany ; Institute of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, 79098, Germany ; Department of Sociology, LMU Munich, Munich 80801, Germany ; Office of the Executive Board, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany ; Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics, and Business Administration, University of Bamberg, Bamberg 96052, Germany ; Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES), University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68131, Germany ; Institute for Political Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55099, Germany ; Research Depart-ment IV: Intrastate Conflict, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF), Frankfurt 60329, Germany ; Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Knowledge Exchange and Outreach, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 67067, Germany ; Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 10117, Germany ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WP, Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg TX 78539, USA ; Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria & Austrian National Public Health Institute (Gesundheit Österreich GmbH, GÖG), Vienna, Austria ; School of Social Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany ; Department of Education, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany ; Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland ; Social Research Institute, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK ; Independent Researcher ; Department of Sociology Universidad de Chile, Millennium Nucleus on Digital Inequalities and Opportunities (NUDOS NCS2022_046), and Center for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (COES), University of Chile, Santiago 7800284, Chile ; Department of Political Science and International Relations, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles CA 90045, USA ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, Scotland ; Institute of Sociology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels 1050, Belgium ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada ; Institute of Political Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69115, Germany ; Médialab Sciences Po, Paris 75007, France ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, Netherlands ; Department of Quantitative Theory and Methods, Emory University, Atlanta 30306, USA ; Department of Work and Social Economy, Government of Flanders-Belgium ; Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Europa Universität Viadrina, Frankfurt 15230, Germany ; Educational Measurement, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia ; Department of Sociology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany ; Research Data Center and Communication, SHARE BERLIN Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Division Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland ; Association for Doctoral Studies Baden-Wuerttemberg 70174, Germany ; Research Group 'Health and Social Inequality', WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Transformations of Democracy Unit, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Research Unit Migration, Integration, Transnationalization, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institue for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Facultad de Emprendimiento, Negocios y Economía, Universidad Espíritu Santo, ReplicationWiki, and EQ-Lab ; Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut (WSI), Hans-Böckler-Foundation, Düsseldorf 40474, Germany ; SOCIUM-Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy, University of Bremen, Bremen 10785, Germany ; Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2000, Belgium ; Cluster 'Data-Methods-Monitoring', German Center for Integration and Migration Research (DeZIM ; Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037AB, Netherlands ; Institute of Political Science and Sociology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53111, Germany ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg 20457, Germany ; Economics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA ; School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97330, USA ; Institute of Sociology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35394, Germany ; Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Bundesamt Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden 67549, Germany ; Department of Research on Social and Institutional Transformations, Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-625, Poland ; Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48823, USA ; Center for Evaluation, Independent Researcher (Formerly Uni Cologne ; Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Oslo 0851, Norway ; Department of Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Witen/Herdecke University, Witten 58488, Germany ; Department of Primary Care and Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX11JD, England ; Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies, University of Neuchatel, Neuchâtel 1205, Switzerland ; Instituto de Sociologia, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile ; Massive Data Institute, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, USA ; Department of Politics, University of Manchester, Manchester M19JS, UK ; Department of Institutional Research, Western Governors University, Millcreek 84107, USA ; Director of Data for Freedom, Equity Research Cooperative, 19107 ; Department of Sociology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA ; Department of Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA ; Department of Sociology, Center for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, 3000 ; Department of Politics, Westpoint Department of Systems Engineering, M19 2JS ; Department of Sociology and Centre for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, 1353 ; Department of School Development, Karlsruhe University of Education, Karlsruhe 76133, Germany ; Competence Centre for Regional Development, Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR), 03048 ; Department of Social, Economic & Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden 2333AK, The Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; School of Social Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany ; Department of Geosciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany ; Division of Migration, Ethnicity and Society (REMESO), Linköping University, 60174 ; Administrative Headquarters, Max Planck Society, Munich 80539, Germany ; Department of Political Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84321, USA ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada ; Department of Economics, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037 AB, The Netherlands ; Department of Social Policy, Sociology and Criminology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK ; Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat, B-9000, Belgium ; School of Law, Empirical Research Group, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, 4366, Luxembourg ; SHARE Operations, SHARE Berlin Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; School of Politics and International Relations, Australian National University, Canberra 2132, Australia ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 63130, USA ; Institute for Media and Communication Studies, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Socio-Economic Panel, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Teacher and Teaching Quality, Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Chair group European Politics and Society, University of Groningen, Groningen 9712 EK, Netherlands ; Department of Political Science, University of Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany ; Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department Migration, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA ; Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria ; Centre for Political Science Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; Expert Council on Intergration and Migration, Berlin 10178, Germany ; School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, USA ; Institute for Social Sciences, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim 31141, Germany ; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 05, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, USA ; Social Research Institute (UCL), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, USA ; Center for Social and Cultural Psychology (CESCUP), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, BE-1050, Belgium ; Optentia Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa ; Department of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen 58097, Germany ; Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo 851, Norway ; Education and Employment, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna 1080, Austria ; Research Institute for Quality of Life, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 010071, Romania ; Department of Sociology, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, 550024, Romania ; Beleidsvisies, Burgervisies en Gedragingen (Policy Perspectives, Citizen Perspectives, and Behaviors), Netherlands Institute for Social Research, The Hague 2594, Netherlands ; Research Cluster 'The Politics of Inequality', University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Zurich, Zürich 8050, Switzerland ; Mechanisms of Normative Change, Max-Planck-Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn 53113, Germany ; GESIS Leibniz-Institute for the Social Science & University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Sociology, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada ; Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan ; Department of Political Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen 47057, Germany ; Institute for Employment Research, Federal Employment Agency, Nuremberg 90478, Germany ; Department of Computational Social Sciences, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-330, Poland ; Political Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
Raes, Louis ; Department of Economics, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037 AB, The Netherlands
Ralston, Kevin ; School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, Scotland
Ramos, Miguel ; Department of Social Policy, Sociology and Criminology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Reichert, Frank ; Organization and Program Planning, German Institute for Adult Education-Leibniz Center of Lifelong Learning, Bonn 53175, Germany ; School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ; Geschwister Scholl Institute, LMU Munich, Munich 81541, Germany ; Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park 47405, USA ; Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld 33615, Germany ; School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey ; The Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28003, Spain ; Institute of Sociology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany ; Social and Political Science, Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin 10122, Italy ; Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, Netherlands ; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Institute of Sociology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany ; Institute of Political Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79085, Germany ; Institute of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, 79098, Germany ; Department of Sociology, LMU Munich, Munich 80801, Germany ; Office of the Executive Board, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany ; Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics, and Business Administration, University of Bamberg, Bamberg 96052, Germany ; Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES), University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68131, Germany ; Institute for Political Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55099, Germany ; Research Depart-ment IV: Intrastate Conflict, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF), Frankfurt 60329, Germany ; Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Knowledge Exchange and Outreach, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 67067, Germany ; Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 10117, Germany ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WP, Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg TX 78539, USA ; Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria & Austrian National Public Health Institute (Gesundheit Österreich GmbH, GÖG), Vienna, Austria ; School of Social Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany ; Department of Education, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany ; Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland ; Social Research Institute, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK ; Independent Researcher ; Department of Sociology Universidad de Chile, Millennium Nucleus on Digital Inequalities and Opportunities (NUDOS NCS2022_046), and Center for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (COES), University of Chile, Santiago 7800284, Chile ; Department of Political Science and International Relations, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles CA 90045, USA ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, Scotland ; Institute of Sociology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels 1050, Belgium ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada ; Institute of Political Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69115, Germany ; Médialab Sciences Po, Paris 75007, France ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, Netherlands ; Department of Quantitative Theory and Methods, Emory University, Atlanta 30306, USA ; Department of Work and Social Economy, Government of Flanders-Belgium ; Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Europa Universität Viadrina, Frankfurt 15230, Germany ; Educational Measurement, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia ; Department of Sociology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany ; Research Data Center and Communication, SHARE BERLIN Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Division Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland ; Association for Doctoral Studies Baden-Wuerttemberg 70174, Germany ; Research Group 'Health and Social Inequality', WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Transformations of Democracy Unit, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Research Unit Migration, Integration, Transnationalization, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institue for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Facultad de Emprendimiento, Negocios y Economía, Universidad Espíritu Santo, ReplicationWiki, and EQ-Lab ; Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut (WSI), Hans-Böckler-Foundation, Düsseldorf 40474, Germany ; SOCIUM-Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy, University of Bremen, Bremen 10785, Germany ; Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2000, Belgium ; Cluster 'Data-Methods-Monitoring', German Center for Integration and Migration Research (DeZIM ; Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037AB, Netherlands ; Institute of Political Science and Sociology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53111, Germany ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg 20457, Germany ; Economics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA ; School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97330, USA ; Institute of Sociology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35394, Germany ; Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Bundesamt Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden 67549, Germany ; Department of Research on Social and Institutional Transformations, Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-625, Poland ; Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48823, USA ; Center for Evaluation, Independent Researcher (Formerly Uni Cologne ; Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Oslo 0851, Norway ; Department of Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Witen/Herdecke University, Witten 58488, Germany ; Department of Primary Care and Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX11JD, England ; Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies, University of Neuchatel, Neuchâtel 1205, Switzerland ; Instituto de Sociologia, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile ; Massive Data Institute, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, USA ; Department of Politics, University of Manchester, Manchester M19JS, UK ; Department of Institutional Research, Western Governors University, Millcreek 84107, USA ; Director of Data for Freedom, Equity Research Cooperative, 19107 ; Department of Sociology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA ; Department of Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA ; Department of Sociology, Center for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, 3000 ; Department of Politics, Westpoint Department of Systems Engineering, M19 2JS ; Department of Sociology and Centre for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, 1353 ; Department of School Development, Karlsruhe University of Education, Karlsruhe 76133, Germany ; Competence Centre for Regional Development, Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR), 03048 ; Department of Social, Economic & Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden 2333AK, The Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; School of Social Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany ; Department of Geosciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany ; Division of Migration, Ethnicity and Society (REMESO), Linköping University, 60174 ; Administrative Headquarters, Max Planck Society, Munich 80539, Germany ; Department of Political Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84321, USA ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada ; Department of Economics, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037 AB, The Netherlands ; Department of Social Policy, Sociology and Criminology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK ; Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat, B-9000, Belgium ; School of Law, Empirical Research Group, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, 4366, Luxembourg ; SHARE Operations, SHARE Berlin Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; School of Politics and International Relations, Australian National University, Canberra 2132, Australia ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 63130, USA ; Institute for Media and Communication Studies, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Socio-Economic Panel, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Teacher and Teaching Quality, Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Chair group European Politics and Society, University of Groningen, Groningen 9712 EK, Netherlands ; Department of Political Science, University of Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany ; Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department Migration, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA ; Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria ; Centre for Political Science Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; Expert Council on Intergration and Migration, Berlin 10178, Germany ; School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, USA ; Institute for Social Sciences, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim 31141, Germany ; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 05, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, USA ; Social Research Institute (UCL), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, USA ; Center for Social and Cultural Psychology (CESCUP), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, BE-1050, Belgium ; Optentia Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa ; Department of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen 58097, Germany ; Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo 851, Norway ; Education and Employment, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna 1080, Austria ; Research Institute for Quality of Life, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 010071, Romania ; Department of Sociology, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, 550024, Romania ; Beleidsvisies, Burgervisies en Gedragingen (Policy Perspectives, Citizen Perspectives, and Behaviors), Netherlands Institute for Social Research, The Hague 2594, Netherlands ; Research Cluster 'The Politics of Inequality', University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Zurich, Zürich 8050, Switzerland ; Mechanisms of Normative Change, Max-Planck-Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn 53113, Germany ; GESIS Leibniz-Institute for the Social Science & University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Sociology, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada ; Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan ; Department of Political Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen 47057, Germany ; Institute for Employment Research, Federal Employment Agency, Nuremberg 90478, Germany ; Department of Computational Social Sciences, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-330, Poland ; Political Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
Roets, Arne ; Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat, B-9000, Belgium
Rogers, Jonathan ; School of Law, Empirical Research Group, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Sand, Gregor ; SHARE Operations, SHARE Berlin Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany
Sanhueza Petrarca, Constanza ; School of Politics and International Relations, Australian National University, Canberra 2132, Australia
Schachter, Ariela ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 63130, USA
Schaeffer, Merlin ; Department of Sociology and Centre for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, 1353
Schieferdecker, David ; Institute for Media and Communication Studies, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
Schlueter, Elmar ; Institute of Sociology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35394, Germany
Schmidt, Katja ; Department of Social Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Socio-Economic Panel, Berlin, 10117, Germany
Schmidt, Regine ; Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics, and Business Administration, University of Bamberg, Bamberg 96052, Germany
Schmidt-Catran, Alexander ; Institute of Sociology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60323, Germany
Schmiedeberg, Claudia ; Department of Sociology, LMU Munich, Munich 80801, Germany
Schneider, Jürgen ; Teacher and Teaching Quality, Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt 60323, Germany
Schoonvelde, Martijn ; Chair group European Politics and Society, University of Groningen, Groningen 9712 EK, Netherlands
Schulte-Cloos, Julia ; Department of Political Science, University of Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany
Schumann, Sandy ; Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
Schunck, Reinhard ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany
Seuring, Julian ; Department Migration, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany
Silber, Henning ; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA
Sleegers, Willem ; Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037AB, Netherlands
Sonntag, Nico ; Institute of Sociology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
Staudt, Alexander; Organization and Program Planning, German Institute for Adult Education-Leibniz Center of Lifelong Learning, Bonn 53175, Germany ; School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ; Geschwister Scholl Institute, LMU Munich, Munich 81541, Germany ; Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park 47405, USA ; Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld 33615, Germany ; School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey ; The Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28003, Spain ; Institute of Sociology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany ; Social and Political Science, Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin 10122, Italy ; Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, Netherlands ; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Institute of Sociology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany ; Institute of Political Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79085, Germany ; Institute of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, 79098, Germany ; Department of Sociology, LMU Munich, Munich 80801, Germany ; Office of the Executive Board, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany ; Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics, and Business Administration, University of Bamberg, Bamberg 96052, Germany ; Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES), University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68131, Germany ; Institute for Political Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55099, Germany ; Research Depart-ment IV: Intrastate Conflict, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF), Frankfurt 60329, Germany ; Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Knowledge Exchange and Outreach, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 67067, Germany ; Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 10117, Germany ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WP, Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg TX 78539, USA ; Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria & Austrian National Public Health Institute (Gesundheit Österreich GmbH, GÖG), Vienna, Austria ; School of Social Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany ; Department of Education, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany ; Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland ; Social Research Institute, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK ; Independent Researcher ; Department of Sociology Universidad de Chile, Millennium Nucleus on Digital Inequalities and Opportunities (NUDOS NCS2022_046), and Center for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (COES), University of Chile, Santiago 7800284, Chile ; Department of Political Science and International Relations, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles CA 90045, USA ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, Scotland ; Institute of Sociology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels 1050, Belgium ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada ; Institute of Political Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69115, Germany ; Médialab Sciences Po, Paris 75007, France ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, Netherlands ; Department of Quantitative Theory and Methods, Emory University, Atlanta 30306, USA ; Department of Work and Social Economy, Government of Flanders-Belgium ; Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Europa Universität Viadrina, Frankfurt 15230, Germany ; Educational Measurement, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia ; Department of Sociology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany ; Research Data Center and Communication, SHARE BERLIN Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Division Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland ; Association for Doctoral Studies Baden-Wuerttemberg 70174, Germany ; Research Group 'Health and Social Inequality', WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Transformations of Democracy Unit, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Research Unit Migration, Integration, Transnationalization, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institue for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Facultad de Emprendimiento, Negocios y Economía, Universidad Espíritu Santo, ReplicationWiki, and EQ-Lab ; Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut (WSI), Hans-Böckler-Foundation, Düsseldorf 40474, Germany ; SOCIUM-Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy, University of Bremen, Bremen 10785, Germany ; Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2000, Belgium ; Cluster 'Data-Methods-Monitoring', German Center for Integration and Migration Research (DeZIM ; Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037AB, Netherlands ; Institute of Political Science and Sociology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53111, Germany ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg 20457, Germany ; Economics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA ; School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97330, USA ; Institute of Sociology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35394, Germany ; Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Bundesamt Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden 67549, Germany ; Department of Research on Social and Institutional Transformations, Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-625, Poland ; Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48823, USA ; Center for Evaluation, Independent Researcher (Formerly Uni Cologne ; Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Oslo 0851, Norway ; Department of Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Witen/Herdecke University, Witten 58488, Germany ; Department of Primary Care and Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX11JD, England ; Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies, University of Neuchatel, Neuchâtel 1205, Switzerland ; Instituto de Sociologia, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile ; Massive Data Institute, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, USA ; Department of Politics, University of Manchester, Manchester M19JS, UK ; Department of Institutional Research, Western Governors University, Millcreek 84107, USA ; Director of Data for Freedom, Equity Research Cooperative, 19107 ; Department of Sociology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA ; Department of Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA ; Department of Sociology, Center for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, 3000 ; Department of Politics, Westpoint Department of Systems Engineering, M19 2JS ; Department of Sociology and Centre for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, 1353 ; Department of School Development, Karlsruhe University of Education, Karlsruhe 76133, Germany ; Competence Centre for Regional Development, Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR), 03048 ; Department of Social, Economic & Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden 2333AK, The Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; School of Social Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany ; Department of Geosciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany ; Division of Migration, Ethnicity and Society (REMESO), Linköping University, 60174 ; Administrative Headquarters, Max Planck Society, Munich 80539, Germany ; Department of Political Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84321, USA ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada ; Department of Economics, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037 AB, The Netherlands ; Department of Social Policy, Sociology and Criminology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK ; Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat, B-9000, Belgium ; School of Law, Empirical Research Group, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, 4366, Luxembourg ; SHARE Operations, SHARE Berlin Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; School of Politics and International Relations, Australian National University, Canberra 2132, Australia ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 63130, USA ; Institute for Media and Communication Studies, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Socio-Economic Panel, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Teacher and Teaching Quality, Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Chair group European Politics and Society, University of Groningen, Groningen 9712 EK, Netherlands ; Department of Political Science, University of Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany ; Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department Migration, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA ; Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria ; Centre for Political Science Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; Expert Council on Intergration and Migration, Berlin 10178, Germany ; School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, USA ; Institute for Social Sciences, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim 31141, Germany ; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 05, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, USA ; Social Research Institute (UCL), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, USA ; Center for Social and Cultural Psychology (CESCUP), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, BE-1050, Belgium ; Optentia Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa ; Department of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen 58097, Germany ; Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo 851, Norway ; Education and Employment, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna 1080, Austria ; Research Institute for Quality of Life, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 010071, Romania ; Department of Sociology, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, 550024, Romania ; Beleidsvisies, Burgervisies en Gedragingen (Policy Perspectives, Citizen Perspectives, and Behaviors), Netherlands Institute for Social Research, The Hague 2594, Netherlands ; Research Cluster 'The Politics of Inequality', University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Zurich, Zürich 8050, Switzerland ; Mechanisms of Normative Change, Max-Planck-Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn 53113, Germany ; GESIS Leibniz-Institute for the Social Science & University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Sociology, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada ; Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan ; Department of Political Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen 47057, Germany ; Institute for Employment Research, Federal Employment Agency, Nuremberg 90478, Germany ; Department of Computational Social Sciences, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-330, Poland ; Political Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
Steiber, Nadia ; Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
Steiner, Nils D ; Institute for Political Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55099, Germany
Sternberg, Sebastian ; Independent Researcher
Stiers, Dieter ; Centre for Political Science Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
Stojmenovska, Dragana ; Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WP, Netherlands
Storz, Nora ; Expert Council on Intergration and Migration, Berlin 10178, Germany
Striessnig, Erich ; Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
Stroppe, Anne-Kathrin ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany
Suchow, Jordan W ; School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, USA
Teltemann, Janna ; Institute for Social Sciences, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim 31141, Germany
Tibajev, Andrey ; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 05, Sweden
Tung, Brian ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, USA
Vagni, Giacomo ; Social Research Institute (UCL), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, USA
Van Assche, Jasper ; Center for Social and Cultural Psychology (CESCUP), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, BE-1050, Belgium ; Optentia Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
van der Linden, Meta ; Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, Netherlands
van der Noll, Jolanda ; Department of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen 58097, Germany
Van Hootegem, Arno ; Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo 851, Norway
Vogtenhuber, Stefan ; Education and Employment, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna 1080, Austria
Voicu, Bogdan ; Research Institute for Quality of Life, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 010071, Romania ; Department of Sociology, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, 550024, Romania
Wagemans, Fieke ; Beleidsvisies, Burgervisies en Gedragingen (Policy Perspectives, Citizen Perspectives, and Behaviors), Netherlands Institute for Social Research, The Hague 2594, Netherlands
Wehl, Nadja ; Research Cluster 'The Politics of Inequality', University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
Werner, Hannah ; Department of Political Science, University of Zurich, Zürich 8050, Switzerland
Wiernik, Brenton M ; Independent Researcher
Winter, Fabian ; Mechanisms of Normative Change, Max-Planck-Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn 53113, Germany
Wolf, Christof ; GESIS Leibniz-Institute for the Social Science & University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany
Wu, Cary ; Department of Sociology, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
Yamada, Yuki ; Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics, and Business Administration, University of Bamberg, Bamberg 96052, Germany
Zakula, Björn ; Organization and Program Planning, German Institute for Adult Education-Leibniz Center of Lifelong Learning, Bonn 53175, Germany ; School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ; Geschwister Scholl Institute, LMU Munich, Munich 81541, Germany ; Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park 47405, USA ; Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld 33615, Germany ; School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey ; The Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28003, Spain ; Institute of Sociology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany ; Social and Political Science, Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin 10122, Italy ; Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, Netherlands ; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Institute of Sociology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany ; Institute of Political Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79085, Germany ; Institute of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, 79098, Germany ; Department of Sociology, LMU Munich, Munich 80801, Germany ; Office of the Executive Board, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany ; Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics, and Business Administration, University of Bamberg, Bamberg 96052, Germany ; Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES), University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68131, Germany ; Institute for Political Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55099, Germany ; Research Depart-ment IV: Intrastate Conflict, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF), Frankfurt 60329, Germany ; Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Knowledge Exchange and Outreach, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 67067, Germany ; Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 10117, Germany ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WP, Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg TX 78539, USA ; Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria & Austrian National Public Health Institute (Gesundheit Österreich GmbH, GÖG), Vienna, Austria ; School of Social Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany ; Department of Education, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany ; Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland ; Social Research Institute, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK ; Independent Researcher ; Department of Sociology Universidad de Chile, Millennium Nucleus on Digital Inequalities and Opportunities (NUDOS NCS2022_046), and Center for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (COES), University of Chile, Santiago 7800284, Chile ; Department of Political Science and International Relations, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles CA 90045, USA ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, Scotland ; Institute of Sociology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels 1050, Belgium ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada ; Institute of Political Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69115, Germany ; Médialab Sciences Po, Paris 75007, France ; Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden ; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, Netherlands ; Department of Quantitative Theory and Methods, Emory University, Atlanta 30306, USA ; Department of Work and Social Economy, Government of Flanders-Belgium ; Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Europa Universität Viadrina, Frankfurt 15230, Germany ; Educational Measurement, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia ; Department of Sociology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany ; Research Data Center and Communication, SHARE BERLIN Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Division Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland ; Association for Doctoral Studies Baden-Wuerttemberg 70174, Germany ; Research Group 'Health and Social Inequality', WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Transformations of Democracy Unit, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Research Unit Migration, Integration, Transnationalization, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin 10785, Germany ; Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institue for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Facultad de Emprendimiento, Negocios y Economía, Universidad Espíritu Santo, ReplicationWiki, and EQ-Lab ; Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut (WSI), Hans-Böckler-Foundation, Düsseldorf 40474, Germany ; SOCIUM-Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy, University of Bremen, Bremen 10785, Germany ; Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2000, Belgium ; Cluster 'Data-Methods-Monitoring', German Center for Integration and Migration Research (DeZIM ; Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037AB, Netherlands ; Institute of Political Science and Sociology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53111, Germany ; Survey Data Curation, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim 50667, Germany ; Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg 20457, Germany ; Economics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA ; School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97330, USA ; Institute of Sociology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35394, Germany ; Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Bundesamt Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden 67549, Germany ; Department of Research on Social and Institutional Transformations, Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-625, Poland ; Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48823, USA ; Center for Evaluation, Independent Researcher (Formerly Uni Cologne ; Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Oslo 0851, Norway ; Department of Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Witen/Herdecke University, Witten 58488, Germany ; Department of Primary Care and Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX11JD, England ; Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies, University of Neuchatel, Neuchâtel 1205, Switzerland ; Instituto de Sociologia, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile ; Massive Data Institute, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, USA ; Department of Politics, University of Manchester, Manchester M19JS, UK ; Department of Institutional Research, Western Governors University, Millcreek 84107, USA ; Director of Data for Freedom, Equity Research Cooperative, 19107 ; Department of Sociology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA ; Department of Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA ; Department of Sociology, Center for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, 3000 ; Department of Politics, Westpoint Department of Systems Engineering, M19 2JS ; Department of Sociology and Centre for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, 1353 ; Department of School Development, Karlsruhe University of Education, Karlsruhe 76133, Germany ; Competence Centre for Regional Development, Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR), 03048 ; Department of Social, Economic & Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden 2333AK, The Netherlands ; Department of Sociology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA ; Socio-Economic Panel, Institute for Economic Research, Berlin 10117, Germany ; School of Social Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany ; Department of Geosciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany ; Division of Migration, Ethnicity and Society (REMESO), Linköping University, 60174 ; Administrative Headquarters, Max Planck Society, Munich 80539, Germany ; Department of Political Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84321, USA ; Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada ; Department of Economics, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037 AB, The Netherlands ; Department of Social Policy, Sociology and Criminology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK ; Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat, B-9000, Belgium ; School of Law, Empirical Research Group, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, 4366, Luxembourg ; SHARE Operations, SHARE Berlin Institute, Berlin 10115, Germany ; School of Politics and International Relations, Australian National University, Canberra 2132, Australia ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 63130, USA ; Institute for Media and Communication Studies, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Department of Social Sciences, Socio-Economic Panel, Berlin, 10117, Germany ; Teacher and Teaching Quality, Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt 60323, Germany ; Chair group European Politics and Society, University of Groningen, Groningen 9712 EK, Netherlands ; Department of Political Science, University of Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany ; Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK ; School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany ; Department Migration, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg 96047, Germany ; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA ; Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria ; Centre for Political Science Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; Expert Council on Intergration and Migration, Berlin 10178, Germany ; School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, USA ; Institute for Social Sciences, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim 31141, Germany ; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 05, Sweden ; Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, USA ; Social Research Institute (UCL), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, USA ; Center for Social and Cultural Psychology (CESCUP), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, BE-1050, Belgium ; Optentia Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa ; Department of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen 58097, Germany ; Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo 851, Norway ; Education and Employment, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna 1080, Austria ; Research Institute for Quality of Life, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 010071, Romania ; Department of Sociology, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, 550024, Romania ; Beleidsvisies, Burgervisies en Gedragingen (Policy Perspectives, Citizen Perspectives, and Behaviors), Netherlands Institute for Social Research, The Hague 2594, Netherlands ; Research Cluster 'The Politics of Inequality', University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany ; Department of Political Science, University of Zurich, Zürich 8050, Switzerland ; Mechanisms of Normative Change, Max-Planck-Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn 53113, Germany ; GESIS Leibniz-Institute for the Social Science & University of Mannheim, Mannheim 68159, Germany ; Department of Sociology, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada ; Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan ; Department of Political Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen 47057, Germany ; Institute for Employment Research, Federal Employment Agency, Nuremberg 90478, Germany ; Department of Computational Social Sciences, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-330, Poland ; Political Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
Zhang, Nan ; Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
Ziller, Conrad ; Department of Political Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen 47057, Germany
Zins, Stefan ; Institute for Employment Research, Federal Employment Agency, Nuremberg 90478, Germany
Żółtak, Tomasz ; Department of Computational Social Sciences, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-330, Poland
Nguyen, Hung H V ; Political Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
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