Cybersecurity of Space Systems: Legal Aspects

This research aims to propose an adaptable framework that would include the existing instruments applicable to space activities and objects and the different regulations that may exist regarding cyber protection from a legal and technical point of view at different levels. This essentially concerns establishing rules for cyberspace, excluding considerations on the electromagnetic spectrum or physical, electronic equipment. The regulations are multi-layered as they are based on a particular “granularity”: vertical because they range from international legal instruments to company-specific technical standards and the contractual provisions in place; horizontal, because they cover both space components and assets and the uses of cyberspace in connection with space activities. Consequently, it involves analysing how the configuration of the existing various cybersecurity mechanisms can be extended, modified or transformed to meet the specific protection needs of space activities. In an international context of tension, the challenge of how best to develop regulatory instruments and effective governance for the protection of activities in outer space, particularly from a cyber perspective, has increased and has been widely debated in the academic sector and political and public forums. On this basis, the dissertation seeks to contribute to the academic debate by developing an original and detailed study of how international law affects the State and non-State practice of space activities, notably in the implementation of cyber protection measures over time, without being restrictive. In addition, and on the basis of this analysis, it offers an assessment of how a practical reality has been implemented in legislation to strengthen the protection of space objects in digital activities.