[en] Once abundant, water has become a limited natural resource with its tremendously growing consumption. The utilization of clean water and disposal of untreated wastewater back to the water bodies has shrunk the accessibility of clean water to humans. In order to maintain the integrity of water bodies, the discharge of properly treated water is imperative. Existing centralized treatment systems are cost-intensive and, therefore, not much suitable to address growing treatment demand. The constructed wetland (CW) has emerged as a low-cost, green, robust, versatile, and simple treatment system that is economically and ecological more effective. This chapter describes the CWs as an effective alternative to the centralized traditional treatment systems, their origin, and spread, different designs and modes of operations, their treatment efficacy, reusability potential of treated effluent, innovations and integrations made to improve the treatment quality, current status and futuristic approaches needed to make it more robust treatment system. The chapter majorly focuses on the potential of CWs and their coupling with other technologies to reclaim high-quality treated water fit for various reusability purposes.
Disciplines :
Civil engineering
Author, co-author :
Srivastava, Pratiksha; Biotechnological Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Madrid, Spain
Gupta, Supriya; Department of Environmental and Sustainability, CSIR-Institute Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India ; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, India
MITTAL, Yamini ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine (FSTM) > Department of Engineering (DoE) ; Department of Environmental and Sustainability, CSIR-Institute Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India ; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, India
Dhal, Nabin Kumar; Department of Environmental and Sustainability, CSIR-Institute Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India ; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, India
Saeed, Tanveer; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Asia Pacific, Bangladesh
Martínez, Fernando; Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
Yadav, Asheesh Kumar; Department of Environmental and Sustainability, CSIR-Institute Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India ; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, India ; Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
External co-authors :
yes
Language :
English
Title :
Constructed wetlands and its coupling with other technologies from lab to field scale for enhanced wastewater treatment and resource recovery
Publication date :
2022
Main work title :
Novel Approaches towards Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery Technologies
R. Abbassi, A.K. Yadav, Introduction to Microbial Fuel cells: Challenges and opportunities, in: Integrated Microbial Fuel Cells For Wastewater Treatment, Elsevier, 2020: pp. 3–27.
R. Aiello, G.L. Cirelli, S. Consoli, Effects of reclaimed wastewater irrigation on soil and tomato fruits: a case study in Sicily (Italy), Agric. Water Manage.. 93 (2007) 65–72.
R. Aiello, G.L. Cirelli, S. Consoli, F. Licciardello, A. Toscano, Risk assessment of treated municipal wastewater reuse in Sicily, Water Sci. Technol.. 67 (2013) 89–98.
J. Álvarez, I. Ruíz, M. Soto, Anaerobic digesters as a pretreatment for constructed wetlands, Ecol. Eng.. 33 (2008) 54–67.
J. Andersson, S.K. Bastviken, K. Tonderski, Free water surface wetlands for wastewater treatment in Sweden: nitrogen and phosphorus removal, Water Sci. Technol.. 51 (2005) 39–46.
C.A. Arias, H. Brix, Phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands: can suitable alternative media be identified?, Water Sci. Technol.. 51 (2005) 267–273.
C. Ávila, J.M. Bayona, I. Martín, J.J. Salas, J. García, Emerging organic contaminant removal in a full-scale hybrid constructed wetland system for wastewater treatment and reuse, Ecol. Eng.. 80 (2015) 108–116.
H. Azaizeh, K. Linden, C. Barstow, S. Kalbouneh, A. Tellawi, A. Albalawneh et al., Constructed wetlands combined with UV disinfection systems for removal of enteric pathogens and wastewater contaminants, Water Sci. Technol.. 67 (2013) 651–657.
M. Bahgat, A. Dewedar, A. Zayed, Sand-filters used for wastewater treatment: buildup and distribution of microorganisms, Water Res.. 33 (1999) 1949–1955.
H. Bavor, D. Roser, P. Adcock, Challenges for the development of advanced constructed wetlands technology, Water Sci. Technol.. 32 (1995) 13–20.
H. Brix, C. Arias, N. Johansen, BOD and nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater in an experimental two-stage vertical flow constructed wetland system with recycling, in: 2002: pp. 400–410.
H. Brix, C.A. Arias, The use of vertical flow constructed wetlands for on-site treatment of domestic wastewater: new Danish guidelines, Ecol. Eng.. 25 (2005) 491–500.
P.N. Carvalho, C.A. Arias, H. Brix, Constructed wetlands for water treatment: new developments, (2017).
J. Chen, W.-.J. Deng, Y.-.S. Liu, L.-.X. Hu, L.-.Y. He, J.-.L. Zhao et al., Fate and removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in hybrid constructed wetlands, Environ. Pollut.. 249 (2019) 894–903.
Y. Chen, T. Li, H. Hu, H. Ao, X. Xiong, H. Shi et al., Transport and fate of microplastics in constructed wetlands: a microcosm study, J. Hazard. Mater.. 415 (2021) 125615.
J.-.Y. Choi, K.-.S. Jeong, G.-.H. La, G.-.J. Joo, Effect of removal of free-floating macrophytes on zooplankton habitat in shallow wetland, Knowl Manag Aquat Ecosyst. (2014) 11.
L. Christenson, R. Sims, Production and harvesting of microalgae for wastewater treatment, biofuels, and bioproducts, Biotechnol. Adv.. 29 (2011) 686–702.
G.L. Cirelli, S. Consoli, F. Licciardello, R. Aiello, F. Giuffrida, C. Leonardi, Treated municipal wastewater reuse in vegetable production, Agric. Water Manage.. 104 (2012) 163–170.
G.S. Colares, G. de Souza Celente, F.P. da Silva, A.C. de Loreto, C.A. Lutterbeck, L.T. Kist et al., Combined system for the treatment and reuse of urban wastewater: the efficiency of anaerobic reactors+ hybrid constructed wetlands+ ozonation, Water Sci. Technol.. 80 (2019) 254–264.
T.D. Colmer, A. Winkel, O. Pedersen, A perspective on underwater photosynthesis in submerged terrestrial wetland plants, AoB Plants. 2011 (2011).
C. Corbella, M. Guivernau, M. Viñas, J. Puigagut, Operational, design and microbial aspects related to power production with microbial fuel cells implemented in constructed wetlands, Water Res.. 84 (2015) 232–242.
C. Corbella, J. Puigagut, M. Garfí, Life cycle assessment of constructed wetland systems for wastewater treatment coupled with microbial fuel cells, Sci. Total Environ.. 584 (2017) 355–362.
L. Davis, A handbook of constructed wetlands: a guide to creating wetlands for: agricultural wastewater, domestic wastewater, coal mine drainage, stormwater in the Mid-Atlantic Region, (1995).
C. de Chernicharo, Post-treatment options for the anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater, Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology. 5 (2006) 73–92.
S. Deng, J. Chen, J. Chang, Application of biochar as an innovative substrate in constructed wetlands/biofilters for wastewater treatment: performance and ecological benefits, J Clean Prod. (2021) 126156.
J.T. de Sousa, A.C. van Haandel, P.F.F. Cavalcanti, A.M.F. de Figueiredo, Treatment of sewage for use in the agriculture of the semi-arid north east Brazil, Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental. 10 (2005) 260–265.
F.L. Dornelas, M.B. Machado, M. von Sperling, Performance evaluation of planted and unplanted subsurface-flow constructed wetlands for the post-treatment of UASB reactor effluents, Water Sci. Technol.. 60 (2009) 3025–3033.
M. El-Khateeb, A. Al-Herrawy, M. Kamel, F. El-Gohary, Use of wetlands as post-treatment of anaerobically treated effluent, Desalination. 245 (2009) 50–59.
L. Feng, Y. Liu, J. Zhang, C. Li, H. Wu, Dynamic variation in nitrogen removal of constructed wetlands modified by biochar for treating secondary livestock effluent under varying oxygen supplying conditions, J. Environ. Manage.. 260 (2020) 110152.
D.F. Fink, W.J. Mitsch, Seasonal and storm event nutrient removal by a created wetland in an agricultural watershed, Ecol. Eng.. 23 (2004) 313–325.
R. Fujioka, A. Bonilla, G. Rijal, The microbial quality of a wetland reclamation facility used to produce an effluent for unrestricted non-potable reuse, Water Sci. Technol.. 40 (1999) 369–374.
J. Gao, J. Zhao, J. Zhang, Q. Li, J. Gao, M. Cai et al., Preparation of a new low-cost substrate prepared from drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS)/bentonite/zeolite/fly ash for rapid phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands, J Clean Prod. 261 (2020) 121110.
J. García, P. Aguirre, J. Barragán, R. Mujeriego, V. Matamoros, J.M. Bayona, Effect of key design parameters on the efficiency of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands, Ecol. Eng.. 25 (2005) 405–418.
J. Garcia, D.P. Rousseau, J. Morato, E. Lesage, V. Matamoros, J.M. Bayona, Contaminant removal processes in subsurface-flow constructed wetlands: a review, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol.. 40 (2010) 561–661.
X. Ge, X. Cao, X. Song, Y. Wang, Z. Si, Y. Zhao et al., Bioenergy generation and simultaneous nitrate and phosphorus removal in a pyrite-based constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol.. 296 (2020) 122350.
S. Gerke, L.A. Baker, Y. Xu, Nitrogen transformations in a wetland receiving lagoon effluent: sequential model and implications for water reuse, Water Res.. 35 (2001) 3857–3866.
A. Ghermandi, D. Bixio, P. Traverso, I. Cersosimo, C. Thoeye, The removal of pathogens in surface-flow constructed wetlands and its implications for water reuse, Water Sci. Technol.. 56 (2007) 207–216.
M. Greenway, J.S. Simpson, Artificial wetlands for wastewater treatment, water reuse and wildlife in Queensland, Australia, Water Sci. Technol.. 33 (1996) 221–229.
A. Gross, O. Shmueli, Z. Ronen, E. Raveh, Recycled vertical flow constructed wetland (RVFCW)—A novel method of recycling greywater for irrigation in small communities and households, Chemosphere. 66 (2007) 916–923.
B. Gu, T. DeBusk, F. Dierberg, M. Chimney, K. Pietro, T. Aziz, Phosphorus removal from Everglades agricultural area runoff by submerged aquatic vegetation/limerock treatment technology: an overview of research, Water Sci. Technol.. 44 (2001) 101–108.
C. Guo, Y. Cui, Y. Shi, Y. Luo, F. Liu, D. Wan et al., Improved test to determine design parameters for optimization of free surface flow constructed wetlands, Bioresour. Technol.. 280 (2019) 199–212.
F. Guo, J. Zhang, X. Yang, Q. He, L. Ao, Y. Chen, Impact of biochar on greenhouse gas emissions from constructed wetlands under various influent chemical oxygen demand to nitrogen ratios, Bioresour. Technol.. 303 (2020) 122908.
S. Gupta, Y. Mittal, R. Panja, K.B. Prajapati, A.K. Yadav, Conventional wastewater treatment technologies, Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering. (2021) 47–75.
S. Gupta, Y. Mittal, P. Tamta, P. Srivastava, A.K. Yadav, Textile Wastewater Treatment Using Microbial Fuel Cell and Coupled technology: a Green Approach For Detoxification and Bioelectricity generation, in: Integrated Microbial Fuel Cells For Wastewater Treatment, Elsevier, 2020: pp. 73–92.
Gupta, S., Nayak, A., Roy, C., Yadav, A.K., 2021a. An algal assisted constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell integrated with sand filter for efficient wastewater treatment and electricity production. Chemosphere 263, 128132
S. Gupta, P. Srivastava, S.A. Patil, A.K. Yadav, A comprehensive review on emerging constructed wetland coupled microbial fuel cell technology: potential applications and challenges, Bioresour. Technol.. (2020) 124376.
S. Gupta, P. Srivastava, A.K. Yadav, Integration of Microbial Fuel Cell Into Constructed wetlands: effects, applications, and Future outlook, in: Integrated Microbial Fuel Cells For Wastewater Treatment, Elsevier, 2020: pp. 273–293.
S. Gupta, P. Srivastava, A.K. Yadav, Simultaneous removal of organic matters and nutrients from high-strength wastewater in constructed wetlands followed by entrapped algal systems, Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 27 (2020) 1112–1117.
R. Haberl, S. Grego, G. Langergraber, R.H. Kadlec, A.-.R. Cicalini, S.M. Dias et al., Constructed wetlands for the treatment of organic pollutants, J. Soils Sediments. 3 (2003) 109–124.
J. Ham, C. Yoon, J. Jeon, H. Kim, Feasibility of a constructed wetland and wastewater stabilisation pond system as a sewage reclamation system for agricultural reuse in a decentralised rural area, Water Sci. Technol.. 55 (2007) 503–511.
H. Hoffmann, C. Platzer, M. Winker, E. von Muench, Technology Review of Constructed wetlands: Subsurface flow Constructed Wetlands For Greywater and Domestic Wastewater treatment, Deutsche Gesellschaft Für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany. 11 (2011).
C.H. House, B.A. Bergmann, A.-.M. Stomp, D.J. Frederick, Combining constructed wetlands and aquatic and soil filters for reclamation and reuse of water, Ecol. Eng.. 12 (1999) 27–38.
J. Iamchaturapatr, S.W. Yi, J.S. Rhee, Nutrient removals by 21 aquatic plants for vertical free surface-flow (VFS) constructed wetland, Ecol. Eng.. 29 (2007) 287–293.
B. Ji, Y. Zhao, J. Vymazal, Ü. Mander, R. Lust, C. Tang, Mapping the field of constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell: a review and bibliometric analysis, Chemosphere. (2020) 128366.
G. Ji, T. Sun, J. Ni, Surface flow constructed wetland for heavy oil-produced water treatment, Bioresour. Technol.. 98 (2007) 436–441.
J.C. Lancheros, C.A. Madera-Parra, A. Caselles-Osorio, W.A. Torres-López, X.M. Vargas-Ramírez, Ibuprofen and Naproxen removal from domestic wastewater using a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland coupled to ozonation, Ecol. Eng.. 135 (2019) 89–97.
K. Langenbach, P. Kuschk, H. Horn, M. Kastner, Slow sand filtration of secondary clarifier effluent for wastewater reuse, Environ. Sci. Technol.. 43 (2009) 5896–5901.
H.L. Leverenz, G. Tchobanoglous, J.L. Darby, Clogging in intermittently dosed sand filters used for wastewater treatment, Water Res.. 43 (2009) 695–705.
J. Li, X. Han, B.W. Brandt, Q. Zhou, L. Ciric, L.C. Campos, Physico-chemical and biological aspects of a serially connected lab-scale constructed wetland-stabilization tank-GAC slow sand filtration system during removal of selected PPCPs, Chem. Eng. J.. 369 (2019) 1109–1118.
Z. Lianfang, Z. Wei, T. Wei, Clogging processes caused by biofilm growth and organic particle accumulation in lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands, Journal of Environmental Sciences. 21 (2009) 750–757.
R. Liu, Y. Zhao, L. Doherty, Y. Hu, X. Hao, A review of incorporation of constructed wetland with other treatment processes, Chem. Eng. J.. 279 (2015) 220–230.
R. Lorion, Constructed wetlands: passive systems for wastewater treatment, Citeseer, 2001.
H. Lu, L. Xiao, T. Wang, S. Lu, H. Wang, X. Guo et al., The application of steel slag in a multistage pond constructed wetland to purify low-phosphorus polluted river water, J. Environ. Manage.. 292 (2021) 112578.
F. Masi, Water reuse and resources recovery: the role of constructed wetlands in the Ecosan approach, Desalination. 246 (2009) 27–34.
F. Masi, N. Martinuzzi, Constructed wetlands for the Mediterranean countries: hybrid systems for water reuse and sustainable sanitation, Desalination. 215 (2007) 44–55.
N. Mburu, S.M. Tebitendwa, J.J. van Bruggen, D.P. Rousseau, P.N. Lens, Performance comparison and economics analysis of waste stabilization ponds and horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating domestic wastewater: a case study of the Juja sewage treatment works, J. Environ. Manage.. 128 (2013) 220–225.
W.J. Mitsch, K.M. Wise, Water quality, fate of metals, and predictive model validation of a constructed wetland treating acid mine drainage, Water Res.. 32 (1998) 1888–1900.
Y. Mittal, S. Dash, P. Srivastava, P.M. Mishra, T.M. Aminabhavi, A.K. Yadav, Azo dye containing wastewater treatment in earthen membrane based unplanted two chambered constructed wetlands-microbial fuel cells: a new design for enhanced performance, Chem. Eng. J.. 427 (2022) 131856.
M. Muñoz, R. Rosales, M. Gabarrón, A. Faz, J. Acosta, Effects of the hydraulic retention time on pig slurry purification by constructed wetlands and stabilization ponds, Water Air Soil Pollut.. 227 (2016) 1–13.
J.J. Netten, J. Van Zuidam, S. Kosten, E.T. Peeters, Differential response to climatic variation of free-floating and submerged macrophytes in ditches, Freshw. Biol.. 56 (2011) 1761–1768.
D. Norton-Brandão, S.M. Scherrenberg, J.B. van Lier, Reclamation of used urban waters for irrigation purposes–a review of treatment technologies, J. Environ. Manage.. 122 (2013) 85–98.
L.A. Nuamah, Y. Li, Y. Pu, A.S. Nwankwegu, Z. Haikuo, E. Norgbey et al., Constructed wetlands, status, progress, and challenges. The need for critical operational reassessment for a cleaner productive ecosystem, J Clean Prod. (2020) 122340.
W. Ou, Y. Lin, S. Jing, H. Lin, Performance of a Constructed Wetland-Pond System for Treatment and Reuse of Wastewater from Campus Buildings, Water Environ. Res.. 78 (2006) 2369–2376.
S. Postel, Last oasis: Facing Water Scarcity, WW Norton & Company, 1997.
M.E. Rahman, M.I.E. Bin Halmi, M.Y. Bin Abd Samad, M.K. Uddin, K. Mahmud, M.Y. Abd Shukor et al., Design, Operation and Optimization of Constructed Wetland for Removal of Pollutant, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 17 (2020) 8339.
S.C. Reed, D. Brown, Subsurface flow wetlands—A performance evaluation, Water Environ. Res.. 67 (1995) 244–248.
J.F. Reilly, A.J. Horne, C.D. Miller, Nitrate removal from a drinking water supply with large free-surface constructed wetlands prior to groundwater recharge, Ecol. Eng.. 14 (1999) 33–47.
D.P. Rousseau, E. Lesage, A. Story, P.A. Vanrolleghem, N. De Pauw, Constructed wetlands for water reclamation, Desalination. 218 (2008) 181–189.
A.M. Ruiz, J.C. Maerz, A.K. Davis, M.K. Keel, A.R. Ferreira, M.J. Conroy et al., Patterns of development and abnormalities among tadpoles in a constructed wetland receiving treated wastewater, Environ. Sci. Technol.. 44 (2010) 4862–4868.
Sa’at, S.K.M., Zaman, N.Q., 2017. Phytoremediation potential of palm oil mill effluent by constructed wetland treatment.
T. Saeed, R. Afrin, A. Al Muyeed, G. Sun, Treatment of tannery wastewater in a pilot-scale hybrid constructed wetland system in Bangladesh, Chemosphere. 88 (2012) 1065–1073.
T. Saeed, M.J. Miah, T. Khan, A. Ove, Pollutant removal employing tidal flow constructed wetlands: media and feeding strategies, Chemical Engineering Journal. 382 (2020) 122874.
Saket, P., Mittal, Y., Bala, K., Joshi, A., Yadav, A.K., 2022. Innovative constructed wetland coupled with microbial fuel cell for enhancing diazo dye degradation with simultaneous electricity generation. Bioresour. Technol. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126490
M. Scholz, Å. Hedmark, Constructed wetlands treating runoff contaminated with nutrients, Water Air Soil Pollut.. 205 (2010) 323–332.
M. Scholz, A. Sadowski, R. Harrington, P. Carroll, Integrated constructed wetlands assessment and design for phosphate removal, Biosystems Eng.. 97 (2007) 415–423.
K.-.Y. Song, K.-.D. Zoh, H. Kang, Release of phosphate in a wetland by changes in hydrological regime, Sci. Total Environ.. 380 (2007) 13–18.
P. Srivastava, R. Abbassi, A.K. Yadav, V. Garaniya, M.A.F. Jahromi, A review on the contribution of an electron in electroactive wetlands: electricity generation and enhanced wastewater treatment, Chemosphere. (2020) 126926.
P. Srivastava, A. Belford, R. Abbassi, M. Asadnia, V. Garaniya, A.K. Yadav, Low-power energy harvester from constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells for initiating a self-sustainable treatment process, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 46 (2021) 101282.
P. Srivastava, S. Dwivedi, N. Kumar, R. Abbassi, V. Garaniya, A.K. Yadav, Performance assessment of aeration and radial oxygen loss assisted cathode based integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell systems, Bioresour. Technol.. 244 (2017) 1178–1182.
P. Srivastava, S. Gupta, V. Garaniya, R. Abbassi, A.K. Yadav, Up to 399 mV bioelectricity generated by a rice paddy-planted microbial fuel cell assisted with a blue-green algal cathode, Environ. Chem. Lett.. 17 (2019) 1045–1051.
Srivastava, P., Mittal, Y., Gupta, S., Abbassi, R., Garaniya, V., 2022. Recent progress in biosensors for wastewater monitoring and surveillance. Artificial Intelligence and Data Science in Environmental Sensing. Elsevier
P. Srivastava, A.K. Yadav, R. Abbassi, V. Garaniya, T. Lewis, Denitrification in a low carbon environment of a constructed wetland incorporating a microbial electrolysis cell, J. Environ. Chem. Eng.. 6 (2018) 5602–5607.
P. Srivastava, A.K. Yadav, V. Garaniya, R. Abbassi, Constructed wetland coupled microbial fuel cell technology: development and potential applications, in: Microbial Electrochemical Technology, Elsevier, 2019: pp. 1021–1036.
P. Srivastava, A.K. Yadav, B.K. Mishra, The effects of microbial fuel cell integration into constructed wetland on the performance of constructed wetland, Bioresour. Technol.. 195 (2015) 223–230.
T. Strickland, C. Korleski, Guidance Document for Small Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands with Soil Dispersal System, State of Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Division of Surface Water. (2007).
M. Sundaravadivel, S. Vigneswaran, Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol.. 31 (2001) 351–409.
A. Torrens, D. de la Varga, A.K. Ndiaye, M. Folch, A. Coly, Innovative Multistage Constructed Wetland for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse for Agriculture in Senegal, Water (Basel). 12 (2020) 3139.
M.J. Travis, N. Weisbrod, A. Gross, Decentralized wetland-based treatment of oil-rich farm wastewater for reuse in an arid environment, Ecol. Eng.. 39 (2012) 81–89.
M. Tsalkatidou, M. Gratziou, N. Kotsovinos, Combined stabilization ponds–constructed wetland system, Desalination. 248 (2009) 988–997.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment and Wildlife Habitat: 17 Case Studies, (1993).
Verhofstad, M.J.J.M., Poelen, M.D.M., Van Kempen, M.M.L., Bakker, E.S., Smolders, A.J.P., 2017. Finding the harvesting frequency to maximize nutrient removal in a constructed wetland dominated by submerged aquatic plants. Ecol. Eng. 106, 423–430
H. Vistanty, F. Crisnaningtyas, Integration of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket and Constructed Wetlands For Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment, in: IOP Publishing, 2021: p. 012082.
C. Vohla, M. Kõiv, H.J. Bavor, F. Chazarenc, Ü. Mander, Filter materials for phosphorus removal from wastewater in treatment wetlands—A review, Ecol. Eng.. 37 (2011) 70–89.
J. Vymazal, The use of sub-surface constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in the Czech Republic: 10 years experience, Ecol. Eng.. 18 (2002) 633–646.
J. Vymazal, Horizontal sub-surface flow and hybrid constructed wetlands systems for wastewater treatment, Ecol. Eng.. 25 (2005) 478–490.
J. Vymazal, Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: a review, in: 2008: p. 980.
J. Vymazal, The use constructed wetlands with horizontal sub-surface flow for various types of wastewater, Ecol. Eng.. 35 (2009) 1–17.
J. Vymazal, Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: five decades of experience, Environ. Sci. Technol.. 45 (2011) 61–69.
J. Vymazal, The use of hybrid constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment with special attention to nitrogen removal: a review of a recent development, Water Res.. 47 (2013) 4795–4811.
J. Vymazal, H. Brix, P.F. Cooper, R. Haberl, R. Perfler, J. Laber, Removal mechanisms and types of constructed wetlands, Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Europe. (1998) 17–66.
Vymazal, J., Kropfelova, L., 2006. Can we predict processes in the filtration bed of horizontal-flow constructed wetlands according to dissolved oxygen concentrations at the outflow, pp. 549–557.
J. Wang, G. Chen, F. Liu, X. Song, G. Zou, Combined ozonation and aquatic macrophyte (Vallisneria natans) treatment of piggery effluent: water matrix and antioxidant responses, Ecol. Eng.. 102 (2017) 39–45.
Q. Wang, C. Hernández-Crespo, B. Du, S.W. Van Hulle, D.P. Rousseau, Fate and removal of microplastics in unplanted lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands, Sci. Total Environ.. 778 (2021) 146152.
Q. Wang, C. Hernández-Crespo, M. Santoni, S. Van Hulle, D.P. Rousseau, Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands as tertiary treatment: can they be an efficient barrier for microplastics pollution?, Sci. Total Environ.. 721 (2020) 137785.
T. Wang, L. Xiao, H. Lu, S. Lu, J. Li, X. Guo et al., Nitrogen removal from summer to winter in a field pilot-scale multistage constructed wetland-pond system, Journal of Environmental Sciences. 111 (2022) 249–262.
H. Wu, J. Zhang, H.H. Ngo, W. Guo, Z. Hu, S. Liang et al., A review on the sustainability of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: design and operation, Bioresour. Technol.. 175 (2015) 594–601.
S. Wu, P. Kuschk, H. Brix, J. Vymazal, R. Dong, Development of constructed wetlands in performance intensifications for wastewater treatment: a nitrogen and organic matter targeted review, Water Res.. 57 (2014) 40–55.
Z. Wu, F. Xu, C. Yang, X. Su, F. Guo, Q. Xu et al., Highly efficient nitrate removal in a heterotrophic denitrification system amended with redox-active biochar: a molecular and electrochemical mechanism, Bioresour. Technol.. 275 (2019) 297–306.
Yadav, A., 2010. Design and development of novel constructed wetland cum microbial fuel cell for electricity production and wastewater treatment, pp. 4–10.
A.K. Yadav, P. Dash, A. Mohanty, R. Abbassi, B.K. Mishra, Performance assessment of innovative constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell for electricity production and dye removal, Ecol. Eng.. 47 (2012) 126–131.
A.K. Yadav, P. Dash, A. Mohanty, R. Abbassi, B.K. Mishra, Performance assessment of innovative constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell for electricity production and dye removal, Ecol. Eng.. 47 (2012) 126–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.06.029.
T. Yeh, C. Wu, Pollutant removal within hybrid constructed wetland systems in tropical regions, Water Sci. Technol.. 59 (2009) 233–240.
H. Yin, X. Yan, X. Gu, Evaluation of thermally-modified calcium-rich attapulgite as a low-cost substrate for rapid phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands, Water Res.. 115 (2017) 329–338.
A. Zdragas, G. Zalidis, V. Takavakoglou, S. Katsavouni, E. Anastasiadis, K. Eskridge et al., The effect of environmental conditions on the ability of a constructed wetland to disinfect municipal wastewaters, Environ. Manage.. 29 (2002) 510–515.
W. Zhi, G. Ji, Constructed wetlands, 1991–2011: a review of research development, current trends, and future directions, Sci. Total Environ.. 441 (2012) 19–27.
