culture; happiness; life satisfaction; society; subjective well-being; Psychology (all)
Abstract :
[en] Psychological science tends to treat subjective well-being and happiness synonymously. We start from the assumption that subjective well-being is more than being happy to ask the fundamental question: What is the ideal level of happiness? From a cross-cultural perspective, we propose that the idealization of attaining maximum levels of happiness may be especially characteristic of Western, educated, industrial, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies but less so for others. Searching for an explanation for why "happiness maximization" might have emerged in these societies, we turn to studies linking cultures to their eco-environmental habitat. We discuss the premise that WEIRD cultures emerged in an exceptionally benign ecological habitat (i.e., faced relatively light existential pressures compared with other regions). We review the influence of the Gulf Stream on the Northwestern European climate as a source of these comparatively benign geographical conditions. We propose that the ecological conditions in which WEIRD societies emerged afforded them a basis to endorse happiness as a value and to idealize attaining its maximum level. To provide a nomological network for happiness maximization, we also studied some of its potential side effects, namely alcohol and drug consumption and abuse and the prevalence of mania. To evaluate our hypothesis, we reanalyze data from two large-scale studies on ideal levels of personal life satisfaction-the most common operationalization of happiness in psychology-involving respondents from 61 countries. We conclude that societies whose members seek to maximize happiness tend to be characterized as WEIRD, and generalizing this across societies can prove problematic if adopted at the ideological and policy level.
Disciplines :
Social & behavioral sciences, psychology: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
Krys, Kuba ; Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences
Kostoula, Olga; Institute of Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz
van Tilburg, Wijnand A P ; Department of Psychology, University of Essex
Mosca, Oriana; Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari
Lee, J Hannah; Department of Psychology, Indiana University Northwest
Maricchiolo, Fridanna; Department of Education, University of Roma Tre
Kosiarczyk, Aleksandra; SWPS University
Kocimska-Bortnowska, Agata; SWPS University
Torres, Claudio; Institute of Psychology, University of Brasilia
Hitokoto, Hidefumi; Department of Psychological Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University
Liew, Kongmeng; Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University ; School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury
Bond, Michael H; Department of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business, Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Lun, Vivian Miu-Chi; Department of Applied Psychology, Lingnan University
Vignoles, Vivian L; School of Psychology, University of Sussex
Zelenski, John M; Department of Psychology, Carleton University
Haas, Brian W; Department of Psychology, University of Georgia
Park, Joonha ; Graduate School of Management, NUCB Business School
Vauclair, Christin-Melanie; Centre for Psychological Research and Social Intervention (CIS-Iscte), Iscte-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa
Kwiatkowska, Anna; Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences
Roczniewska, Marta; SWPS University ; Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Medical Management Centre, Karolinska Institutet
Witoszek, Nina; Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo
Işık, İdil; Psychology Department, Bahçeşehir University
Kosakowska-Berezecka, Natasza; Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk
Domínguez-Espinosa, Alejandra; Department of Psychology, Iberoamerican University
Yeung, June Chun ; Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences
Górski, Maciej; Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences ; Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw
Adamovic, Mladen; King's Business School, King's College London
ALBERT, Isabelle ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences (DBCS) > Lifespan Development, Family and Culture
Pavlopoulos, Vassilis; Department of Psychology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Fülöp, Márta; Institute of Psychology, Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church ; Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
Sirlopu, David; Faculty of Psychology and Humanities, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción
Okvitawanli, Ayu; Department of Psychology, Universitas Brawijaya
Boer, Diana; Institute of Psychology, University of Koblenz
Teyssier, Julien; Département Psychologie Clinique Du Sujet, Université Toulouse II
Malyonova, Arina; Department of General and Social Psychology, Dostoevsky Omsk State University
Gavreliuc, Alin ; Department of Psychology, West University of Timisoara
Serdarevich, Ursula; Universidad Nacional del Oeste ; Universidad National de Hurlingham
Akotia, Charity S; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Ghana
Appoh, Lily; Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University
Mira, D M Arévalo; HULAB, San Salvador, El Salvador
Baltin, Arno; School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University
Denoux, Patrick; Département Psychologie Clinique Du Sujet, Université Toulouse II
Esteves, Carla Sofia; Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Católica Lisbon Research Unit in Business and Economics
Gamsakhurdia, Vladimer; Department of Psychology, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Garðarsdóttir, Ragna B; Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland
Igbokwe, David O; Baze University Abuja
Igou, Eric R; Department of Psychology, University of Limerick
Kascakova, Natalia; Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University ; Psychiatric Clinic Pro Mente Sana, Bratislava, Slovakia
Klůzová Kracˇmárová, Lucie; Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences
Kronberger, Nicole; Institute of Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz
Barrientos, Pablo Eduardo; Department of Psychology, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala
Mohoricć, Tamara; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka
MURDOCK, Elke ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences (DBCS) > Lifespan Development, Family and Culture
Mustaffa, Nur Fariza; Department of Business Administration, International Islamic University Malaysia
Nader, Martin; Department of Psychological Studies, Universidad ICESI
Nadi, Azar; Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences
van Osch, Yvette; Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University
Pavlović, Zoran; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade
Polácˇková Šolcová, Iva; Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences
Rizwan, Muhammad; Department of Psychology, University of Haripur
Romashov, Vladyslav; Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences
Røysamb, Espen; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo
Sargautyte, Ruta; Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Vilnius University
Schwarz, Beate; Department of Applied Psychology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences
Selecká, Lenka; University of St. Cyril and Methodius of Trnava
Selim, Heyla A; King Saud University
Stogianni, Maria; Department of Culture Studies, Tilburg University
Sun, Chien-Ru; Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University
Wojtczuk-Turek, Agnieszka; Warsaw School of Economics
Xing, Cai; Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China
Uchida, Yukiko ; Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University
Narodowe Centrum Nauki Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnolÓgico Hungarian Scientific Research Fund Data Center of Management Science, National Natural Science Foundation of China – Peking University Grantová Agentura cˇeské Republiky University of Roma Tre under biannual European Union
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