Black carbon; Cognitive performance; Fine particulate matter; Lung function; Mediation analysis; Pathways; Air Pollutants; Particulate Matter; Cognition; Cohort Studies; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects; Environmental Exposure/analysis; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Lung; Particulate Matter/analysis; Particulate Matter/toxicity; Prospective Studies; Air Pollutants/analysis; Air Pollutants/toxicity; Air Pollution/adverse effects; Air Pollution/analysis; Air Pollution; Environmental Exposure; Biochemistry; Environmental Science (all); General Environmental Science
Abstract :
[en] BACKGROUND: Exposure to fine particulate matter and black carbon is related to cognitive impairment and poor lung function, but less is known about the routes taken by different types of air pollutants to affect cognition.
OBJECTIVES: We tested two possible routes of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) in impairing cognition, and evaluated their importance: a direct route over the olfactory nerve or the blood stream, and an indirect route over the lung.
METHODS: We used longitudinal observational data for 49,705 people aged 18+ from 2006 to 2015 from the Dutch Lifelines cohort study. By linking current home addresses to air pollution exposure data from ELAPSE in 2010, long-term average exposure to PM2.5 and BC was assessed. Lung function was measured by spirometry and Global Initiative (GLI) z-scores of forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were calculated. Cognitive performance was measured by cognitive processing time (CPT) assessed by the Cogstate Brief Battery. Linear structural equation modeling was performed to test direct/indirect associations.
RESULTS: Higher exposure to PM2.5 but not BC was related to higher CPT and slower cognitive processing speed [Total Effect PM2.5: FEV1 model = 8.31 × 10-3 (95% CI: 5.71 × 10-3, 10.91 × 10-3), FVC model = 8.30 × 10-3 (95% CI: 5.69 × 10-3, 10.90 × 10-3)]. The direct association of PM2.5 constituted more than 97% of the total effect. Mediation by lung function was low for PM2.5 with a mediated proportion of 1.32% (FEV1) and 2.05% (FVC), but higher for BC (7.01% and 13.82% respectively).
DISCUSSION: Our results emphasise the importance of the lung acting as a mediator in the relationship between both exposure to PM2.5 and BC, and cognitive performance. However, higher exposure to PM2.5 was mainly directly associated with worse cognitive performance, which emphasises the health-relevance of fine particles due to their ability to reach vital organs directly.
Disciplines :
Neurology
Author, co-author :
Aretz, Benjamin ; Institute of Sociology and Demography, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany, Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. Electronic address: benjamin.aretz@uni-rostock.de
Janssen, Fanny; Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands, Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute - KNAW/University of Groningen, The Hague, the Netherlands
Vonk, Judith M; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
HENEKA, Michael ; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
Boezen, H Marike; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Doblhammer, Gabriele; Institute of Sociology and Demography, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
External co-authors :
yes
Language :
English
Title :
Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter, lung function and cognitive performance: A prospective Dutch cohort study on the underlying routes.
Ministerie van Economische Zaken Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport
Funding text :
We thank Lifelines for providing the data and their support. The Lifelines Biobank initiative was made possible by a subsidy from the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG the Netherlands), University Groningen and the Northern Provinces of the Netherlands. We further thank the Cogstate Research Team for their support in handling the data coming from the Cogstate Brief Battery, and Renée Lüskow for her language editing. The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests.
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