European & international law Law, criminology & political science: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
VAVOULA, Niovi ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Law, Economics and Finance (FDEF) > Department of Law (DL) ; Department of Law, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
External co-authors :
no
Language :
English
Title :
Artificial Intelligence (AI) at Schengen Borders: Automated Processing, Algorithmic Profiling and Facial Recognition in the Era of Techno-Solutionism
Philippe Bonditti, 'From Territorial Spaces to Networks: A Foucauldian Approach to the Implementation of Biometry' (2004) 29 Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 465.
Michiel Besters and Frans Brom, '“Greedy” Information Technology: The Digitalization of the European Migration Policy' (2010) 12(4) European Journal of Migration and Law 455.
Ben Hayes, NeoConOpticon: The EU Security-Industrial Complex (Transnational Institute/Statewatch 2009) 35.
Petra Molnar, 'Technology on the Margins: AI and Global Migration Management from a Human Rights Perspective' (2019) 8(2) Cambridge International Law Journal 305;
Petra Molnar and Lex Gill, 'Bots at the Gate: A Human Rights Analysis of Automated Decision-Making in Canada's Immigration and Asylum System' (University of Toronto, 2018).
Commission, 'Opportunities and challenges for the use of artificial intelligence in border control, migration and security' (2020).
Costica Dumbrava, 'Artificial intelligence at EU borders - Overview of applications and key issues' (European Parliament Research Service, 2021).
For an overview see Niovi Vavoula, 'The “Puzzle” of EU Large-Scale Information Systems for Third-Country Nationals: Surveillance of Movement and Its Challenges for Privacy and Data Protection' (2020) 45(3) European Law Review 348.
Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement (CISA) of 14 June 1985 [2000] O L239/19, art 94.
Regulation (EC) No 1987/2006 [2006] OJ L381/4;
Council Decision 2007/533/JHA [2007] OJ L205/63.
Regulation (EU) 2018/1860 [2018] OJ L312/1;
Regulation (EU) 2018/1861 [2018] OJ L312/14;
Regulation (EU) 2018/1862 [2018] OJ L312/56.
Evelien Brouwer, Digital Borders and Real Rights: Effective Remedies for Third-Country Nationals in the Schengen Information System (Martinus Nijhoff 2008).
Evelien Brouwer, 'Schengen's Undesirable Aliens' in Paul Minderhoud, Sandra Mantu and Karin Zwaan (eds), Caught in between Borders - Citizens, Migrants, Humans: Liber Amicorum in honour of prof. dr. Elspeth Guild (Wolf Legal Publishers 2019).
In addition to Article 20, as mentioned earlier, see Regulation (EU) 2021/1152 [2021] OJ L249/15.
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 [2016] OJ L119/1.
Susie Alegre, Julien Jeandesboz and Niovi Vavoula, 'European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS): Border Management, Fundamental Rights and Data Protection' (Study for the LIBE Committee of the European Parliament, 2017) 23-26.
Ibid art 11. See Regulation (EU) 2021/1151 [2021] OJ L249/7.
Matthias Leese, 'The New Profiling: Algorithms, Black Boxes, and the Failure of Anti-discriminatory Safeguards in the European Union' (2014) 45(5) Security Dialogue 494.
Directive (EU) 2016/681 [2016] OJ L11/132. See also the contribution by Julien Jeandesboz in this special issue.
Article 29 Working Party, 'Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling for the purposes of Regulation 2016/679' (WP251, 2018) 8.
Joined Cases C-511/18, C-512/18 and C-520/18 La Quadrature du Net and Others v Premier Ministre and Others, EU:C:2020:791.
FRA, 'Fundamental Rights and the Interoperability of EU Information Systems: Borders and Security' (2017) 30;
FRA, 'Under watchful eyes: biometrics, EU IT systems and fundamental rights' (2018) 81-94.
Commission, COM(2016) 655final, 9-10, 12.
European Court of Auditors, 'EU information systems supporting border control - a strong tool, but more focus needed on timely and complete data' (2019) 29-30.
'Inaccurate data in Schengen system “threatens rights”' (euobserver, 8 January 2018) accessed 10 August 2021. Even if these practices have stopped, the alerts are retained for at least three years and may be renewed. See Regulation 2018/1862, art 53(3).
Mario Savino, 'Global Administrative Law Meets Soft Powers: The Uncomfortable Case of Interpol Red Notices' (2011) 43 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 263.
See Rasmus Wandall et al, 'Misuse of Interpol's Red Notices and impact on human rights - recent developments' (Study for the DROI Committee of the European Parliament, 2019).
For further analysis see Niovi Vavoula, 'The Commission Package for ETIAS Consequential Amendments - Substitute Impact Assessment' (2020) 20-30.
For criticism on the reliability of EES entry/exit records see Standing Committee of Experts on International Immigration, Refugee and Criminal Law (Meijers Committee), 'Note on the Smart Borders proposals (COM(2013) 95 final, COM(2013) 96 final and COM (2013) 97 final' (CM1307, 2013);
Ben Hayes and Mathias Vermeulen, 'Borderline - The EU's New Border Surveillance Initiatives' (Heinrich Böll Stiftung 2012).
Home Office to scrap 'racist algorithm' for UK visa applicants' (The Guardian, 4 August 2020) accessed 10 August 2021.
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 21 December 1965.
La Quadrature du Net and Others (n 56) para 181.
Gloria Gonzalez Fuster, 'Artificial Intelligence and Law Enforcement - Impact on Fundamental Rights' (Study for the LIBE Committee of the European Parliament, 2020) 42.
Elspeth Guild and Niovi Vavoula, 'Travel authorization in the EU: automated processing and profiling' (openDemocracy, 12 October 2020) accessed 10 August 2021.
Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini, 'Fundamental rights review of EU data collection instruments and programmes' (2019) 39.
Andrea Romei and Salvatore Ruggieri, 'Discrimination Data Analysis: A Multi-disciplinary Bibliography' in Bart Custers et al. (eds), Discrimination and Privacy in the Information Society - Data Mining and Profiling in Large Databases (Springer 2013) 109.
Elspeth Guild, Eliz Mendos Kuşkonmaz, Valsamis Mitsilegas and Niovi Vavoula, 'Data Retention and the Future of Large-Scale Surveillance: The Evolution and Contestation of Judicial Benchmarks' (European Law Journal, forthcoming 2021).
PWC, 'Feasibility Study for a European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS)' (2016).
Commission, 'Legal analysis on the necessity and proportionality of extending the scope of the Visa Information System (VIS) to include data on long stay visas and residence documents' (2018).
FRA, 'Facial recognition technology: fundamental rights considerations in the context of law enforcement' (2019) 7-8.
See Patrick Grother et al, 'Ongoing Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) Part 2: Identification' NISTIR 8238.
Anil Jain, Ruud Bolle and Sharath Pankanti, Personal Identification in Networked Society (Kluwer 1999).
For an analysis on implementing biometrics at the borders see Commission, 'Biometrics at the frontiers: Assessing the impact on society' (2005).
Surveillance Studies Network, 'A Report on the Surveillance Society' (2006) 23.
Irma van der Ploeg, 'Biometric Identification Technologies: Ethical Implications of the Informatization of the Body' (No 1, Biometric Technology & Ethics 2005).
Directive (EU) 2016/680 [2016] OJ L119/89, art 10.
See Peck v UK (2003) 36 EHRR 41;
Gaughran v UK, Appl no 45245/15, Judgment of 13 February 2020.
eu-LISA, 'Artificial Intelligence in the Operational Management of Large-scale IT Systems' (2020).
Javier Galbally Herrerro et al, 'Study on Face Identification Technology for its Implementation in the Schengen Information System' (2019) 9.
Commission, '2016 Eurodac proposal' (n 30) 13.
Tamir Israel, 'Facial Recognition at a Crossroads: Transformation at our Borders and Beyond' (Samuelson-Glushko Canadian Internet Policy & Public Interest Clinic, 2020).
FRA, 'Under watchful eyes - biometrics, EU IT-systems and fundamental rights' (2018) 16.
Regulation (EU) 2018/1726 [2018] OJ L295/99, art 12.
National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), 'Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) Part 3: Demographic Effects' (2019).
Nisha Srinivas et al, 'Face Recognition Algorithm Bias: Performance Differences on Images of Children and Adults' (Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Patter Recognition Workshops, 2019).
Jennifer Lynch, 'Face off report - Law enforcement use of facial recognition technology' (Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2020) 7.
See Statewatch, 'Automated suspicion: The EU's new travel surveillance initiatives' (2020). 130 NIST (n 122).
Pawel Drozdowski et al, 'Demographic Bias in Biometrics: A Survey on an Emerging Challenge' (2020) 1(2) IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society 89, 98.
UN Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, 'Racial discrimination and emerging digital technologies: a human rights analysis' (2020).
Developed through the iBorderCtrl project. See Javier Sánchez-Monedero & Lina Dencik, 'The Politics of Deceptive Borders: “Biomarkers of Deceit” and the Case of iBorderCtrl' (2020) Information, Communication & Society 1.
