adolescents; young adults; physical activity; anxiety disorder; psychological intervention
Résumé :
[en] Abstract: This systematic review provides an overview of the current literature on the effects of physical activity (PA) as an intervention to treat anxiety symptoms in adolescents and young adults. Three searches (March and May 2022; July 2024) focusing on RCTs using a PA intervention of at least moderate intensity were carried out in PubMed, PsycInfo, SportDiscus, and Google Scholar. Studies were screened, and risk of bias was assessed for all included studies. In total 2,521 studies were retrieved, and 14 RCTs were retained. Studies were compared based on several criteria, such as type of exercise, intensity, delivery mode, PA alone or as add-on treatment. Results suggest that PA is more effective compared to inactive control conditions. Intensity (moderate or high) or type of exercise (aerobic or resistance training) requirements for anxiolytic effects are less clear. Participants with elevated anxiety scores benefit more from PA interventions than those with low anxiety scores. We conclude that PA is a promising intervention to treat anxiety in adolescents and young adults. Heterogeneity between studies is high, and many present methodological shortcomings. Little is known about the underlying mechanisms responsible for anxiety-reducing effects. To advance research, more high-quality studies are needed to develop effective and personalized PA interventions.
Disciplines :
Traitement & psychologie clinique
Auteur, co-auteur :
AUMER, Thierry ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences > Team Claus VÖGELE
VÖGELE, Claus ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences (DBCS) > Health and Behaviour
Co-auteurs externes :
no
Langue du document :
Anglais
Titre :
Anxiety Reducing Effects of Physical Activity in Adolescents and Young Adults Revisiting the Evidence
Andias, R., Neto, M., & Silva, A. G. (2018). The effects of pain neuroscience education and exercise on pain, muscle endurance, catastrophizing and anxiety in adolescents with chronic idiopathic neck pain: A school-based pilot, randomized and controlled study. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 34 (9), 682-691. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2018.1423590
Asmundson, G. J. G., Fetzner, M. G., DeBoer, L. B., Powers, M. B., Otto, M. W., & Smits, J. A. J. (2013). Let's get physical: A contemporary review of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for anxiety and its disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 30 (4), 362-373. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22043
Asselmann, E., & Beesdo-Baum, K. (2015). Predictors of the course of anxiety disorders in adolescents and young adults. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17 (2), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0543-z
Asztalos, M., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Cardon, G. (2010). The relationship between physical activity and mental health varies across activity intensity levels and dimensions of mental health among women and men. Public Health Nutrition, 13 (8), 1207-1214. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980009992825
Aylett, E., Small, N., & Bower, P. (2018). Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice-a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 1/8 (1), Article 559. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3313-5
Baker, H. J., Lawrence, P. J., Karalus, J., Creswell, C., & Waite, P. (2021). The effectiveness of psychological therapies for anxiety disorders in adolescents: A meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 24 (4), 765-782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-021-00364-2
Balázs, J., Miklósi, M., Keresztény, Á., Hoven, C. W., Carli, V., Wasserman, C., Apter, A., Bobes, J., Brunner, R., Cosman, D., Cotter, P., Haring, C., Iosue, M., Kaess, M., Kahn, J., Keeley, H., Marusic, D., Postuvan, V., Resch, F., & Saiz, P. A. (2013). Adolescent subthreshold-depression and anxiety: Psychopathology, functional impairment and increased suicide risk. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 54 (6), 670-677. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12016
Bartley, C. A., Hay, M., & Bloch, M. H. (2013). Meta-analysis: Aerobic exercise for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 45, 34-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.04.016
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56 (6), 893-897. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893
Biddle, S. J. H., & Asare, M. (2011). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: A review of reviews. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45 (11), 886-895. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090185
Biddle, S. J. H., Ciaccioni, S., Thomas, G., & Vergeer, I. (2019). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: An updated review of reviews and an analysis of causality. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 146-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.011
Bonhauser, M., Fernandez, G., Püschel, K., Yañez, F., Montero, J., Thompson, B., & Coronado, G. (2005). Improving physical fitness and emotional well-being in adolescents of low socioeconomic status in Chile: Results of a school-based controlled trial. Health Promotion International, 20 (2), 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dah603
Bridle, C., Spanjers, K., Patel, S., Atherton, N. M., & Lamb, S. E. (2012). Effect of exercise on depression severity in older people: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 201 (3), 180-185. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.095174
Broman-Fulks, J. J., & Storey, K. M. (2008). Evaluation of a brief aerobic exercise intervention for high anxiety sensitivity. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 21 (2), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800701762675
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18 (4), 211-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598298
Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., Carty, C., Chaput, J.-P., Chastin, S., Chou, R., Dempsey, P. C., DiPietro, L., Ekelund, U., Firth, J., Friedenreich, C. M., Garcia, L., Gichu, M., Jago, R., Katzmarzyk, P. T., & Willumsen, J. F. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54 (24), 1451-1462. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955
Camilleri, N. (2022). An evaluation of the evidence of physical activity as a treatment for anxiety. Malta Medical Journal, 34 (1), 87-93. https://www.mmsjournals.org/index.php/mmj/article/view/403
Carter, T., Morres, I. D., Meade, O., & Callaghan, P. (2016). The effect of exercise on depressive symptoms in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55 (7), 580-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.04.016
Carter, T., Pascoe, M., Bastounis, A., Morres, I. D., Callaghan, P., & Parker, A. G. (2021). The effect of physical activity on anxiety in children and young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 285, 10-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.026
Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100 (2), 126-131.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge Academic. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
Crocker, P. R., & Grozelle, C. (1991). Reducing induced state anxiety: Effects of acute aerobic exercise and autogenic relaxation. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 31 (2), 277-282.
Daniels, S. R., Pratt, C. A., & Hayman, L. L. (2011). Reduction of risk for cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents. Circulation, 124 (15), 1673-1686. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.016170
Eather, N., Riley, N., Miller, A., Smith, V., Poole, A., Vincze, L., Morgan, P. J., & Lubans, D. R. (2019). Efficacy and feasibility of HIIT training for university students: The Uni-HIIT RCT. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22 (5), 596-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.11.016
Ensari, I., Greenlee, T. A., Motl, R. W., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2015). Meta-analysis of acute exercise effects on state anxiety: An update of randomized controlled trials over the past 25 years. Depression and Anxiety, 32 (8), 624-634. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22370
Essau, C. A. (2003). Comorbidity of anxiety disorders in adolescents. Depression & Anxiety (1091-4269), 18 (1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10107
Fidelix, Y., Lofrano-Prado, M. C., Fortes, L. S., Hill, J. O., Caldwell, A. E., Botero, J. P., & do Prado, W. L. (2019). Aerobic training performed at ventilatory threshold improves psychological outcomes in adolescents with obesity. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 16 (10), 851-856. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2018-0193
Gordon, B. R., McDowell, C. P., Lyons, M., & Herring, M. P. (2017). The effects of resistance exercise training on anxiety: A meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sports Medicine, 47 (12), 2521-2532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0769-0
Gordon, B. R., McDowell, C. P., Lyons, M., & Herring, M. P. (2021). Resistance exercise training among young adults with analogue generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 153-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.020
Hariton, E., & Locascio, J. J. (2018). Randomized controlled trials-The gold standard for effectiveness research. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 125 (13), 1716. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15199
Helmchen, H., & Linden, M. (2000). Subthreshold disorders in psychiatry: Clinical reality, methodological artifact, and the double-threshold problem. Subthreshold Disorders in Psychiatry, 41 (2, Supplement 1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(00)80001-2
Helmerhorst, H. H. J., Brage, S., Warren, J., Besson, H., & Ekelund, U. (2012). A systematic review of reliability and objective criterion-related validity of physical activity questionnaires. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9 (1), Article 103. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-103
Henriksson, M., Wall, A., Nyberg, J., Adiels, M., Lundin, K., Bergh, Y., Eggertsen, R., Danielsson, L., Kuhn, H. G., Westerlund, M., David Åberg, N., Waern, M., & Åberg, M. (2022). Effects of exercise on symptoms of anxiety in primary care patients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 297, 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.006
Hill, C., Waite, P., & Creswell, C. (2016). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Paediatrics and Child Health, 26 (12), 548-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2016.08.007
Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2020). Understanding statistics in psychology with SPSS 8th edition. Pearson Education.
Inderbitzen-Nolan, H. M., & Walters, K. S. (2000). Social anxiety scale for adolescents: Normative data and further evidence of construct validity. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29 (3), 360-371. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP2903_7
Jelalian, E., Sato, A., & Hart, C. N. (2011). The effect of group-based weight-control intervention on adolescent psychosocial outcomes: Perceived peer rejection, social anxiety, and self-concept. Children's Health Care, 40 (3), 197-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/02739615.2011.590391
Kandola, A., & Stubbs, B. (2020). Exercise and anxiety. In J. Xiao (Ed.), Physical exercise for human health (pp. 345-352). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_23
Kandola, A., Vancampfort, D., Herring, M., Rebar, A., Hallgren, M., Firth, J., & Stubbs, B. (2018). Moving to beat anxiety: Epidemiology and therapeutic issues with physical activity for anxiety. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20 (8), Article 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0923-x
Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 863. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863
LeBouthillier, D. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2017). The efficacy of aerobic exercise and resistance training as transdiagnostic interventions for anxiety-related disorders and constructs: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 52, 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.09.005
Lima, R. A., de Barros, M. V. G., Bezerra, J., Dos Santos, S. J., Monducci, E., Rodriguez-Ayllon, M., & Soares, F. C. (2022). Universal school-based intervention targeting depressive symptoms in adolescents: A cluster randomized trial. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 32 (3), 622-631. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14115
Lindheimer, J. B., O'Connor, P. J., McCully, K. K., & Dishman, R. K. (2017). The effect of light-intensity cycling on mood and working memory in response to a randomized, placebo-controlled design. Psychosomatic Medicine, 79 (2), 243-253.
Lucibello, K. M., Paolucci, E. M., Graham, J. D., & Heisz, J. J. (2020). A randomized control trial investigating high-intensity interval training and mental health: A novel non-responder phenotype related to anxiety in young adults. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 18, Article 100327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100327
Lucibello, K. M., Parker, J., & Heisz, J. J. (2019). Examining a training effect on the state anxiety response to an acute bout of exercise in low and high anxious individuals. Journal of Affective Disorders, 247, 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.063
Mailey, E. L., Wójcicki, T. R., Motl, R. W., Hu, L., Strauser, D. R., Collins, K. D., & McAuley, E. (2010). Internet-delivered physical activity intervention for college students with mental health disorders: A randomized pilot trial. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 15 (6), 646-659. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2010.498894
Marteau, T. M., & Bekker, H. (1992). The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31 (3), 301-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00997.x
Maurer, A., Deckert, S., Levenig, C., Schörkmaier, T., Stangier, C., Attenberger, U., Hasenbring, M., & Boecker, H. (2020). Body image relates to exercise-induced antinociception and mood changes in young adults: A randomized longitudinal exercise intervention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (18), Article E6801. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186801
McEntee, D. J. (1995). Cognitive group therapy and exercise in the treatment of anxiety and stress. University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Melnyk, B. M., Jacobson, D., Kelly, S., Belyea, M., Shaibi, G., Small, L., O'Haver, J., & Marsiglia, F. F. (2013). Promoting healthy lifestyles in high school adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45 (4), 407-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.05.013
Melnyk, B. M., Jacobson, D., Kelly, S., O'Haver, J., Small, L., & Mays, M. Z. (2009). Improving the mental health, healthy lifestyle choices, and physical health of Hispanic adolescents: A randomized controlled pilot study. The Journal of School Health, 79 (12), 575-584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00451.x
Minozzi, S., Cinquini, M., Gianola, S., Gonzalez-Lorenzo, M., & Banzi, R. (2020). The revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) showed low interrater reliability and challenges in its application. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 126, 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.06.015
Mohr, D. C., Ho, J., Hart, T. L., Baron, K. G., Berendsen, M., Beckner, V., Cai, X., Cuijpers, P., Spring, B., Kinsinger, S. W., Schroder, K. E., & Duffecy, J. (2014). Control condition design and implementation features in controlled trials: A meta-analysis of trials evaluating psychotherapy for depression. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 4 (4), 407-423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-014-0262-3
Mohr, D. C., Spring, B., Freedland, K. E., Beckner, V., Arean, P., Hollon, S. D., Ockene, J., & Kaplan, R. (2009). The selection and design of control conditions for randomized controlled trials of psychological interventions. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78 (5), 275-284. https://doi.org/10.1159/000228248
Mojtabai, R., Stuart, E. A., Hwang, I., Eaton, W. W., Sampson, N., & Kessler, R. C. (2015). Long-term effects of mental disorders on educational attainment in the National Comorbidity Survey ten-year follow-up. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50 (10), 1577-1591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1083-5
Newson, J. J., Hunter, D., & Thiagarajan, T. C. (2020). The heterogeneity of mental health assessment. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, Article 76. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00076
Niermann, H. C. M., Voss, C., Pieper, L., Venz, J., Ollmann, T. M., & Beesdo-Baum, K. (2021). Anxiety disorders among adolescents and young adults: Prevalence and mental health care service utilization in a regional epidemiological study in Germany. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 83, Article 102453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102453
Norris, R., Carroll, D., & Cochrane, R. (1992). The effects of physical activity and exercise training on psychological stress and well-being in an adolescent population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 36 (1), 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(92)90114-h
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. British Medical Journal, 372, Article n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Parker, A., Hetrick, S., Jorm, A., Mackinnon, A., McGorry, P. D., Yung, A. R., Scanlan, F., Stephens, J., Baird, S., Moller, B., & Purcell, R. (2016). The effectiveness of simple psychological and physical activity interventions for high prevalence mental health problems in young people: A factorial randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 196, 200-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.043
Parodi, K. B., Holt, M. K., Green, J. G., Porche, M. V., Koenig, B., & Xuan, Z. (2022). Time trends and disparities in anxiety among adolescents, 2012-2018. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 57 (1), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02122-9
Peterson, R. A., & Reiss, S. (1992). Anxiety sensitivity index manual (revised, 2nd ed.). International Diagnostic Services.
Philippot, A., Dubois, V., Lambrechts, K., Grogna, D., Robert, A., Jonckheer, U., Chakib, W., Beine, A., Bleyenheuft, Y., & De Volder, A. G. (2022). Impact of physical exercise on depression and anxiety in adolescent inpatients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 301, 145-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.011
Richards, J., Foster, C., Townsend, N., & Bauman, A. (2014). Physical fitness and mental health impact of a sport-for-development intervention in a post-conflict setting: Randomised controlled trial nested within an observational study of adolescents in Gulu, Uganda. BMC Public Health, 14, Article 619. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-619
Rosenman, R., Tennekoon, V., & Hill, L. G. (2011). Measuring bias in self-reported data. International Journal of Behavioural & Healthcare Research, 2 (4), 320-332. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBHR.2011.043414
Sabourin, B. C., Stewart, S. H., Watt, M. C., & Krigolson, O. E. (2015). Running as interoceptive exposure for decreasing anxiety sensitivity: Replication and extension. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44 (4), 264-274. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2015.1015163
Sabourin, B. C., Watt, M. C., Krigolson, O. E., & Stewart, S. H. (2016). Two interventions decrease anxiety sensitivity among high anxiety sensitive women: Could physical exercise be the key? Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30 (2), 131-146. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.30.2.131
Smits, J. A. J., Berry, A. C., Rosenfield, D., Powers, M. B., Behar, E., & Otto, M. W. (2008). Reducing anxiety sensitivity with exercise. Depression and Anxiety, 25 (8), 689-699. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20411
So, W. W. Y., Lu, E. Y., Cheung, W. M., & Tsang, H. W. H. (2020). Comparing mindful and non-mindful exercises on alleviating anxiety symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (22), Article 8692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228692
Solmi, M., Radua, J., Olivola, M., Croce, E., Soardo, L., Salazar de Pablo, G., Il Shin, J., Kirkbride, J. B., Jones, P., Kim, J. H., Kim, J. Y., Carvalho, A. F., Seeman, M. V., Correll, C. U., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2022). Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: Large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Molecular Psychiatry, 27 (1), 281-295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01161-7
Spielberger, C., Gorsuch, R., Lushene, R., Vagg, P., & Jacobs, G. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y1-Y2) (Vol. IV). Consulting Psychologists Press.
Sterne, J. A. C., Savović, J., Page, M. J., Elbers, R. G., Blencowe, N. S., Boutron, I., Cates, C. J., Cheng, H.-Y., Corbett, M. S., Eldridge, S. M., Emberson, J. R., Hernán, M. A., Hopewell, S., Hróbjartsson, A., Junqueira, D. R., Jüni, P., Kirkham, J. J., Lasserson, T., Li, T.,... Higgins, J. P. T. (2019). RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. British Medical Journal, 366, Article l4898. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898
Stonerock, G. L., Hoffman, B. M., Smith, P. J., & Blumenthal, J. A. (2015). Exercise as treatment for anxiety: Systematic review and analysis. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 49 (4), 542-556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-014-9685-9
Ströhle, A. (2008). Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders. Journal of Neural Transmission, 116 (6), 777-784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-008-0092-x
Stubbs, B., Koyanagi, A., Hallgren, M., Firth, J., Richards, J., Schuch, F., Rosenbaum, S., Mugisha, J., Veronese, N., Lahti, J., & Vancampfort, D. (2017). Physical activity and anxiety: A perspective from the World Health Survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208, 545-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.028
Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Rosenbaum, S., Firth, J., Cosco, T., Veronese, N., Salum, G. A., & Schuch, F. B. (2017). An examination of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for people with anxiety and stress-related disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 249, 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.020
Taylor, S., & Cox, B. J. (1998). An expanded anxiety sensitivity index: Evidence for a hierarchic structure in a clinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12 (5), 463-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6185(98)00028-0
Thomas, J., Thirlaway, K., Bowes, N., & Meyers, R. (2020). Effects of combining physical activity with psychotherapy on mental health and well-being: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 265, 475-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.070
van Dijk-Lokkart, E. M., Braam, K. I., van Dulmen-den Broeder, E., Kaspers, G. J. L., Takken, T., Grootenhuis, M. A., Streng, I. C., Bierings, M., Merks, J. H., van den Heuvel-Eibrink, M. M., Veening, M. A., & Huisman, J. (2016). Effects of a combined physical and psychosocial intervention program for childhood cancer patients on quality of life and psychosocial functioning: Results of the QLIM randomized clinical trial. Psycho-Oncology, 25 (7), 815-822. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4016
Viswanathan, M., Ansari, M. T., Berkman, N. D., Chang, S., Hartling, L., McPheeters, M., Santaguida, P. L., Shamliyan, T., Singh, K., Tsertsvadze, A., & Treadwell, J. R. (2012). Assessing the risk of bias of individual studies in systematic reviews of health care interventions. In Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (Ed.), Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews (pp. 1-36). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/assessing-the-risk-of-bias-in-systematic-reviews-of-health-care-interventions-01_0.pdf
Vögele, C. (2019). Die Rolle von Sport und Bewegung für die körperliche und psychische Gesundheit [The role of sport and exercise for physical and mental health]. In S. Schneider, & J. Margraf (Eds.), Lehrbuch der Verhaltenstherapie, Band 3: Psychologische Therapie bei Indikationen im Kindes-und Jugendalter (pp. 967-977). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57369-3_53
Wang, X., Cai, Z., Jiang, W., Fang, Y., Sun, W., & Wang, X. (2022). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise on depression in adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 16, Article 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00453-2
Wegner, M., Amatriain-Fernández, S., Kaulitzky, A., Murillo-Rodriguez, E., Machado, S., & Budde, H. (2020). Systematic review of meta-analyses: Exercise effects on depression in children and adolescents. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, Article 81. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00081
Wehry, A. M., Beesdo-Baum, K., Hennelly, M. M., Connolly, S. D., & Strawn, J. R. (2015). Assessment and treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17 (7), Article 52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0591-z
Williams, N. (2017). The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. Occupational Medicine, 67 (5), 404-405. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqx063
World Health Organisation. (2020). WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/336656/9789240015128-eng.pdf
Zeibig, J.-M., Seiffer, B., Sudeck, G., Rösel, I., Hautzinger, M., & Wolf, S. (2021). Transdiagnostic efficacy of a group exercise intervention for outpatients with heterogenous psychiatric disorders: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 21 (1), Article 331. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03307-x
Zhang, J., Zhou, Z., & Zhang, W. (2021). Intervention effect of research-based psychological counseling on adolescents' mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Psychiatria Danubina, 33 (2), 209-216. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2021.209
Zhang, Y., Zhang, B., Gan, L., Ke, L., Fu, Y., Di, Q., & Ma, X. (2021). Effects of online bodyweight high-intensity interval training intervention and health education on the mental health and cognition of sedentary young females. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (1), Article E302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010302
Zheng, Y., Wang, W., Zhong, Y., Wu, F., Zhu, Z., Tham, Y.-C., Lamoureux, E., Xiao, L., Zhu, E., Liu, H., Jin, L., Liang, L., Luo, L., He, M., Morgan, I., Congdon, N., & Liu, Y. (2021). A peer-to-peer live-streaming intervention for children during COVID-19 homeschooling to promote physical activity and reduce anxiety and eye strain: cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23 (4), Article e24316. https://doi.org/10.2196/24316
Zhou, X., Zhang, Y., Furukawa, T. A., Cuijpers, P., Pu, J., Weisz, J. R., Yang, L., Hetrick, S. E., Del Giovane, C., Cohen, D., James, A. C., Yuan, S., Whittington, C., Jiang, X., Teng, T., Cipriani, A., & Xie, P. (2019). Different types and acceptability of psychotherapies for acute anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry, 76 (1), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3070
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67 (6), 361-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
Zsido, A. N., Teleki, S. A., Csokasi, K., Rozsa, S., & Bandi, S. A. (2020). Development of the short version of the Spielberger State-Trait anxiety inventory. Psychiatry Research, 291, Article 113223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113223
Zuckerman, M., Lubin, B., Vogel, L., & Valerius, E. (1964). Multiple affect adjective check list [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t06152-000
Zung, W. W. (1971). A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics, 12 (6), 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(71)71479-0
