Digital History; Historiography; History of Humanities; Digital Humanities; History of Knowledge; Practice turn; Praxeology
Abstract :
[en] This article explores the history and genealogies of digital history, set within the broader context of how new technologies have shaped historical research practices and knowledge production since at least the late nineteenth century. For over a century, historians have reflected on the impact of mechanical aids and computing on their discipline. Along the way, they have debated key epistemological and methodological questions that have resurfaced in our current era of digital history, yet this is often forgotten. To understand what is new in digital history and how past work can inform present debates and practices, we need a self-understanding grounded in history. Moreover, the role of technology in historical research serves as a reminder of its influence in shaping the history of historiography in general. The first section of the article discusses the existing historiography of digital history and argues for more attention to disciplinary differences in histories of digital humanities. In the second section, I explore how one could frame a history of digital history and identify several dimensions that require closer examination. The third section integrates these in a chronological exploration of digital history’s genealogies. In the concluding section, I propose several avenues for future research and briefly discuss some of the work needed to enable this.
Research center :
Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History (C2DH) > Contemporary European History (EHI)
Disciplines :
Arts & humanities: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
ZAAGSMA, Gerben ; University of Luxembourg > Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History (C2DH) > Contemporary European History
External co-authors :
no
Language :
English
Title :
Facing the History Machine: Toward Histories of Digital History
Publication date :
16 December 2024
Journal title :
History of Humanities
ISSN :
2379-3163
eISSN :
2379-3171
Publisher :
University of Chicago Press, Chicago, United States - Illinois
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.
Bibliography
Agar, Jon. 2006. “What Difference Did Computers Make?” Social Studies of Science 36 (6): 869–907.
Alker, Hayward R. 1965. “Varieties of Computer Applications to the Past.” In Computers for the Humanities? A Record of the Conference Sponsored by Yale University on a Grant from IBM, January 22–23, 1965, edited by G.W. Pierson, 77–84. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Anderson, George L. 1958. “Mechanical Aids in Historical Research.” In Support of Clio: Essays in Memory of Herbert A. Kellar, edited by William B. Hesseltine and Donald R. McNeil, 77–105. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
Andrae, Carl Göran. 1966. “Clio inför automationen.” Historisk Tidskrift 86:47–79.
———. 1974. “History and the Computer: An International Conference: Uppsala, Sweden, June, 1973.” Historical Methods Newsletter 7 (3): 106–9.
Andrae, Carl Göran, Ulla Hedquist, Dagobert Soergel, and Hans H. D. Klingemann. 1970. “Sweden: GEOCODE; A Computer Code System for Administrative Divisions with a Boundary-Correcting Analysis Program.” Social Science Information 9:75–81.
Antonijevic, Smiljana. 2015. Amongst Digital Humanists: An Ethnographic Study of Digital Knowledge Production. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Arnold, Klaus. 1974. “Geschichtswissenschaft und elektronische Datenverarbeitung: Methoden, Ergebnisse und Möglichkeiten einer neuen Hilfswissenschaft.” Historische Zeitschrift: Beihefte 3:98–148.
Aronova, Elena, Christine C. V. Oertzen, and David Sepkoski. 2017. “Introduction: Historicizing Big Data.” Osiris 32:1–17.
Aydelotte, William O. 1954. “A Statistical Analysis of the Parliament of 1841: Some Problems of Method.” Historical Research 27 (76): 141–55.
———. 1966. “Quantification in History.” American Historical Review 71 (3): 803–25.
Baba, Marietta L. 2006. “Industry-University Relationships and the Context of Intellectual Property Dynamics: The Case of IBM.” In Multi-level Issues in Social Systems, edited by Francis J. Yammarino and Fred Dansereau, 5:301–19. Research in Multi-Level Issues. Leeds: Emerald Group.
Baehne, G. W. 1935. Practical Applications of the Punched Card Method in Colleges and Universities. New York: Columbia University Press.
Bashe, Charles J., Lyle R. Johnson, John H. Palmer, and Emerson W. Pugh. 1986. IBM’s Early Computers. MIT Press Series in the History of Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Baudet, H., and J. W. Drukker. 1977. “De afschuw van het getal: Een nabeschouwing over de jaarrede – 1975 van de voorzitter van het Nederlands historisch genootschap.” BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review 92 (1): 1–16.
Becker, Peter, and William Clark. 2004. Little Tools of Knowledge: Historical Essays on Academic and Bureaucratic Practices. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Bellardo Hahn, Trudy, and Michael Keeble Buckland, eds. 1998. Historical Studies in Information Science. Medford, NJ: Information Today.
Bick, Wolfgang, Paul J. Müller, and Herbert Reinke. 1977. Quantitative historische Forschung 1977: Eine Dokumentation der QUANTUM-Erhebung. Stuttgart: Klett.
Bijker, Wiebe E. 2012. “The Social Construction of Bakelite: Toward a Theory of Invention.” In The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, edited by Wiebe E Bijker, Thomas Parke Hughes, and Trevor Pinch, 155–83. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
———. 2015. “Social Construction of Technology.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, edited by James D Wright. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Bijker, Wiebe E., and Trevor Pinch. 2012. “Preface to the Anniversary Edition.” In The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, edited by Wiebe E Bijker, Thomas Parke Hughes, and Trevor Pinch, xi–xxxv. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Binkley, Robert Cedric. 1936. Manual on Methods of Reproducing Research Materials: A Survey Made for the Joint Committee on Materials for Research of the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies. Ann Arbor, MI: Edwards.
Bisco, Ralph L. 1964. “Information Retrieval from Data Archives: The ICPR System.” American Behavioral Scientist 7 (10): 45–48.
———. 1966. “Social Science Data Archives: A Review of Developments.” American Political Science Review 60:93–109.
Black, Alistair. 2007. “Mechanization in Libraries and Information Retrieval: Punched Cards and Microfilm before the Widespread Adoption of Computer Technology in Libraries.” Library History 23 (4): 291–99.
Blair, Ann. 2010. Too Much to Know: Managing Scholarly Information Before the Modern Age. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Blair, Ann, Paul Duguid, Anja-Silvia Goeing, and Anthony Grafton, eds. 2021. Information: A Historical Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bloom, Herbert I. 1934. “A Study of Brazilian Jewish History, 1623–1654, Based Chiefly upon the Findings of the Late Samuel Oppenheim.” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 33:43–125.
Bod, Rens. 2013. “Who’s Afraid of Patterns? The Particular versus the Universal and the Meaning of Humanities 3.0.” BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review 128 (4): 171–80.
Bogue, Allan G. 1976. “The Historian and Social Science Data Archives in the United States.” American Behavioral Scientist 19 (4): 419–42.
———. 1983. Clio and the Bitch Goddess: Quantification in American Political History. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Bonfanti, Corrado. 2014. “Roberto Busa (1913–2011), Pioneer of Computers for the Humanities.” In Reflections on the History of Computing: Preserving Memories and Sharing, edited by Arthur Tatnall, 57–61. Heidelberg: Springer.
Boonstra, Onno. 1981. Gecomputeriseerd Historisch Onderzoek: Stand van zaken; Perspectief. Nijmegen: Katholieke Universiteit, Sectie Geschiedenis.
Boonstra, Onno, Leen Breure, and Peter Doorn. 2006. Past, Present and Future of Historical Information Science. Amsterdam: NIWI-KNAW. Originally published as “Past, Present and Future of Historical Information Science,” Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung 29, no. 2 (2004): 4–132.
Boonstra, Onno, Geurt Collenteur, and Bart van Elderen. 1995. Structures and Contingencies in Computerized Historical Research: Proceedings of the IX International Conference of the Association for History & Computing, Nijmegen 1994. Hilversum: Verloren.
Borgman, Christine L. 2009. “The Digital Future Is Now: A Call to Action for the Humanities.” Digital Humanities Quarterly 3 (4).
Borodkin, Leonid, ed. 1993. History and Computing in Eastern Europe. Göttingen: Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte.
Bos, Bert, and George Welling. 1995. “The Significance of User-Interfaces for Historical Software.” In The Art of Communication: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of the Association for History and Computing, Graz, Austria, August 24–27, 1993, edited by Gerhard Jaritz, Ingo Herbert Kropac, and Peter Teibenbacher, 223–37. Graz: Akademische Druck.
Bourke, Thomas A. 1989. “The Photostat-Microfilm War at the New York Public Library in the 1930s, the 1940s, and the 1950s.” Microform Review 18 (3): 145–50.
Braudel, Fernand. 1972. “Personal Testimony.” Journal of Modern History 44 (4): 448–67.
Bridenbaugh, Carl. 1963. “The Great Mutation.” American Historical Review 68 (2): 315–31.
Brier, Stephen. 2017. “Confessions of a Premature Digital Humanist.” Journal of Interactive Technology and Pedagogy 11.
Bronson, Bertrand H. 1949. “Mechanical Help in the Study of Folk Song.” Journal of American Folklore 62 (244): 81–86.
Burke, Peter. 2011. “The Cultural History of Intellectual Practices: An Overview.” In Political Concepts and Time, edited by Javier Fernández and Sebastián Cantabria. Santander: Editorial de la Universidad de Cantabria.
Camic, Charles, Neil Gross, and Michèle Lamont. 2011. Social Knowledge in the Making. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Certeau, Michel de. 1988. The Writing of History. New York: Columbia University Press.
Clark, Charles Upson. 1908. “Correspondence: Photographic Reproductions of Manuscripts.” Nation 86:257–59.
Cole, George Watson. 1921. “The Photostat in Bibliographical and Research Work—a Symposium.” Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 15 (1): 1–16.
Conseil International des Archives. 1971. Actes de la Treizième Conference Internationale de la Table Ronde des Archives, Bonn, 1971. Paris: Conseil International des Archives.
Cortada, James W. 2012. The Digital Flood: Diffusion of Information Technology Across the United States, Europe, and Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Couturier, Marcel M. 1970. “‘Systeme Forcode’: A Computer Program for the Recording and Analysis of Historical Data.” Historical Methods Newsletter 4.
Crymble, Adam. 2021. Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Daston, Lorraine. 2000. “Die unerschütterliche Praxis.” In Auf der Suche nach der verlorenen Wahrheit: Zum Grundlagenstreit in der Geschichtswissenschaft, 13–25. Frankfurt: Campus.
Daumard, Adeline, and François Furet. 1959. “Méthodes de l’Histoire sociale: Les Archives notariales et la Mécanographie.” Annales: Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations 14:676–93.
Delumeau, Jean. 1961. “Méthode mécanographique et trafic maritime: Les terre-neuviers malouins à la fin du XVIIe siècle.” Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales 16:665–85.
Doorn, Peter K. 1994. “AHC tussen Graz en Nijmegen: Een persoonlijke visie.” NHDA Nieuws 6:4.
Earhart, Amy E. 2015. Traces of the Old, Uses of the New: The Emergence of Digital Literary Studies. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Ellin, Everett. 1969. “Museums and the Computer: An Appraisal of New Potentials.” Computers and the Humanities 4 (1): 25–30.
Engelen, Theo, and Tim Riswick. 2017. Van historische informatiekunde naar historische sensatie: libretto amicorum voor Onno Boonstra. Nijmegen: Valkhof Pers.
Esposito, Mario. 1910. “Conchubrani Vita Sanctae Monennae.” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature 28:202–51.
Evers, G. A. 1910. “Bibliotheek-Photographie.” Tijdschrift voor boek—en bibliotheekwezen 8:227–32.
Eversley, David Edward Charles, William Alexander Armstrong, Peter Laslett, Ovenall Lynda, and Edward Anthony Wrigley. 1966. An Introduction to English Historical Demography. Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Fiormonte, Domenico. 2017. “Digital Humanities and the Geopolitics of Knowledge.” Digital Studies/Le champ numérique 7 (1): 5.
Fiormonte, Domenico, Sukanta Chaudhuri, and Paola Ricaurte, eds. 2022. Global Debates in the Digital Humanities. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Fiormonte, Domenico, Francesca Tomasi, and Teresa Numerico. 2020. The Digital Humanist: A Critical Inquiry. Baltimore: Project Muse.
Fogel, Robert William. 1975. “The Limits of Quantitative Methods in History.” American Historical Review 80 (2): 329–50.
———. 1982. “‘Scientific’ History and Traditional History.” In Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science VI: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Hannover, 1979, edited by Laurence Jonathan Cohen, 15–62. Amsterdam: North-Holland; Warsaw: PWN, Polish Scientific Publishers.
Folta, Jaroslav. 1964. “K sovetským pracím z ‘matematické historiografie’” [Soviet works on “mathematical historiography”]. Československý časopis historický 12:888–92.
Foster, Clifton. 2010. “Microfilming Activities of the Historical Records Survey, 1935–42.” American Archivist 48:45–55.
Fretwell, John. 1908. “Photographic Copying in Libraries.” Library Journal 33:223–24.
Friedrich, Markus. 2014. “Vom Exzerpt zum Photoauftrag zur Datenbank: Technische Rahmenbedingungen historiographischer Forschung in Archiven und Bibliotheken und ihr Wandel seit dem 19. Jahrhundert.” Thema: Kultur, Gesellschaft, Alltag Historische Anthropologie 22:278–98.
———. 2017. “Genealogy as Archive-Driven Research Enterprise in Early Modern Europe.” Osiris 32:65–84.
———. 1984. In the Workshop of History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Gaffield, Chad. 2020. “Clio and Computers in Canada and Beyond: Contested Past, Promising Present, Uncertain Future.” Canadian Historical Review 101:559–84.
Gardin, Jean-Claude, and Paul Garelli. 1961. “Étude par ordinateurs des établissements assyriens en Cappadoce.” Annales 16:837–76.
Garskova, Irina. 2014. “The Past and Present of Digital Humanities: A View from Russia.” H-Soz-Kult: Kommunikation und Fachinformation für die Geschichtswissenschaften.
Gerovitch, Slava. 2002. From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Goerke, Michael, ed. 1994. Coordinates for Historical Maps: A Workshop of the Association for History and Computing, European University Institute, 13th–14th May 1994. Göttingen: Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte.
Gouglas, Sean, Geoffrey Rockwell, Victoria Smith, Sophia Hoosein, and Harvey Quamen. 2013. “Before the Beginning: The Formation of Humanities Computing as a Discipline in Canada.” Digital Studies/Le champ numérique 3.
Grafton, Anthony. 2003. The Footnote: A Curious History. London: Faber & Faber.
Greenstein, Daniel. 1996. “Bringing Bacon Home: The Divergent Progress of Computer-Aided Historical Research in Europe and the United States.” Computers and the Humanities 30:351–64.
Gregory, Ian N., and Paul S. Ell. 2007. Historical GIS: Technologies, Methodologies, and Scholarship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gundlach, Rolf. 1965. HISDOC/HDS: Ein Dokumentationssystem zur inhaltlichen Erfassung und maschinellen Erschliessung historischer Sekundärliteratur. Munich: Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Kunstbibliotheken.
———. 1966. Programm-System KOMREG: Automatische Registerherstellung in den philologisch-historischen Wissenschaften. Darmstadt: Deutsches Rechenzentrum.
———. 1968. “Maschinelle Philologie als Historische Hilfswissenschaft.” Folia Linguistica 2:230–56.
Haber, Peter. 2011. Digital Past: Geschichtswissenschaft im digitalen Zeitalter. Munich: Oldenbourg.
Haigh, Thomas, ed. 2019. Exploring the Early Digital. Cham: Springer.
Haupert, Michael. 2016. “History of Cliometrics.” In History of Cliometrics, edited by Claude Diebolt. Heidelberg: Springer.
Heijden, Tim van der. 2018. Hybrid Histories: Technologies of Memory and the Cultural Dynamics of Home Movies, 1895–2005. Maastricht: Maastricht University.
Heinen, Armin. 2011. “Mediaspektion der Historiographie: Zur Geschichte der Geschichtswissenschaft aus medien- und technikgeschichtlicher Perspektive.” Zeitenblicke 10.
Heuvel, Charles van den. 2014. “Historical Roots of Information Sciences and the Making of E-Humanities.” In The Making of the Humanities, vol. 3, edited by Rens Bod, Jaap Maat, and Thijs Weststeijn, 465–78. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Hockey, Susan. 2004. “The History of Humanities Computing.” In A Companion to Digital Humanities, edited by Susan Schreibman, Raymond George Siemens, and John Unsworth, 3–20. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Hughes, Thomas Parke. 1993. Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Huhner, Leon. 1931. “Samuel Oppenheim.” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 32:132–34.
Huistra, Pieter, Herman Paul, and Jo Tollebeek. 2013. “Historians in the Archive: An Introduction,” History of the Human Sciences 26 (4): 3–7.
Hymes, Dell Hathaway. 1965. The Use of Computers in Anthropology. London: Mouton.
ICA. 1976. Proceedings of the VIIth International Congress on Archives (Moscow, 21–25 August 1972)/Actes du VIIe Congrès international des archives (Moscou, 21–25 août 1972). Munich: Verlag Dokumentation.
Iggers, Georg G. 2005. Historiography in the Twentieth Century from Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
Iggers, Georg G., Q. Edward Wang, and Supriya Mukherjee. 2017. A Global History of Modern Historiography. Abingdon: Routledge.
Jarausch, Konrad. 1987. “(Inter)national Styles of Quantitative History.” In Quantitative History of Society and Economy: Some International Studies, edited by Konrad Jarausch and Wilhelm H Schröder. St. Katharinen: Scripta Mercaturae Verlag.
Jensen, Helle Strandgaard. 2021. “Digital Archival Literacy for (All) Historians.” Media History 27:251–65.
Jensen, Richard. 1983. “The Microcomputer Revolution for Historians.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 14:91–111.
Johansson, Egil. 1969. Kvantitativa studier av alfabetiseringen i Sverige: Exempel på källmaterial, metoder och resultat. Umeå: Umeå Universitet.
Jones, Steven E. 2016. Roberto Busa, S.J., and the Emergence of Humanities Computing: The Priest and the Punched Cards. London: Routledge.
Kemman, Max. 2021. Trading Zones of Digital History. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Kim, Dorothy, and Adeline Koh. 2021. Alternative Historiographies of the Digital Humanities. Goleta, CA: Punctum Books.
Knorr-Cetina, K. 1999. Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kopp, J. J. 1987. “The Impact of Technology upon Medical History Research: The Past, the Problems, the Potential.” Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 75:349–54.
Koval’čenko, I. D., V. A. Ustinov, and N. Godneff. 1965. “La vie rurale en Russie au XIXe siècle: Les calculateurs électroniques appliqués aux études historiques.” Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales 20:1128–49.
Krajewski, Markus. 2011. Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548–1929. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kraus, Alexander, and Birte Kohtz. 2012. “‘Wenn man ganz genau weiss, was man machen will, …’: Eine praxeologische Perspektive auf geschichtswissenschaftliche Qualitätsstandards.” Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte 62:250–67.
Krumbacher, Karl. 1906. Die Photographie im Dienste der Geisteswissenschaften. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.
Lambert, Peter, and Phillipp Schofield. 2002. Making History: An Introduction to the Practices of History. London: Routledge.
Lawson, Murray G. 1948. “The Machine Age in Historical Research.” American Archivist 11:141–49.
Le Deuff, Olivier. 2018. Digital Humanities: History and Development. London: ISTE.
Lejeune, Edgar. 2021. “Médiévistes et Ordinateurs: Organisations Collectives, Pratiques des Sources et Conséquences Historiographiques (1966–1990).” Paris: Université de Paris.
Leon, Sharon. 2018. “Complicating a ‘Great Man’ Narrative of Digital History in the United States.” In Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and Digital Humanities, edited by Elizabeth M. Losh and Jacqueline Wernimont. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. 1968. “L’historien et l’ordinateur.” Le Nouvel Observateur, May 8.
Leslie, Stuart W. 1993. The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford. New York: Columbia University Press.
Licklider, J. C. R. 1965. Libraries of the Future. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Lincoln, Harry B., ed. 1970. The Computer and Music. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Lingelbach, Gabriele. 2003. Klio macht Karriere die Institutionalisierung der Geschichtswissenschaft in Frankreich und den USA in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
———. 2011. “Ein Motor der Geschichtswissenschaft? Zusammenhänge zwischen technologischer Entwicklung, Veränderungen des Arbeitsalltags von Historikern und fachlichem Wandel.” Zeitenblicke 10.
Lorwin, Val Rogin, and Jacob Myron Price. 1972. The Dimensions of the Past: Materials, Problems, and Opportunities for Quantitative Work in History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Lückerath, Carl August. 1968. “Prolegomena zur elektronischen Datenverarbeitung im Bereich der Geschichtswissenschaft.” Historische Zeitschrift 207:265–96.
Marchand, Suzanne. 2019. “How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian’s Thoughts on the Geschichte des Wissens.” Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 42 (2–3): 126–49.
McCarty, Willard. 2003. “Humanities Computing.” In Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, edited by Miriam Drake, 1224–35. New York: Marcel Dekker.
———. 2010. “In the Age of Explorations.” Closing keynote address, “Exploring the Archive in the Digital Age,” King’s College London, May 8.
———. 2014. “Getting There from Here: Remembering the Future of Digital Humanities: Roberto Busa Award Lecture 2013.” Literary and Linguistic Computing 29 (3): 283–306.
McCloskey, Deirdre. 1978. “The Achievements of the Cliometric School.” Journal of Economic History 38 (1): 13–28.
McCrank, Lawrence J. 2001. Historical Information Science: An Emerging Unidiscipline. Medford, NJ: Information Today.
Mente, Otto, and Adolf Warschauer. 1909. Die Anwendung der Photographie für die archivalische Praxis. Leipzig: Hirzel.
Mojet, Emma. 2022. Observing Disciplines: Data Practices in and between Disciplines in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries. Amsterdam.
Montmasson, Ezéchiel. 1909. “K. Krumbacher: Die Photographie im Dienste der Geisteswissenschaften.” Échos d’Orient 12:64.
Morris, Richard. 1941. “The Challenge of Historical Materials.” American Archivist 4:91–116.
Müller, Philipp. 2015. “Introduction: Archives and History; Making Historical Knowledge in Europe during the Nineteenth Century.” Storia della storiografia: Rivista internazionale 68 (2): 85–88.
Murray, William G. 1933. “An Economic Analysis of Farm Mortgages in Story County, Iowa, 1854–1931.” Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station Research Bulletin 12:1.
New York Times. 1920. “The Photostat: A Revolutionary Aid to Research.” Current History 12 (3): 502–3.
Nute, Grace Lee. 1939. “Microphotography at the Minnesota Historical Society.” Journal of Documentary Reproduction 2:109–18.
Nyhan, Julianne. 2022. Hidden and Devalued Feminized Labour in the Digital Humanities: On the Index Thomisticus Project, 1954–67. London: Routledge.
Nyhan, Julianne, and Andrew Flinn. 2016. Computation and the Humanities: Towards an Oral History of Digital Humanities. Cham: Springer.
Nyhan, Julianne, Andrew Flinn, and Anne Welsh. 2015. “Oral History and the Hidden Histories Project: Towards Histories of Computing in the Humanities.” Literary and Linguistic Computing 30:71–85.
Nyhan, Julianne, and Marco Passarotti. 2019. One Origin of Digital Humanities: Fr Roberto Busa in His Own Words. Cham: Springer.
Oberländer, Erwin. 1965. “Geschichtswissenschaft und Kybernetik in der Sowjetunion.” Osteuropa 15:329–34.
Östling, Johan. 2020. “Circulation, Arenas, and the Quest for Public Knowledge: Historiographical Currents and Analytical Frameworks.” History and Theory 59:111–26.
Owsley, Frank. 1949. Plain Folk of the Old South. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
Owsley, Frank L., and Harriet C. Owsley. 1940. “The Economic Basis of Society in the Late Ante-Bellum South.” Journal of Southern History 6:24–45.
Paju, Petri. 2019. “International Collaboration and Finland in the Early Years of Computer-Assisted History Research: Combining Influences from Nordic and Soviet Baltic Historians.” In Digital Humanities in the Nordic Countries, edited by Costanza Navarretta, Manex Agirrezabal, and Bente Maegaard, 349–57. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 2364. Aachen: CEUR.
———. 2020. “The Long Road to ‘Digital History’: History of Computer-Assisted Research of the Past in Finland since the 1960s.” In Digital Histories: Emergent Approaches within the New Digital History, edited by Mats Fridlund, Mila Oiva, and Petri Paju, 21–45. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
Perman, Dagmar Horna. 1968. Bibliography and the Historian: The Conference at Belmont of the Joint Committee on Bibliographical Services to History. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio.
Peters, Benjamin. 2012. “Normalizing Soviet Cybernetics.” Information & Culture 47:145–75.
Purš, Jaroslav. 1974. “Historiometrics, Historical and Cartographic Information, and Computers.” Historical Methods Newsletter 7:134–44.
Putnam, George F. 1971. “Soviet Historians, Quantitative Methods, and Digital Computers.” Computers and the Humanities 6:23–29.
Rabb, Theodore K. 1983. “The Development of Quantification in Historical Research.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 13:591–601.
Raben, Joseph. 1991. “Humanities Computing 25 Years Later.” Computers and the Humanities 25:341–50.
Rayward, W. Boyd. 2005. “The Historical Development of Information Infrastructures and the Dissemination of Knowledge: A Personal Reflection.” Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 31 (4): 19–22.
———. 2014. “Information Revolutions, the Information Society, and the Future of the History of Information Science.” Library Trends 62 (3): 681–713.
Rider, Fremont. 1944. The Scholar and the Future of the Research Library: A Problem and Its Solution. New York: Hadham.
———. 1950. “Archival Materials on Microcards.” American Documentation 1:42–45.
Robertson, Stephen. 2016. “The Differences between Digital Humanities and Digital History.” In Debates in the Digital Humanities 2016, edited by Matthew K. Gold and Lauren F. Klein, 289–308. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Rockwell, Geoffrey, and Stéfan Sinclair. 2016. “Thinking-Through the History of Computer-Assisted Text Analysis.” In Doing Digital Humanities: Practice, Training, Research, edited by Constance Crompton, Richard L. Lane, and Ray Siemens. London: Routledge.
———. 2020. “Tremendous Mechanical Labor: Father Busa’s Algorithm.” Digital Humanities Quarterly 14 (3).
Rokkan, Stein, ed. 1966. Data Archives for the Social Sciences: Proceedings of the Paris Conference on Data Archives for the Social Sciences 28–30 September 1964. Paris: Mouton.
Rosenbach, A. S.W. 1928. “Address of the President.” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 31:1.
Rosenberg, Daniel. 2003. “Introduction: Early Modern Information Overload.” Journal of the History of Ideas 64:1–9.
Rosenzweig, Roy. 2011. Clio Wired: The Future of the Past in the Digital Age. New York: Columbia University Press.
Rowney, Don Karl. 1969. Quantitative History: Selected Readings in the Quantitative Analysis of Historical Data. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
———. 1982. “The Historian and the Microcomputer: A Student of the Past Meets the Machine of the Future.” Byte 7:166–78.
Ruusalepp, Raivo. 2000. “Introduction: Historical Computing: Defining an Elusive Concept.” History and Computing 12:133–40.
Salmi, Hannu. 2021. What Is Digital History? Cambridge: Polity.
Schatzberg, Eric. 2018. Technology Critical History of a Concept. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Schick, James B. M. 1987. “Historians and Computing, circa 1987.” Social Science Microcomputer Review 5:514–28.
Schneider, Jean. 1973. “La machine et l’histoire: De l’emploi des moyens mécaniques et électroniques dans la recherche historique.” In Doklady kongressa: XIII Mezhdunarodnyi Kongress Istoricheskikh Nauk, Moskva, 16–23 avgusta 1970 goda, vol. 2. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnyi komitet istoricheskikh nauk.
Secord, James A. 2004. “Knowledge in Transit.” Isis 95 (4): 654–72.
Sepkoski, David. 2017. “The Database before the Computer.” Osiris 32:175–201.
Silbey, Joel H. 1972. “Clio and Computers: Moving into Phase II, 1970–1972.” Computers and the Humanities 7:67–79.
Simonton, Dean Keith. 1990. Psychology, Science, and History: An Introduction to Historiometry. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Slatta, Richard W. 1989. “Historians and Microcomputing, 1989.” Social Science Computer Review 7:446–58.
Slicher von Bath, Bernard. 1976. “Jaarrede Voorzitter Nederlands Historisch Genootschap Utrecht 24 oktober 1975.” Bijdragen en Mededelingen betreffende de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden 91:169–77.
Smith, Bonnie G. 1995. “Gender and the Practices of Scientific History: The Seminar and Archival Research in the Nineteenth Century.” American Historical Review 100:1150–76.
Spaeth, Donald A. 1992. Towards an International Curriculum for History and Computing: A Workshop of the International Association for History and Computing, University of Glasgow, 15–17 May 1992. St. Katharinen: Scripta Mercaturae Verlag.
Speck, W.A. 1994. “History and Computing: Some Reflections on the Achievements of the Past Decade.” History and Computing 6:28–32.
Stone, Lawrence. 1979. “The Revival of Narrative: Reflections on a New Old History.” Past & Present 85:3–24.
Sula, Chris Alen, and Heather V. Hill. 2019. “The Early History of Digital Humanities: An Analysis of Computers and the Humanities (1966–2004) and Literary and Linguistic Computing (1986–2004).” Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 34 (1): 190–206.
Svensson, Patrik. 2009. “Humanities Computing as Digital Humanities.” DHQ: Digital Humanities Quarterly 3 (3).
Swierenga, Robert P. 1970 a. “Clio and Computers: A Survey of Computerized Research in History.” Computers and the Humanities 5:1–21.
———., ed. 1970 b. Quantification in American History: Theory and Research. New York: Atheneum.
———. 1974. “Computers and Comparative History.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 (2): 267–86.
Thaller, Manfred. 1980. “Automation on Parnassus: Clio—a Databank Oriented System for Historians.” Historical Social Research 37 (5): 40–65.
———. 1981. “Historical Software Section.” Historical Social Research 37:87–92.
———. 1982. “Zur Formalisierbarkeit hermeneutischen Verstehens in der Historie.” In Mentalitäten und Lebensverhältnisse: Beispiele aus der Sozialgeschichte der Neuzeit: Rudolf Vierhaus zum 60. Geburtstag, 439–54. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
———. 1989. “The Need for a Theory of Historical Computing.” In History and Computing II, edited by Peter Denley, Stefan Fogelvik, and Charles Harvey, 2–11. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
———. 1990. “Entzauberungen: Die Entwicklung einer fachspezifischen historischen Datenverarbeitung in der Bundesrepublik.” In From History to Applied Computer Science in the Humanities, 178–92. Cologne: Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences.
———. 1992. “Von der Mißverständlichkeit des Selbstverständlichen: Beobachtungen zur Diskussion über die Nützlichkeit formaler Verfahren in der Geschichtswissenschaft.” In From History to Applied Computer Science in the Humanities, 221–42. Cologne: Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences.
———. 2013. “Die International Association for History and Computing.” In Die International Association for History and Computing. Gutenberg: Computus Druck Satz & Verlag.
———. 2017. From History to Applied Computer Science in the Humanities. Cologne: Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences.
Thomas, William G., III. 2004a. “Computing and the Historical Imagination.” In A Companion to Digital Humanities, edited by Susan Schreibman, Raymond George Siemens, and John Unsworth, 56–68. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Thomas, William G., III. 2004b. “Is the Future of Digital History Spatial History?” Presentation at Newberry Library Historical GIS Conference, University of Virginia, March.
Tollebeek, Jo. 2008. Fredericq & Zonen: Een Antropologie Van De Moderne Geschiedwetenschap. Amsterdam: Bakker.
Tollenaere, F., de. 1963. Nieuwe wegen in de lexicologie. Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij.
Trüper, Henning. 2007. “Das Klein-Klein der Arbeit: Die Notizführung des Historikers François Louis Ganshof.” Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften 18:82–104.
———. 2014. Topography of a Method: François Louis Ganshof and the Writing of History. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
Turkel, W. J., S. Muhammedi, and M. B. Start. 2014. “Grounding Digital History in the History of Computing.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 36:72–75.
Turner, Stephen. 2019. “Knowledge Formations: An Analytic Framework.” In Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity, edited by Robert Frodeman, Julie Thompson Kleinn, and Roberto C. S. Pacheco, 9–21. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Unsworth, John. 2000. “Scholarly Primitives: What Methods Do Humanities Researchers Have in Common, and How Might Our Tools Reflect This?” Presentation at “Humanities Computing: Formal Methods, Experimental Practice” symposium, King’s College London, May 13. https://people.brandeis.edu/~unsworth/Kings.5-00/primitives.html.
Ustinov, V. A. 1962. “Electronic Computer Applications in Historical Science.” Soviet Studies in History 1:62–64.
———. 1963. “Les calculateurs électroniques appliqués à la science historique.” Annales: Economies, Societes, Civilisations 18:259–94.
———. 1964. “The Solution of Certain Problems in USSR History by Electronic Computer.” Soviet Studies in History 3:4–13.
Van House, Nancy A. 2004. “Science and Technology Studies and Information Studies.” Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 38:1–86.
Vanhoutte, Edward. 2013. “The Gates of Hell: History and Definition of Digital Humanities Computing.” In Defining Digital Humanities: A Reader, edited by Melissa M. Terras, Julianne Nyhan, and Edward Vanhoutte. Farnham: Ashgate.
Veldhuizen, H. W. van. 1972. “Archief en computer.” Nederlands Archievenblad 76:21–29.
Weingart, S. B., N. Eichmann-Kalwara, M. Lincoln, et al. 2020. The Index of Digital Humanities Conferences. Carnegie Mellon University. https://dh-abstracts.library.virginia.edu/.
Welling, George M. 1994. “AHC tussen Graz en Nijmegen: Reactie op de persoonlijke visie van P. K. Doorn.” Historia & Informatica 1:4.
Welshons, Marlo, ed. 2006. Our Cultural Commonwealth: The Report of the American Council of Learned Societies Commission on Cyberinfrastructure for the Humanities and Social Sciences. New York: American Council of Learned Societies.
Wetherell, Charles. 1998. “Historical Social Network Analysis.” International Review of Social History 43:125–44.
Zaagsma, Gerben. 2013. “On Digital History.” BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review 128 (4): 3–29.
———. 2023 a. “Digital History and the Politics of Digitization.” Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 38 (2): 830–51.
———. 2023 b. “Uncovering the Forgotten Roots of Digital History: The Association for History and Computing.” Stockholm Digital History Seminar, October 10. https://hdl.handle.net/10993/47375.
Zedelmaier, Helmut, and Martin Mulsow. 2001. Die Praktiken der Gelehrsamkeit in der Frühen Neuzeit. Berlin: De Gruyter.
