[en] The rise in the global population has increased the use of freshwater, leading to a worldwide decrease in freshwater volume and quality. Several treatment technologies have been devised and developed to treat polluted water to fulfill the need for water and make it re-usable. Constructed wetlands (CWs) a treatment technology for this purpose in terms of treatment efficiency, ease of operation and maintenance, and cost-effectiveness. CWs are primarily composed of four biotic and abiotic components that perform various physical, chemical, and biological processes to treat pollutants. This chapter discusses the basics of CW components, multiple mechanisms involved in CWs, and the interactions of components of CWs to treat different types of wastewater. In addition, the removal mechanisms of nutrients (i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon) from wastewater are highlighted. This chapter also illustrates the cumulative interaction of plant–microbe, microbe–substrate, and substrate–wastewater to treat various types of pollutants. Furthermore, the pros and cons of CWs are elaborated to provide a futuristic approach to treating other complex pollutants (such as emerging pollutants) in wastewater.
Disciplines :
Civil engineering
Author, co-author :
Patro, Ashmita; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India ; Department of Environmental and Sustainability, CSIR-Institute Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
Dwivedi, Saurabh; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India ; Department of Environmental and Sustainability, CSIR-Institute Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
Panja, Rupobrata; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India ; Department of Environmental and Sustainability, CSIR-Institute Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
Saket, Palak; Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
Gupta, Supriya; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India ; Department of Environmental and Sustainability, CSIR-Institute Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
MITTAL, Yamini ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine (FSTM) > Department of Engineering (DoE) ; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India ; Department of Environmental and Sustainability, CSIR-Institute Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
Saeed, Tanveer; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Martínez, Fernando; Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
Yadav, Asheesh Kumar; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India ; Department of Environmental and Sustainability, CSIR-Institute Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India ; Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
External co-authors :
yes
Language :
English
Title :
Constructed wetlands for wastewater management: basic design, abiotic and biotic components, and their interactive functions
Abou-Elela, S. I. (2019). Constructed Wetlands: The Green Technology for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in Agriculture. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 75(October), 189-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_69
Ahn, C., Gillevet, P. M., & Sikaroodi, M. (2007). Molecular characterization of microbial communities in treatment microcosm wetlands as influenced by macrophytes and phosphorus loading. Ecological Indicators, 7(4), 852-863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2006.10.004
Akinbile, C. O., Yusoff, M. S., & Ahmad Zuki, A. Z. (2012). Landfill leachate treatment using sub-surface flow constructed wetland by Cyperus haspan. Waste Management, 32(7), 1387-1393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.03.002
Allen, L. H. (1997). Mechanisms and rates of O2 transfer to and through submerged rhizomes and roots via aerenchyma. Annual Proceedings Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida, 56(56), 41-54.
Ames Jr, L. L. (1960). The cation sieve properties of clinoptilolite. American Mineralogist: Journal of Earth and Planetary Materials, 45(5-6), 689-700.
Arroyo, P., Ansola, G., & de Miera, L. E. S. (2013). Effects of substrate, vegetation and flow on arsenic and zinc removal efficiency and microbial diversity in constructed wetlands. Ecological Engineering, 51, 95-103.
Auvinen, H., Havran, I., Hubau, L., Vanseveren, L., Gebhardt, W., Linnemann, V., Van Oirschot, D., Du Laing, G., & Rousseau, D. P. L. (2017). Removal of pharmaceuticals by a pilot aerated sub-surface flow constructed wetland treating municipal and hospital wastewater. Ecological Engineering, 100, 157-164.
Awuah, E., Oppong-Peprah, M., Lubberding, H. J., & Gijzen, H. J. (2004). Comparative performance studies of water lettuce, duckweed, and algal-based stabilization ponds using low-strength sewage. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part A, 67(20-22), 1727-1739. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390490493466
Babatunde, A. O., Zhao, Y. Q., Doyle, R. J., Rackard, S. M., Kumar, J. L. G., & Hu, Y. S. (2011). Performance evaluation and prediction for a pilot two-stage on-site constructed wetland system employing dewatered alum sludge as main substrate. Bioresource Technology, 102(10), 5645-5652.
Babatunde, A. O., Zhao, Y. Q., & Zhao, X. H. (2010). Alum sludge-based constructed wetland system for enhanced removal of P and OM from wastewater: concept, design and performance analysis. Bioresource Technology, 101(16), 6576-6579.
Badejo, A. A., Omole, D. O., & Ndambuki, J. M. (2018). Municipal wastewater management using Vetiveria zizanioides planted in vertical flow constructed wetland. Applied Water Science, 8(4), 1-6.
Bai, L., Wang, C., Huang, C., He, L., & Pei, Y. (2014). Reuse of drinking water treatment residuals as a substrate in constructed wetlands for sewage tertiary treatment. Ecological Engineering, 70, 295-303.
Batool, A., & Saleh, T. A. (2020). Removal of toxic metals from wastewater in constructed wetlands as a green technology; catalyst role of substrates and chelators. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 189(November), 109924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109924
Bdour, A. N., Hamdi, M. R., & Tarawneh, Z. (2009). Perspectives on sustainable wastewater treatment technologies and reuse options in the urban areas of the Mediterranean region. Desalination, 237(1-3), 162-174.
Belviso, C. (2018). State-of-the-art applications of fly ash from coal and biomass: A focus on zeolite synthesis processes and issues. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 65, 109-135.
Bhat, S. A., Singh, S., Singh, J., Kumar, S., & Vig, A. P. (2018). Bioremediation and detoxification of industrial wastes by earthworms: vermicompost as powerful crop nutrient in sustainable agriculture. Bioresource Technology, 252, 172-179.
Bhattacharyya, P., Bhaduri, D., Adak, T., Munda, S., Satapathy, B. S., Dash, P. K., Padhy, S. R., Pattanayak, A., Routray, S., & Chakraborti, M. (2020). Characterization of rice straw from major cultivars for best alternative industrial uses to cutoff the menace of straw burning. Industrial Crops and Products, 143, 111919.
Blanco, I., Molle, P., de Miera, L. E. S., & Ansola, G. (2016). Basic oxygen furnace steel slag aggregates for phosphorus treatment. Evaluation of its potential use as a substrate in constructed wetlands. Water Research, 89, 355-365.
Brix, H. (2003). Plants used in constructed wetlands and their functions. 1st International Seminar on the Use of Aquatic Macrophytes for Wastewater Treatment in Constructed Wetlands, Edit. Dias V., Vymazal J. Lisboa, Portugal, 81-109.
Calheiros, C. S. C., Duque, A. F., Moura, A., Henriques, I. S., Correia, A., Rangel, A. O. S. S., & Castro, P. M. L. (2009). Changes in the bacterial community structure in two-stage constructed wetlands with different plants for industrial wastewater treatment. Bioresource Technology, 100(13), 3228-3235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.02.033
Calheiros, C. S. C., Rangel, A. O. S. S., & Castro, P. M. L. (2008). Evaluation of different substrates to support the growth of Typha latifolia in constructed wetlands treating tannery wastewater over long-term operation. Bioresource Technology, 99(15), 6866-6877.
Cao, C., Huang, J., Yan, C., Liu, J., Hu, Q., & Guan, W. (2018). Shifts of system performance and microbial community structure in a constructed wetland after exposing silver nanoparticles. Chemosphere, 199, 661-669.
Cao, Q., Wang, H., Chen, X., Wang, R., & Liu, J. (2017). Composition and distribution of microbial communities in natural river wetlands and corresponding constructed wetlands. Ecological Engineering, 98, 40-48.
Carvalho, P. N., Luis, J., Mucha, A. P., Basto, M. C. P., & Almeida, C. M. R. (2013). Bioresource Technology Potential of constructed wetlands microcosms for the removal of veterinary pharmaceuticals from livestock wastewater. Bioresource Technology, 134, 412-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.027
Chen, J., Wei, X.-D., Liu, Y.-S., Ying, G.-G., Liu, S.-S., He, L.-Y., Su, H.-C., Hu, L.-X., Chen, F.-R., & Yang, Y.-Q. (2016). Removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from domestic sewage by constructed wetlands: Optimization of wetland substrates and hydraulic loading. Science of the Total Environment, 565, 240-248.
Chen, Y., Wen, Y., Tang, Z., Huang, J., Zhou, Q., & Vymazal, J. (2015). Effects of plant biomass on bacterial community structure in constructed wetlands used for tertiary wastewater treatment. Ecological Engineering, 84, 38-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.07.013
Cheng, G., Li, Q., Su, Z., Sheng, S., & Fu, J. (2018). Preparation, optimization, and application of sustainable ceramsite substrate from coal fly ash/waterworks sludge/oyster shell for phosphorus immobilization in constructed wetlands. Journal of Cleaner Production, 175, 572-581.
Cheng, J., Zhang, X., Tang, Y., Song, Z., Jiang, Y., Xu, Z., & Jin, X. (2021). Nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater using core-shell anthracite/Mg-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) in constructed wetlands. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(28), 38349-38360.
Chong, H. L. H., Chia, P. S., & Ahmad, M. N. (2013). The adsorption of heavy metal by Bornean oil palm shell and its potential application as constructed wetland media. Bioresource Technology, 130, 181-186.
Choudhary, A. K., Kumar, S., & Sharma, C. (2011). Constructed wetlands: An option for pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 10(10), 3023-3037.
Cizkova-Koncalova, H., Kvet, J., & Lukavska, J. (1996). Response of Phragmites australis, Glyceria maxima, and Typha latifolia to additions of piggery sewage in a flooded sand culture. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 4(1), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01876134
Dai, H., & Hu, F. (2017). Phosphorus adsorption capacity evaluation for the substrates used in constructed wetland systems: a comparative study. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 26(3), 1003-1010.
Dianati, R. A., & Esmaeili, H. (2018). Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Vetiver Plant with the Hydroponic Culture to Remove Anionic Surfactant LAS from Hospital Laundry Wastewater. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 185-192.
Ding, X., Xue, Y., Zhao, Y., Xiao, W., Liu, Y., & Liu, J. (2018). Effects of different covering systems and carbon nitrogen ratios on nitrogen removal in surface flow constructed wetlands. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 541-551.
Dordio, A., Carvalho, A. J. P., Martins, D., Barrocas, C., & Paula, A. (2010). Removal of pharmaceuticals in microcosm constructed wetlands using Typha spp. and LECA. Bioresource Technology, 101(3), 886-892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.001
Dordio, A. V., & Carvalho, A. J. P. (2013). Organic xenobiotics removal in constructed wetlands, with emphasis on the importance of the support matrix. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 252-253, 272-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.008
Du, L., Zhao, Y., Wang, C., Zhang, H., Chen, Q., Zhang, X., Zhang, L., Wu, J., Wu, Z., & Zhou, Q. (2020). Removal performance of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in swine wastewater by integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands with zeolite substrate. Science of The Total Environment, 721, 137765.
DWA, E. (2008). Treatment steps for water reuse. German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste.
Espinoza-Quinones, F. R., Rizzutto, M. A., Added, N., Tabacniks, M. H., Modenes, A. N., Palacio, S. M., Silva, E. A., Rossi, F. L., Martin, N., & Szymanski, N. (2009). PIXE analysis of chromium phytoaccumulation by the aquatic macrophytes Eicchornia crassipes. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 267(7), 1153-1157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2009.02.050
Etim, E. E. (2012). Phytoremediation and Its Mechanisms: A Review. International Journal of Environment and Bioenergy International Journal of Environment and Bioenergy Journal Homepage: Www.ModernScientificPress.Com, 2(3), 120-136.
Evans, A. E. V, Hanjra, M. A., Jiang, Y., Qadir, M., & Drechsel, P. (2012). Water quality: assessment of the current situation in Asia. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 28(2), 195-216.
Feng, L., Wang, R., Jia, L., & Wu, H. (2020). Can biochar application improve nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands for treating anaerobically-digested swine wastewater? Chemical Engineering Journal, 379(July 2019), 122273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122273
Fernandez-Fernandez, M. I., de la Vega, P. T. M., Jaramillo-Moran, M. A., & Garrido, M. (2020). Hybrid constructed wetland to improve organic matter and nutrient removal. Water (Switzerland), 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/w12072023
Flores, L., Garcia, J., Pena, R., & Garfi, M. (2019). Constructed wetlands for winery wastewater treatment: A comparative Life Cycle Assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 659, 1567-1576.
Fu, G., Yu, T., Huangshen, L., & Han, J. (2018). The influence of complex fermentation broth on denitrification of saline sewage in constructed wetlands by heterotrophic nitrifying/aerobic denitrifying bacterial communities. Bioresource Technology, 250, 290-298.
Gajewska, M. (2011). Fluctuation of nitrogen fraction during wastewater treatment in a multistage treatment wetland. Environment Protection Engineering, 37(3), 119-128.
Gajewska, M., & Obarska-Pempkowiak, H. (2011). Efficiency of pollutant removal by five multistage constructed wetlands in a temperate climate. Environment Protection Engineering, 37(3), 27-36.
Garcia, J., Rousseau, D. P. L., Morato, J., Lesage, E. L. S., Matamoros, V., & Bayona, J. M. (2010a). Contaminant removal processes in subsurface-flow constructed wetlands: a review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 40(7), 561-661.
Ge, X., Cao, X., Song, X., Wang, Y., Si, Z., Zhao, Y., Wang, W., & Tesfahunegn, A. A. (2020). Bioenergy generation and simultaneous nitrate and phosphorus removal in a pyrite-based constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell. Bioresource Technology, 296, 122350.
Ge, Z., Wei, D., Zhang, J., Hu, J., Liu, Z., & Li, R. (2019). Natural pyrite to enhance simultaneous long-term nitrogen and phosphorus removal in constructed wetland: three years of pilot study. Water Research, 148, 153-161.
Geranmayeh, P., Johannesson, K. M., Ulen, B., & Tonderski, K. S. (2018). Particle deposition, resuspension and phosphorus accumulation in small constructed wetlands. Ambio, 47(1), 134-145.
Gikas, G. D., Perez-Villanueva, M., Tsioras, M., Alexoudis, C., Perez-Rojas, G., Masis-Mora, M., Lizano-Fallas, V., Rodriguez-Rodriguez, C. E., Vryzas, Z., & Tsihrintzis, V. A. (2018). Low-cost approaches for the removal of terbuthylazine from agricultural wastewater: Constructed wetlands and biopurification system. Chemical Engineering Journal, 335, 647-656.
Gill, L. W., Ring, P., Casey, B., Higgins, N. M. P., & Johnston, P. M. (2017). Long term heavy metal removal by a constructed wetland treating rainfall runoff from a motorway. Science of the Total Environment, 601, 32-44.
Gopal, B., 1999. Natural and constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: potentials and problems. Water science and technology 40 (3), 27–35. doi:10.1016/S0273-1223(99)00468-0.
Gorra, R., Coci, M., Ambrosoli, R., & Laanbroek, H. J. (2007). Effects of substratum on the diversity and stability of ammonia-oxidizing communities in a constructed wetland used for wastewater treatment. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103(5), 1442-1452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03357.x
Gottschall, N., Boutin, C., Crolla, A., Kinsley, C., & Champagne, P. (2007). The role of plants in the removal of nutrients at a constructed wetland treating agricultural (dairy) wastewater, Ontario, Canada. Ecological Engineering, 29(2), 154-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.06.004
Grace, K. A., Juston, J. M., Finn, D., DeBusk, W. F., Ivanoff, D., & DeBusk, T. A. (2019). Substrate manipulation near the outflow of a constructed wetland reduced internal phosphorus loading from sediments and macrophytes. Ecological Engineering, 129, 71-81.
Groza, N., Manescu, A., Panturu, E., Filcenco-Olteanu, A., Panturu, R. I., & Jinescu, C. (2010). Uranium wastewater treatment using wetland system. Revista de Chimie, 61(7), 680-684.
Gruyer, N., Dorais, M., Zagury, G. J., & Alsanius, B. W. (2013). Removal of plant pathogens from recycled greenhouse wastewater using constructed wetlands. Agricultural Water Management, 117, 153-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.11.009
Guo, Z., Kang, Y., Hu, Z., Liang, S., Xie, H., Ngo, H. H., & Zhang, J. (2020). Removal pathways of benzofluoranthene in a constructed wetland amended with metallic ions embedded carbon. Bioresource Technology, 311, 123481.
Gupta, P., Ann, T. W., & Lee, S. M. (2016). Use of biochar to enhance constructed wetland performance in wastewater reclamation. Environmental Engineering Research, 21(1), 36-44. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2015.067
Gupta, S., Mittal, Y., Tamta, P., Srivastava, P., & Yadav, A. K. (2020). Textile wastewater treatment using microbial fuel cell and coupled technology: a green approach for detoxification and bioelectricity generation. In Integrated Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment (pp. 73-92). Elsevier.
Gupta, S., Srivastava, P., & Yadav, A. K. (2020). Integration of microbial fuel cell into constructed wetlands: effects, applications, and future outlook. In Integrated Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment (pp. 273-293). Elsevier.
Gupta, S., Srivastava, P., Patil, S.A., Yadav, A.K., 2021. A comprehensive review on emerging constructed wetland coupled microbial fuel cell technology: Potential applications and challenges. Bioresource Technology 320 (124376). doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124376.
Gupta, S., Mittal, Y., Panja, R., Prajapati, K. B., & Yadav, A. K. (2021). Conventional wastewater treatment technologies. Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 47-75.
Gupta, S., Nayak, A., Roy, C., & Yadav, A. K. (2021). An algal assisted constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell integrated with sand filter for efficient wastewater treatment and electricity production. Chemosphere, 263, 128132.
Hakk, H., Sikora, L., & Casey, F. X. M. (2018). Fate of estrone in laboratory-scale constructed wetlands. Ecological Engineering, 111, 60-68.
Haritash, A. K., Dutta, S., & Sharma, A. (2017). Phosphate uptake and translocation in a tropical Canna-based constructed wetland. Ecological Processes, 6(1), 1-7.
Hawkins, S. A. (2000). Biofilm composition and function in stormwater constructed wetland systems on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia.
Hernandez-Crespo, C., Gargallo, S., Benedito-Dura, V., Nacher-Rodriguez, B., Rodrigo-Alacreu, M. A., & Martin, M. (2017). Performance of surface and subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating eutrophic waters. Science of the Total Environment, 595, 584-593.
Herouvim, E., Akratos, C. S., Tekerlekopoulou, A., & Vayenas, D. V. (2011). Treatment of olive mill wastewater in pilot-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands. Ecological Engineering, 37(6), 931-939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.01.018
Hijosa-Valsero, M., Reyes-Contreras, C., Dominguez, C., Becares, E., & Bayona, J. M. (2016). Behaviour of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in constructed wetland compartments: Influent, effluent, pore water, substrate and plant roots. Chemosphere, 145, 508-517.
Hill, D. T., Payne, V. W. E., Rogers, J. W., & Kown, S. R. (1997). Ammonia effects on the biomass production of five constructed wetland plant species. Bioresource Technology, 62(3), 109-113.
Hu, Y., Zhao, X., Zhao, Y., 2014. Achieving high-rate autotrophic nitrogen removal via Canon process in a modified single bed tidal flow constructed wetland. Chemical Engineering journal 237, 329–335. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.033.
Ibekwe, A. M., Grieve, C. M., & Lyon, S. R. (2003). Characterization of microbial communities and composition in constructed dairy wetland wastewater effluent. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69(9), 5060-5069. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.9.5060-5069.2003
Ilyas, H., & Masih, I. (2017). The performance of the intensified constructed wetlands for organic matter and nitrogen removal: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 198, 372-383.
Jahangir, M. M. R., Richards, K. G., Healy, M. G., Gill, L., Muller, C., Johnston, P., & Fenton, O. (2016). Carbon and nitrogen dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions in constructed wetlands treating wastewater : a review. C, 109-123. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-109-2016
Jesus, J. M., Danko, A. S., Fiuza, A., & Borges, M.-T. (2018). Effect of plants in constructed wetlands for organic carbon and nutrient removal: a review of experimental factors contributing to higher impact and suggestions for future guidelines. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(5), 4149-4164.
Ji, M., Hu, Z., Hou, C., Liu, H., Ngo, H. H., Guo, W., Lu, S., & Zhang, J. (2020). New insights for enhancing the performance of constructed wetlands at low temperatures. Bioresource Technology, 301, 122722.
Ji, Z., Tang, W., & Pei, Y. (2022). Constructed wetland substrates: A review on development, function mechanisms, and application in contaminants removal. Chemosphere, 286(P1), 131564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131564
Jia, J., Fu, Z., Wang, L., Huang, Z., & Liu, C. (2019). Conversion of waste polystyrene foam into sulfonated hyper-crosslinked polymeric adsorbents for cadmium removal in a fixed-bed column. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 142, 346-354.
Jia, W., Sun, X., Gao, Y., Yang, Y., & Yang, L. (2020). Fe-modified biochar enhances microbial nitrogen removal capability of constructed wetland. Science of the Total Environment, 740(163), 139534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139534
Kadlec, R. H., & Wallace, S. (2008). Treatment wetlands. CRC press.
Kantawanichkul, S., Kladprasert, S., & Brix, H. (2009). Treatment of high-strength wastewater in tropical vertical flow constructed wetlands planted with Typha angustifolia and Cyperus involucratus. Ecological Engineering, 35(2), 238-247.
Kantawanichkul, S., Neamkam, P., & Shutes, R. B. E. (2001). Nitrogen removal in a combined system: Vertical vegetated bed over horizontal flow sand bed. Water Science and Technology, 44(11-12), 137-142. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0820
Kantawanichkul, S., Pilaila, S., Tanapiyawanich, W., Tikampornpittaya, W., & Kamkrua, S. (1999). Wastewater treatment by tropical plants in vertical-flow constructed wetlands. Water Science and Technology, 40(3), 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(99)00462-X
Karathanasis, A. D., & Johnson, C. M. (2003). Metal removal potential by three aquatic plants in an acid mine drainage wetland. Mine Water and the Environment, 22(1), 22-30. https://doi.org/10.16309/j.cnki.issn.1007-1776.2003.03.004
Karimi, S., Yaraki, M. T., & Karri, R. R. (2019). A comprehensive review of the adsorption mechanisms and factors influencing the adsorption process from the perspective of bioethanol dehydration. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 107, 535-553.
Kasbohm, J., Erhardt, B., Steingrube, W., Lai, L. T., Hong, N. T., Ngan, L. D., Dung, N. V., & Tien, T. M. (2016). Wastewater & resources management: Visions and options for green city-concepts in Vietnam.
Kataki, S., Chatterjee, S., Vairale, M. G., Sharma, S., Dwivedi, S. K., & Gupta, D. K. (2021). Constructed wetland, an eco-technology for wastewater treatment: A review on various aspects of microbial fuel cell integration, low temperature strategies and life cycle impact of the technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 148(August 2020), 111261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111261
Korboulewsky, N., Wang, R., & Baldy, V. (2012). Purification processes involved in sludge treatment by a vertical flow wetland system: Focus on the role of the substrate and plants on N and P removal. Bioresource Technology, 105, 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.037
Kumar, S., & Dutta, V. (2019). Constructed wetland microcosms as sustainable technology for domestic wastewater treatment: an overview. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04816-9
Kvet, J., Dusek, J., Husak, S., Vymazal, J., 1999. Vascular plants suitable for wastewater treatment in temperate zones. Nutrient Cycling and Retention in Natural and Constructed Wetlands. Backhuys, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 101–110.
Kvet, J., Dusek, J., & Husak, S. (1999). Vascular plants suitable for wastewater treatment in temperate zones. Nutrient Cycling and Retention in Natural and Constructed Wetlands, June 2017, 101–110.
Lafleur, P. M., Moore, T. R., Roulet, N. T., & Frolking, S. (2005). Ecosystem respiration in a cool temperate bog depends on peat temperature but not water table. Ecosystems, 8(6), 619-629.
Leader, J. W., Dunne, E. J., & Reddy, K. R. (2008). Phosphorus Sorbing Materials: Sorption Dynamics and Physicochemical Characteristics. Journal of Environmental Quality, 37(1), 174-181. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0148
Lee, C., Fletcher, T. D., & Sun, G. (2009). Nitrogen removal in constructed wetland systems. Engineering in Life Sciences, 9(1), 11-22.
Li, K., Liu, Q., Fang, F., Luo, R., Lu, Q., Zhou, W., Huo, S., Cheng, P., Liu, J., & Addy, M. (2019). Microalgae-based wastewater treatment for nutrients recovery: A review. Bioresource Technology, 291, 121934.
Li, Y., Zhu, G., Ng, W. J., & Tan, S. K. (2014). A review on removing pharmaceutical contaminants from wastewater by constructed wetlands: Design, performance and mechanism. Science of the Total Environment, 468-469, 908-932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.018
Liu, M., Wu, S., Chen, L., & Dong, R. (2014). How substrate influences nitrogen transformations in tidal flow constructed wetlands treating high ammonium wastewater? Ecological Engineering, 73, 478-486.
Liu, H., Hu, Z., Zhang, J., Ngo, H. H., Guo, W., Liang, S., Fan, J., Lu, S., & Wu, H. (2016). Optimizations on supply and distribution of dissolved oxygen in constructed wetlands: a review. Bioresource Technology, 214, 797-805.
Liu, F., Fan, J., Du, J., Shi, X., Zhang, J., & Shen, Y. (2019). Intensified nitrogen transformation in intermittently aerated constructed wetlands: Removal pathways and microbial response mechanism. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2880-2887.
Liu, L., Li, J., Fan, H., Huang, X., Wei, L., & Liu, C. (2019). Fate of antibiotics from swine wastewater in constructed wetlands with different flow configurations. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 140, 119-125.
Lizama Allende, K., Fletcher, T. D., & Sun, G. (2012). The effect of substrate media on the removal of arsenic, boron and iron from an acidic wastewater in planted column reactors. Chemical Engineering Journal, 179, 119-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.10.069
Long, Y., Zhang, Z., Pan, X., Li, B., Xie, S., & Guo, Q. (2016). Substrate influences on archaeal and bacterial assemblages in constructed wetland microcosms. Ecological Engineering, 94, 437-442.
Ma, N., Wang, W., Gao, J., & Chen, J. (2017). Removal of cadmium in subsurface vertical fl ow constructed wetlands planted with Iris sibirica in the low-temperature season. Ecological Engineering, 109, 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.09.008
Malyan, S. K., Yadav, S., Sonkar, V., Goyal, V. C., Singh, O., & Singh, R. (2021). Mechanistic understanding of the pollutant removal and transformation processes in the constructed wetland system. Water Environment Research, 93(10), 1882-1909.
Malyan, S.K., Yadav, S., Sonkar, V., Goel, V.C., Singh, O., Singh, R., 2021. Mechanistic understanding of the pollutant removal and transformation processes in the constructed wetland system.. Water Environment Research 93 (10), 1882–1909. doi:10.1002/wer.1599.
Ma, Y., Dai, W., Zheng, P., Zheng, X., He, S., & Zhao, M. (2020). Iron scraps enhance simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 395, 122612.
Man, Y., Wang, J., Tam, N. F., Wan, X., Huang, W., Zheng, Y., Tang, J., Tao, R., & Yang, Y. (2020). Responses of rhizosphere and bulk substrate microbiome to wastewater-borne sulfonamides in constructed wetlands with different plant species. Science of the Total Environment, 706, 135955.
Mander, U., Dotro, G., Ebie, Y., Towprayoon, S., Chiemchaisri, C., Nogueira, S. F., Jamsranjav, B., Kasak, K., Truu, J., Tournebize, J., & Mitsch, W. J. (2014). Greenhouse gas emission in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: A review. Ecological Engineering, 66, 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.12.006
Mannina, G., Ekama, G., Caniani, D., Cosenza, A., Esposito, G., Gori, R.,... & Olsson, G. (2016). Greenhouse gases from wastewater treatment-A review of modelling tools. Science of the Total Environment, 551, 254-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.067
Masi, F., Rizzo, A., & Regelsberger, M. (2018). The role of constructed wetlands in a new circular economy, resource oriented, and ecosystem services paradigm. Journal of Environmental Management, 216, 275-284.
Mateus, D. M. R., Vaz, M. M. N., & Pinho, H. J. O. (2012). Fragmented limestone wastes as a constructed wetland substrate for phosphorus removal. Ecological Engineering, 41, 65-69.
Maucieri, C., Barbera, A. C., Vymazal, J., & Borin, M. (2017). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology A review on the main affecting factors of greenhouse gases emission in constructed wetlands. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 236, 175-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.01.006
Maurya, S. P., Ohri, A., Singh, P. K., & Debnath, A. (2018). Development of a decision making tool for selection of waste water treatment technology based on urban water reuse. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(2), 497-506.
McCornick, P. G., Hijazi, A., & Sheikh, B. (2004). From wastewater reuse to water reclamation: Progression of water reuse standards in Jordan. Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture: Confronting the Livelihood and Environmental Realities, 153-162.
Medinets, S., Skiba, U., Rennenberg, H., & Butterbach-Bahl, K. (2015). A review of soil NO transformation: Associated processes and possible physiological significance on organisms. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 80(October), 92-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.09.025
Meng, F., Feng, L., Yin, H., Chen, K., Hu, G., Yang, G., & Zhou, J. (2019). Assessment of nutrient removal and microbial population dynamics in a non-aerated vertical baffled flow constructed wetland for contaminated water treatment with composite biochar addition. Journal of Environmental Management, 246(June), 355-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.011
Meng, P., Pei, H., Hu, W., Shao, Y., & Li, Z. (2014). How to increase microbial degradation in constructed wetlands: Influencing factors and improvement measures. Bioresource Technology, 157, 316-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.095
Midhun, G., Divya, L., George, J., Jayakumar, P., & Suriyanarayanan, S. (2016). Wastewater treatment studies on free water surface constructed wetland system. In Integrated Waste Management in India (pp. 97-109). Springer.
Minakshi, D., Sharma, P. K., & Rani, A. (2022). Effect of filter media and hydraulic retention time on the performance of vertical constructed wetland system treating dairy farm wastewater. Environmental Engineering Research, 27(1), 183-192.
Mittal, Y., Dash, S., Srivastava, P., & Manjari, P. (2022). Azo dye containing wastewater treatment in earthen membrane based unplanted two chambered constructed wetlands-microbial fuel cells : A new design for enhanced performance. Chemical Engineering Journal, 427(August 2021), 131856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131856
Mittal, Y., Srivastava, P., Kumar, N., Singh, S.K., Martinez, F., Yadav, A.K., 2023. Ultra-fast and low-cost electroactive biochar production for electroative-constructed wetand applications: A circular concept for plant biomass utilization. Chemical Engineering Journal 452 (1). doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.138587.
Mlih, R., Bydalek, F., Klumpp, E., Yaghi, N., Bol, R., & Wenk, J. (2020). Light-expanded clay aggregate (LECA) as a substrate in constructed wetlands-A review. Ecological Engineering, 148, 105783.
Mohammed, A., & Babatunde, A. O. (2017). Modelling heavy metals transformation in vertical flow constructed wetlands. Ecological Modelling, 354, 62-71.
Moore, T. L. C., & Hunt, W. F. (2013). Predicting the carbon footprint of urban stormwater infrastructure. Ecological Engineering, 58, 44-51.
Mthembu, M., Odinga, C., Swalaha, F., & Bux, F. (2013). Constructed wetlands: A future alternative wastewater treatment technology. African Journal of Biotechnology, 12(29), 4542-4553. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2013.12978
Nandakumar, S., Pipil, H., Ray, S., & Haritash, A. K. (2019). Removal of phosphorous and nitrogen from wastewater in Brachiaria-based constructed wetland. Chemosphere, 233, 216-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.240
Nicomrat, D. (2016). Characteristics of Cultivated Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria Community Isolated from Coal Mine Treatment Plant in H2S Removal. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 848, 127-130. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.848.127
Nivala, J., Hoos, M. B., Cross, C., Wallace, S., & Parkin, G. (2007). Treatment of landfill leachate using an aerated, horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland. Science of the Total Environment, 380(1-3), 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.030
Olguin, E. J., Sanchez-Galvan, G., Gonzalez-Portela, R. E., & Lopez-Vela, M. (2008). Constructed wetland mesocosms for the treatment of diluted sugarcane molasses stillage from ethanol production using Pontederia sagittata. In Water Research (Vol. 42, Issue 14, pp. 3659-3666). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.05.015
Parde, D., Patwa, A., Shukla, A., Vijay, R., Killedar, D. J., & Kumar, R. (2021). A review of constructed wetland on type, treatment and technology of wastewater. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 21(xxxx), 101261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101261
Patil, R. R., Pohekar, K. N., & Rani, N. (2021). Constructed Wetland: A Sustainable Approach for Wastewater Treatment. In Environment, Development and Sustainability in India: Perspectives, Issues and Alternatives (pp. 227-242). Springer.
Peng, J., Song, Y., Liu, Z., Gao, H., & Yu, H. (2012). Performance of a novel Circular-Flow Corridor wetland toward the treatment of simulated high-strength swine wastewater. Ecological Engineering, 49, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.08.005
Prasad, M. N. V., Greger, M., & Aravind, P. (2006). Biogeochemical cycling of trace elements by aquatic and wetland plants: relevance to phytoremediation. In Trace elements in the environment: biogeochemistry, biotechnology and bioremediation (pp. 451-482).
Prochaska, C. A., & Zouboulis, A. I. (2006). Removal of phosphates by pilot vertical-flow constructed wetlands using a mixture of sand and dolomite as substrate. Ecological Engineering, 26(3), 293-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.10.009
Puigagut, J., Villasenor, J., Salas, J. J., Becares, E., & Garcia, J. (2007). Subsurface-flow constructed wetlands in Spain for the sanitation of small communities: a comparative study. Ecological Engineering, 30(4), 312-319.
Punyapwar, S., & Mutnuri, S. (2020). Diversity and functional annotation of microorganisms in French vertical flow constructed wetland treating greywater. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 36(10), 1-17.
Qadir, M., Drechsel, P., Jimenez Cisneros, B., Kim, Y., Pramanik, A., Mehta, P., & Olaniyan, O. (2020). Global and regional potential of wastewater as a water, nutrient and energy source. Natural Resources Forum, 44(1), 40-51.
Rahman, M. E., Halmi, M. I. E. Bin, Samad, M. Y. B. A., Uddin, M. K., Mahmud, K., Shukor, M. Y. A., Abdullah, S. R. S., & Shamsuzzaman, S. M. (2020). Design, operation and optimization of constructed wetland for removal of pollutant. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 1-40. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228339
Rahman, M. M., Roberts, K. L., Grace, M. R., Kessler, A. J., & Cook, P. L. M. (2019). Role of organic carbon, nitrate and ferrous iron on the partitioning between denitrification and DNRA in constructed stormwater urban wetlands. Science of the Total Environment, 666, 608-617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.225
Rai, U. N., Tripathi, R. D., Singh, N. K., Upadhyay, A. K., Dwivedi, S., Shukla, M. K., Mallick, S., Singh, S. N., & Nautiyal, C. S. (2013). Bioresource Technology Constructed wetland as an ecotechnological tool for pollution treatment for conservation of Ganga river. Bioresource Technology, 148, 535-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.005
Ramprasad, C., & Philip, L. (2016). Surfactants and personal care products removal in pilot scale horizontal and vertical flow constructed wetlands while treating greywater. Chemical Engineering Journal, 284, 458-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.08.092
Rathore, P., Killedar, D. J., Parde, D., & Sahare, A. (2022). Life cycle cost analysis of wastewater treatment technologies. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1032(1), 12006.
Rathore, P., Parde, D., & Killedar, D. J. (2022). A study of LCCA-based wastewater treatment technologies in the context of an Indian scenario.
Reddy, K. R., Diaz, O. A., Scinto, L. J., & Agami, M. (1995). Phosphorus dynamics in selected wetlands and streams of the lake Okeechobee Basin. Ecological Engineering, 5(2-3), 183-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-8574(95)00024-0
Reddy, K. R., Kadlec, R. H., Flaig, E., & Gale, P. M. (1999). Phosphorus retention in streams and wetlands: a review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 29(1), 83-146.
Saeed, T., & Sun, G. (2012). A review on nitrogen and organics removal mechanisms in subsurface flow constructed wetlands: Dependency on environmental parameters, operating conditions and supporting media. Journal of Environmental Management, 112, 429-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.011
Saket, P., Mittal, Y., Bala, K., Joshi, A., & Kumar, A. (2022). Innovative constructed wetland coupled with microbial fuel cell for enhancing diazo dye degradation with simultaneous electricity generation. Bioresource Technology, 345(December 2021), 126490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126490
Salimi, S., Almuktar, S. A., & Scholz, M. (2021). Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands. Journal of Environmental Management, 286, 112160.
Sandermann, H. (1994). Higher plant metabolism of xenobiotics: The ‘green liver’ concept. In Pharmacogenetics (Vol. 4, Issue 5, pp. 225-241). https://doi.org/10.1097/00008571-199410000-00001
Sandoval, L., Zamora-Castro, S. A., Vidal-Alvarez, M., & Marin-Muniz, J. L. (2019a). Role of wetland plants and use of ornamental flowering plants in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: A review. Applied Sciences, 9(4), 685.
Sandoval, L., Zamora-Castro, S. A., Vidal-Alvarez, M., & Marin-Muniz, J. L. (2019b). Role of wetland plants and use of ornamental flowering plants in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: A review. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 9(4), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9040685
Saz, C., Ture, C., Turker, O. C., & Yakar, A. (2018). Effect of vegetation type on treatment performance and bioelectric production of constructed wetland modules combined with microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) treating synthetic wastewater. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(9), 8777-8792.
Shardendu, Salhani, N., Boulyga, S. F., & Stengel, E. (2003). Phytoremediation of selenium by two helophyte species in subsurface flow constructed wetland. Chemosphere, 50(8), 967-973.
Shen, M., Huang, W., Chen, M., Song, B., Zeng, G., & Zhang, Y. (2020). (Micro)plastic crisis: Un-ignorable contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. In Journal of Cleaner Production. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120138
Shen, X., Zhang, J., Xie, H., Hu, Z., Liang, S., Ngo, H. H., Guo, W., Chen, X., Fan, J., & Zhao, C. (2020). Intensive removal of PAHs in constructed wetland filled with copper biochar. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 205(June), 111028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111028
Shutes, R. B. E., Revitt, D. M., & Scholes, L. N. L. (2010). Constructed wetlands for flood prevention and water reuse.
Sim, C. H., Quek, B. S., Shutes, R. B. E., & Goh, K. H. (2013). Management and treatment of landfill leachate by a system of constructed wetlands and ponds in Singapore. Water Science and Technology, 68(5), 1114-1122. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.352
Singhakant, C., Koottatep, T., & Satayavivad, J. (2009). Enhanced arsenic removals through plant interactions in subsurface-flow constructed wetlands Enhanced arsenic removals through plant interactions in subsurface-flow constructed wetlands. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, 44(2), 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934520802539780
Srivastava, P., Gupta, S., Mittal, Y., Dhal, N. K., Saeed, T., Martinez, F., & Yadav, A. K. (2022). Constructed wetlands and its coupling with other technologies from lab to field scale for enhanced wastewater treatment and resource recovery. In Novel Approaches Towards Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery Technologies (pp. 419-446). Elsevier.
Srivastava, P., Yadav, A. K., Garaniya, V., Lewis, T., Abbassi, R., & Khan, S. J. (2020). Electrode dependent anaerobic ammonium oxidation in microbial fuel cell integrated hybrid constructed wetlands: A new process. Science of the Total Environment, 698, 134248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134248
Srivastava, P., Yadav, A.K., Mishra, B.K., 2015. The effects of microbial fuel cell integration into constructed wetland on the performance of constructed wetland. Bioresource Technology 195, 223–230. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.05.072.
Srivastava, S., & Bhainsa, K. C. (2016). Evaluation of uranium removal by Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle from low level nuclear waste under laboratory conditions. Journal of Environmental Management, 167, 124-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.018
Stefanakis, A., Akratos, C. S., & Tsihrintzis, V. A. (2014a). Vertical flow constructed wetlands: eco-engineering systems for wastewater and sludge treatment. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Stefanakis, A., Akratos, C. S., & Tsihrintzis, V. A. (2014b). Vertical flow constructed wetlands: eco-engineering systems for wastewater and sludge treatment. Newnes.
Stefanakis, A. I. (2018). Introduction to constructed wetland technology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.
Stefanakis, A. I. (2019). The role of constructed wetlands as green infrastructure for sustainable urban water management. Sustainability, 11(24), 6981.
Stefanakis, A. I., Prigent, S., & Breuer, R. (2018). Integrated produced water management in a desert oilfield using wetland technology and innovative reuse practices. Constructed Wetlands for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, 25-42.
Stefanakis, A. I., & Tsihrintzis, V. A. (2012). Effects of loading, resting period, temperature, porous media, vegetation and aeration on performance of pilot-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands. Chemical Engineering Journal, 181-182, 416-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.11.108
Stottmeister, U., Wiessner, A., Kuschk, P., Kappelmeyer, U., Kastner, M., Bederski, O., Muller, R. A., & Moormann, H. (2003). Effects of plants and microorganisms in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Biotechnology Advances, 22(1-2), 93-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.08.010
Tamta, P., Rani, N., Mittal, Y., Yadav, A.K., 2023. Evaluating the Potential of Multi-Anodes in Constructed Wetlands Coupled with Microbial Fuel Cells for Treating Wastewater and Bioelectricity Generation under High Organic Loads. Energies 16 (2). doi:10.3390/en16020784.
Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L., & Stensel, H. D. (1991). Wastewater engineering. Management, 7(1), 4.
Tee, H. C., Seng, C. E., Noor, A., & Lim, P. E. (2009). Performance comparison of constructed wetlands with gravel- and rice husk-based media for phenol and nitrogen removal. Science of the Total Environment, 407(11), 3563-3571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.017
Thiyagu, R., & Vijayanand, C. (2015). Low Cost Domestic Waste Water Treatment Technique Using Constructed Wetland. Trends Biosci, 8, 1265-1269.
Tian, T., Tam, N. F. Y., Zan, Q., Cheung, S. G., Shin, P. K. S., Wong, Y. S., Zhang, L., & Chen, Z. (2017). Performance and bacterial community structure of a 10-years old constructed mangrove wetland. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 124(2), 1096-1105.
Toro-velez, A. F., Madera-parra, C. A., Pena-varon, M. R., Lee, W. Y., Cruz, J. C. B.-, Walker, W. S., Cardenas-henao, H., Quesada-calderon, S., Garcia-hernandez, H., & Lens, P. N. L. (2016). Science of the Total Environment BPA and NP removal from municipal wastewater by tropical horizontal subsurface constructed wetlands. Science of the Total Environment, 542, 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.154
Truu, M., Juhanson, J., & Truu, J. (2009). Microbial biomass, activity and community composition in constructed wetlands. Science of the Total Environment, 407(13), 3958-3971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.036
Turker, O. C., Ture, C., Bocuk, H., & Yakar, A. (2014). Constructed Wetlands as Green Tools for Management of Boron Mine Wastewater. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 16(6), 537-553. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2013.798620
Urdalen, I. (2013). Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms - recent advances in the microbiology of enhanced biological phosphorus removal.
Valipour, A., & Ahn, Y. H. (2016). Constructed wetlands as sustainable ecotechnologies in decentralization practices: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(1), 180-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5713-y
Varma, M., Gupta, A. K., Ghosal, P. S., & Majumder, A. (2020). Jo ur l P re. Science of the Total Environment, 142540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142540
Varma, M., Gupta, A. K., Ghosal, P. S., & Majumder, A. (2021). A review on performance of constructed wetlands in tropical and cold climate: Insights of mechanism, role of influencing factors, and system modification in low temperature. Science of the Total Environment, 755, 142540.
Vidali, M. (2001). Bioremediation. an overview. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 73(7), 1163-1172.
Vohla, C., Koiv, M., Bavor, H. J., Chazarenc, F., & Mander, U. (2011). Filter materials for phosphorus removal from wastewater in treatment wetlands-A review. Ecological Engineering, 37(1), 70-89.
Vymazal, Jan, H. B. (1998). Removal mechanisms and types of constructed wetlands. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Europe, January, 17-66.
Vymazal, J. (2002). The use of sub-surface constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in the Czech Republic: 10 years experience. Ecological Engineering, 18(5), 633-646.
Vymazal, J. (2006). Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Wetlands and Natural Resource Management, 190, 69-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.07.002
Vymazal, J. (2008). Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment : A Review Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment : A Review. March.
Vymazal, J. (2010a). Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Water, 2(3), 530-549.
Vymazal, J. (2010b). Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Water (Switzerland), 2(3), 530-549. https://doi.org/10.3390/w2030530
Vymazal, J. (2011a). Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Environmental Science and Technology, 45(1), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11238-2
Vymazal, J. (2011b). Plants used in constructed wetlands with horizontal subsurface flow: A review. Hydrobiologia, 674(1), 133-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0738-9
Vymazal, J. (2013). Emergent plants used in free water surface constructed wetlands: A review. Ecological Engineering, 61, 582-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.06.023
Vymazal, J. (2014). Constructed wetlands for treatment of industrial wastewaters: A review. Ecological Engineering, 73, 724-751.
Vymazal, J., & Dvorakova Brezinova, T. (2016). Removal of saccharin from municipal sewage: The first results from constructed wetlands. Chemical Engineering Journal, 306, 1067-1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.08.043
Vymazal, J. (2007). Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands. Science of the Total Environment, 380, 48-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.09.014
Vymazal, J., & Kropfelova, L. (2008). Wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands with horizontal sub-surface flow (Vol.14). Springer science & business media.
Uusheimo, S., Huotari, J., Tulonen, T., Aalto, S. L., Rissanen, A. J., & Arvola, L. (2018). High nitrogen removal in a constructed wetland receiving treated wastewater in a cold climate. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(22), 13343-13350.
Wang, C., Zhou, Q., Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., Xiao, E., & Wu, Z. (2013). Variation Characteristics of Chlorpyrifos in Nonsterile Wetland Plant Hydroponic System. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 15(6), 37-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2012.723058
Wang, Q., Yang, J., Li, C., Xiao, B., & Que, X. (2013). Influence of initial pesticide concentrations in water on chlorpyrifos toxicity and removal by Iris pseudacorus. Water Science & Technology, 67(9), 1908-1915. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.071
Wang, Y., Yang, H., Ye, C., Chen, X., Xie, B., Huang, C., Zhang, J., & Xu, M. (2013). Effects of plant species on soil microbial processes and CH4 emission from constructed wetlands. Environmental Pollution, 174, 273-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.032
Wang, J., Bi, F., Ngo, H. H., Guo, W., Jia, H., Zhang, H., & Zhang, X. (2016). Evaluation of energy-distribution of a hybrid microbial fuel cell-membrane bioreactor (MFC-MBR) for cost-effective wastewater treatment. Bioresource Technology, 200, 420-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.042
Wang, M., Zhang, D., Dong, J., & Tan, S. K. (2018). Application of constructed wetlands for treating agricultural runoff and agro-industrial wastewater: a review. Hydrobiologia, 805(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-017-3315-z
Wang, Q., Hu, Y., Xie, H., & Yang, Z. (2018). Constructed wetlands: A review on the role of radial oxygen loss in the rhizosphere by macrophytes. Water, 10(6), 678.
Wang, Q., Li, C., Zheng, R., & Que, X. (2016). Phytoremediation of chlorpyrifos in aqueous system by riverine macrophyte, Acorus calamus : toxicity and removal rate. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6673-6
Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Sheng, S., Pan, F., Chen, F., & Fu, J. (2020). Comprehensive evaluation of substrate materials for contaminants removal in constructed wetlands. Science of the Total Environment, 701, 134736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134736
Weirich, C. A., & Miller, T. R. (2014). Freshwater harmful algal blooms: Toxins and children’s health. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 44(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2013.10.007
Wen-Ling, Z. H. U., Li-Hua, C., Ouyang, Y., Cui-Fen, L., & Xiao-Dan, T. (2011). Kinetic adsorption of ammonium nitrogen by substrate materials for constructed wetlands. Pedosphere, 21(4), 454-463.
Wu, H., Zhang, J., Li, C., Fan, J., & Zou, Y. (2013). Mass balance study on phosphorus removal in constructed wetland microcosms treating polluted river water. CLEAN-Soil, Air, Water, 41(9), 844-850.
Wu, H., Zhang, J., Ngo, H. H., Guo, W., Hu, Z., Liang, S., Fan, J., & Liu, H. (2015). A review on the sustainability of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: Design and operation. Bioresource Technology, 175, 594-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.068
Wu, S., Carvalho, P. N., Muller, J. A., Manoj, V. R., & Dong, R. (2016). Sanitation in constructed wetlands: a review on the removal of human pathogens and fecal indicators. Science of the Total Environment, 541, 8-22.
Wu, S., Kuschk, P., Brix, H., Vymazal, J., & Dong, R. (2014). Development of constructed wetlands inperformance intensifications for wastewater treatment: A nitrogen and organic matter targeted review. Water Research, 57, 40-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.020
Xu, L., Wang, B., Liu, X., Yu, W., & Zhao, Y. (2018). Maximizing the energy harvest from a microbial fuel cell embedded in a constructed wetland. Applied Energy, 214(January), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.01.071
Yadav, A.K., 2010. Design and development of novel constructed wetland cum microbial fuel cell for electricity production and wastewater treatment. 12th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control (IWA). 4–10.
Yadav, A. K., Dash, P., Mohanty, A., Abbassi, R., & Mishra, B. K. (2012). Performance assessment of innovative constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell for electricity production and dye removal. Ecological Engineering, 47, 126-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.06.029
Yan, Q., Feng, G., Gao, X., Sun, C., Guo, J. S., & Zhu, Z. (2016). Removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) and toxicological response of Cyperus alternifolius exposed to PhACs in microcosm constructed wetlands. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 301, 566-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.057
Yang, L., Jiang, M., Zhu, W., Han, L., & Qin, L. (2019). Soil bacterial communities with an indicative function response to nutrients in wetlands of Northeastern China that have undergone natural restoration. Ecological Indicators, 101, 562-571.
Yang, Q., Chen, Z. H., Zhao, J. G., & Gu, B. H. (2007). Contaminant removal of domestic wastewater by constructed wetlands: Effects of plant species. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 49(4), 437-446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00389.x
Yang, X., Li, Y., Kong, F., Sun, X., Wang, S., & Cui, Y. (2022). Effect of ZnFe-LDHs modified oyster shell on the removal of tetracyclines antibiotics and variation of tet genes in vertical flow constructed wetlands. Chemical Engineering Journal, 431, 134093.
Ye, F., & Li, Y. (2009). Enhancement of nitrogen removal in towery hybrid constructed wetland to treat domestic wastewater for small rural communities. Ecological Engineering, 35(7), 1043-1050.
Ye, Z. H., Lin, Z. Q., Whiting, S. N., De Souza, M. P., & Terry, N. (2003). Possible use of constructed wetland to remove selenocyanate, arsenic, and boron from electric utility wastewater. Chemosphere, 52(9), 1571-1579. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00497-1
Yin, H., Yan, X., & Gu, X. (2017). Evaluation of thermally-modified calcium-rich attapulgite as a low-cost substrate for rapid phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands. Water Research, 115, 329-338.
Yongzheng, R., Beiping, Z., Zhen, L., & Jin, W. (2007). Optimization of Four Kinds of Constructed Wetlands Substrate Combination Treating Domestic Sewage. 12(6), 1136-1142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11859-007-0085-x
Zapater-Pereyra, M., Ilyas, H., Lavrnic, S., van Bruggen, J. J. A., & Lens, P. N. L. (2015). Evaluation of the performance and space requirement by three different hybrid constructed wetlands in a stack arrangement. Ecological Engineering, 82, 290-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.097
Zhang, X., Hu, Z., Ngo, H. H., Zhang, J., Guo, W., Liang, S., & Xie, H. (2018). Simultaneous improvement of waste gas purification and nitrogen removal using a novel aerated vertical flow constructed wetland. Water Research, 130, 79-87.
Zhao, C., Cao, Y., Ma, Z., & Shao, Q. (2017). Optimization of liquid ammonia pretreatment conditions for maximizing sugar release from giant reed (Arundo donax L.). Biomass and Bioenergy, 98, 61-69.
ZHAO, L., ZHU, W., & TONG, W. (2009). Clogging processes caused by biofilm growth and organic particle accumulation in lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21(6), 750-757. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62336-0
Zhi, W., & Ji, G. (2012). Constructed wetlands, 1991-2011: A review of research development, current trends, and future directions. Science of the Total Environment, 441, 19-27.
Zhou, X., Liang, C., Jia, L., Feng, L., Wang, R., & Wu, H. (2018). An innovative biochar-amended substrate vertical flow constructed wetland for low C/N wastewater treatment: Impact of influent strengths. Bioresource Technology, 247, 844-850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.044
Zhou, X., Zhao, Y., Pang, G., Jia, X., Song, Y., Guo, A., Wang, A., Zhang, S., & Ji, M. (2022). Microplastic abundance, characteristics and removal in large-scale multi-stage constructed wetlands for effluent polishing in northern China. Chemical Engineering Journal, 430(P1), 132752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132752
