Adult; COVID-19; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Motivation; Pandemics; Young Adult; Statistics and Probability; Information Systems; Education; Computer Science Applications; Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty; Library and Information Sciences
Abstract :
[en] How does psychology vary across human societies? The fundamental social motives framework adopts an evolutionary approach to capture the broad range of human social goals within a taxonomy of ancestrally recurring threats and opportunities. These motives-self-protection, disease avoidance, affiliation, status, mate acquisition, mate retention, and kin care-are high in fitness relevance and everyday salience, yet understudied cross-culturally. Here, we gathered data on these motives in 42 countries (N = 15,915) in two cross-sectional waves, including 19 countries (N = 10,907) for which data were gathered in both waves. Wave 1 was collected from mid-2016 through late 2019 (32 countries, N = 8,998; 3,302 male, 5,585 female; Mage = 24.43, SD = 7.91). Wave 2 was collected from April through November 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic (29 countries, N = 6,917; 2,249 male, 4,218 female; Mage = 28.59, SD = 11.31). These data can be used to assess differences and similarities in people's fundamental social motives both across and within cultures, at different time points, and in relation to other commonly studied cultural indicators and outcomes.
Disciplines :
Social & behavioral sciences, psychology: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
Pick, Cari M ; Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA. cari.pick@asu.edu ; Office of the Chief Scientist, Environmental Defense Fund, New York, NY, 10010, USA. cari.pick@asu.edu
Ko, Ahra; Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
Kenrick, Douglas T; Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
Wiezel, Adi; Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
Wormley, Alexandra S ; Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
Awad, Edmond ; Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter EX4 4PU, England, UK
Al-Shawaf, Laith ; Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, 80309, USA
Barry, Oumar; Department of Psychology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar (UCAD), Dakar, 10700, Senegal
Bereby-Meyer, Yoella; Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
Boonyasiriwat, Watcharaporn; Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
Brandstätter, Eduard; Department of Economic Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040, Linz, Austria
Ceylan-Batur, Suzan; Department of Psychology, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, 06510, Ankara, Turkey
Choy, Bryan K C; School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, 188065, Singapore
Crispim, Ana Carla ; eduLab21, Ayrton Senna Institute, São Paulo, 05423-040, Brazil
Cruz, Julio Eduardo; Department of Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
David, Daniel; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 400347, Romania
David, Oana A; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 400347, Romania
Defelipe, Renata Pereira; Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-030, Brazil
Elmas, Pinar; Department of Psychology, Adnan Menderes University, 09010, Aydın, Turkey
Espinosa, Agustín; Grupo de Psicología Política y Social (GPPS), Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, San Miguel, 15088, Lima, Peru
Fernandez, Ana Maria ; School of Psychology, University of Santiago, Santiago, Estación Central, Región Metropolitana, Chile
Fetvadjiev, Velichko H ; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, Netherlands ; WorkWell Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
Fetvadjieva, Stefka; Department of Bulgarian Language, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
Fischer, Ronald; School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand ; Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, 22281-100, Brazil
Galdi, Silvia ; Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100, Caserta, Italy
Galindo-Caballero, Oscar Javier ; Department of Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia ; Faculty of Education, Human and Social Sciences, Universidad Manuela Beltran, Bogotá, Colombia
Golovina, Elena V ; Institute of Psychology Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 129366, Russia
Golovina, Galina M ; Institute of Psychology Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 129366, Russia
Gomez-Jacinto, Luis; Department of Social Psychology, Social Work and Social Anthropology, University of Málaga, 29016, Málaga, Spain
Graf, Sylvie; Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 110 00, Nové Město, Prague, Czechia
Grossmann, Igor ; Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
Gul, Pelin; Department of Sustainable Health (Campus Fryslân), University of Groningen, 8911CE, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
Halama, Peter; Center of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
Hamamura, Takeshi; School of Psychology, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Perth, Australia
Han, Shihui; School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
Hansson, Lina S; Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden ; Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Solna, Sweden ; Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, ME Neuroradiologi, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 171 77, Solna, Sweden
Hitokoto, Hidefumi; School & Graduate School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 662-8501, Japan
Hřebíčková, Martina ; Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 110 00, Nové Město, Prague, Czechia
Ilic, Darinka; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Niš, Niš, 18000, Serbia
Johnson, Jennifer Lee; Department of Community Sustainability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
Kara-Yakoubian, Mane; Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada
Karl, Johannes A; School of Psychology, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9, Ireland
Kim, Jinseok P; Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
Kohút, Michal; Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of Trnava, 917 01, Trnava, Slovakia
Lasselin, Julie; Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden ; Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Solna, Sweden ; Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, ME Neuroradiologi, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 171 77, Solna, Sweden
Lee, Hwaryung; Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
Li, Norman P; School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, 188065, Singapore
Mafra, Anthonieta Looman; Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-030, Brazil
Malanchuk, Oksana; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
Moran, Simone ; Department of Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
Murata, Asuka; Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
Na, Jinkyung; Department of Psychology, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
Ndiaye, Serigne Abdou Lahat; Department of Sociology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar (UCAD), Dakar, 10700, Senegal
O, Jiaqing; Department of Psychology, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3UX, Wales, UK
Onyishi, Ike E; Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Pasay-An, Eddieson; College of Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, 55476, Saudi Arabia
Rizwan, Muhammed; Department of Psychology, University of Haripur, Haripur, 22620, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Roth, Eric; Experimental Research Unit (ERU), Department of Psychology, Universidad Católica Boliviana, La Paz, Bolivia
Salgado, Sergio ; Department of Management and Economics, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Araucanía, Chile
Samoylenko, Elena S ; Institute of Psychology Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 129366, Russia
Savchenko, Tatyana N; Institute of Psychology Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 129366, Russia
Sette, Catarina; Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-030, Brazil
Sevincer, A Timur; Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
Skoog, Eric; Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, 753 20, Uppsala, Sweden
STANCIU, Adrian ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences (DBCS) > Lifespan Development, Family and Culture ; Department of Monitoring Society and Social Change, Gesis-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, 68072, Mannheim, Germany
Suh, Eunkook M; Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
Sznycer, Daniel; Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
Talhelm, Thomas ; Behavioral Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
Ugwu, Fabian O; Department of Psychology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Uskul, Ayse K; School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NP, UK
Uz, Irem; Department of Psychology, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, 06510, Ankara, Turkey
Valentova, Jaroslava Varella; Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-030, Brazil
Varella, Marco Antonio Correa; Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-030, Brazil
Wei, Liuqing; Department of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430061, China
Zambrano, Danilo; Department of Psychology, Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, Bogotá, Colombia
Varnum, Michael E W ; Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA. mvarnum@asu.edu
National Science Foundation National Science Foundation Graduate Student Fellowship Program Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo Akademie Věd České Republiky Grantová Agentura České Republiky Universidad de La Frontera
Funding text :
The authors thank Becca Neel and Mark Schaller for comments on an earlier draft. The data from Kenya were collected by Busara Center for Behavioral Economics. The contributions of M.E.W.V., D.T.K., C.M.P., and A.S.W. were supported by grant #1822713 from the National Science Foundation. The contributions of A.C.C. and R.P.D. were supported by funding from FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation). The contributions of S. Graf and M.H. were supported by grants #17-14387 S and #20-01214 S from the Czech Science Foundation and by RVO: 68081740 of the Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences. The contributions of J.O were supported by Departmental Research Funds from the Department of Psychology at Aberystwyth University. The contributions of S.S. were supported by Project DIUFRO DI20-0080 from Universidad de La Frontera. A.S.W. was supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Student Fellowship Program.The authors thank Becca Neel and Mark Schaller for comments on an earlier draft. The data from Kenya were collected by Busara Center for Behavioral Economics. The contributions of M.E.W.V., D.T.K., C.M.P., and A.S.W. were supported by grant #1822713 from the National Science Foundation. The contributions of A.C.C. and R.P.D. were supported by funding from FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation). The contributions of S. Graf and M.H. were supported by grants #17-14387 S and #20-01214 S from the Czech Science Foundation and by RVO: 68081740 of the Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences. The contributions of J.O were supported by Departmental Research Funds from the Department of Psychology at Aberystwyth University. The contributions of S.S. were supported by Project DIUFRO DI20-0080 from Universidad de La Frontera. A.S.W. was supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Student Fellowship Program.
Barrett, H. C. Towards a cognitive science of the human: cross-cultural approaches and their urgency. Trends Cogn. Sci. 24, 620–638 (2020). DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.007
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J. & Norenzayan, A. The weirdest people in the world? Behav. Brain Sci. 33, 61–83 (2010). DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
Rad, M. S., Martingano, A. J. & Ginges, J. Toward a psychology of Homo sapiens: making psychological science more representative of the human population. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115, 11401–11405 (2018). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721165115
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. Evolutionary social psychology and family homicide. Science 242, 519–524 (1988). DOI: 10.1126/science.3175672
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, part I: theoretical considerations. Ethol. Sociobiol. 10, 29–49 (1989). DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(89)90012-5
Kenrick, D. T. & Keefe, R. C. Age preferences in mates reflect sex differences in mating strategies. Behav. Brain Sci. 15, 75–91 (1992). DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X00067595
Schmitt, D. P. Sociosexuality from Argentina to Zimbabwe: a 48-nation study of sex, culture, and strategies of human mating. Behav. Brain Sci. 28, 247–275 (2005). DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X05000051
Schmitt, D. P. et al. Narcissism and the strategic pursuit of short-term mating: universal links across 11 world regions of the International Sexuality Description Project-2. Psihologijske Teme 26, 89–137 (2017). DOI: 10.31820/pt.26.1.5
Fiske, A. P., Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R. & Nisbett, R. E. The cultural matrix of social psychology. In The Handbook of Social Psychology (eds. Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T. & Lindzey G.) 915–981 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998).
Sorokowska, A. et al. Affective interpersonal touch in close relationships: a cross-cultural perspective. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 1705–1721 (2021).
Walter, K. V. et al. Sex differences in mate preferences across 45 countries: a large-scale replication. Psychol. Sci. 31, 408–423 (2020). DOI: 10.1177/0956797620904154
Norenzayan, A. & Heine, S. J. Psychological universals: what are they and how can we know? Psychol. Bull. 131, 763–784 (2005). DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.763
Janicki, M. & Krebs, D.L. Evolutionary approaches to culture. In Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology: Ideas, Issues, and Applications (eds. Crawford, C. B. & Krebs, D. L.) 163-208 (Mahwah, NJ: LEA, 1998).
Neel, R., Kenrick, D. T., White, A. E. & Neuberg, S. L. Individual differences in fundamental social motives. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 110, 887–907 (2016). DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000068
Kenrick, D. T., Griskevicius, V., Neuberg, S. L. & Schaller, M. Renovating the pyramid of needs: contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 5, 292–314 (2010). DOI: 10.1177/1745691610369469
Kenrick, D. T., Li, N. P. & Butner, J. Dynamical evolutionary psychology: individual decision-rules and emergent social norms. Psychol. Rev. 110, 3–28 (2003). DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.3
Becker, D. V. et al. More memory bang for the attentional buck: self-protection goals enhance encoding efficiency for potentially threatening males. Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci. 1, 182–189 (2010). DOI: 10.1177/1948550609359202
Maner, J. K., Gailliot, M. T., Rouby, D. A. & Miller, S. L. Can’t take my eyes off you: attentional adhesion to mates and rivals. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 93, 389–401 (2007). DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.389
Maner, J. K. et al. Functional projection: how fundamental social motives can bias interpersonal perception. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 88, 63–78 (2005). DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.63
Griskevicius, V., Goldstein, N. J., Mortensen, C. R., Cialdini, R. B. & Kenrick, D. T. Going along versus going alone: when fundamental motives facilitate strategic (non)conformity. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 91, 281–294 (2006). DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.281
Li, Y. J., Kenrick, D. T., Griskevicius, V. & Neuberg, S. L. Economic decision biases and fundamental motivations: how mating and self-protection alter loss aversion. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 102, 550–561 (2012). DOI: 10.1037/a0025844
Sundie, J. M. et al. Peacocks, Porsches, and Thorstein Veblen: conspicuous consumption as a sexual signaling system. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 100, 664–680 (2011). DOI: 10.1037/a0021669
Griskevicius, V. et al. Aggress to impress: hostility as an evolved context-dependent strategy. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 96, 980–994 (2009). DOI: 10.1037/a0013907
Griskevicius, V. et al. Fear and loving in Las Vegas: evolution, emotion, and persuasion. J. Mark. Res. 46, 384–395 (2009). DOI: 10.1509/jmkr.46.3.384
Becker, D. V. et al. Signal detection on the battlefield: priming self-protection vs. revenge-mindedness differentially modulates the detection of enemies and allies. PLoS One 6, e23929 (2011). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023929
Schaller, M. The parental care motivational system and why it matters (for everyone). Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 27, 295–30 (2018). DOI: 10.1177/0963721418767873
Krems, J. A., Kenrick, D. T. & Neel, R. Individual perceptions of self-actualization: what functional motives are linked to fulfilling one’s full potential? Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 43, 1337–1352 (2017). DOI: 10.1177/0146167217713191
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. & Griffin, S. The satisfaction with life scale. J. Pers. Assess. 49, 71–75 (1985). DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G. & Ickovics, J. R. Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: preliminary data in healthy, White women. Health Psychol. 19, 586–592 (2000). DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586
Pick, C. M. et al. Fundamental social motives around the world. Open Science Framework 10.17605/OSF.IO/P9Z2A (2022).
Ko, A. et al. Family matters: rethinking the psychology of human social motivation. Pers. Psychol. Sci. 15, 173–201 (2020). DOI: 10.1177/1745691619872986
Pick, C. M. et al. Family still matters: human social motivation during a global pandemic. Preprint at 10.31234/osf.io/z7mjc (2022).
Virtanen, P. et al. SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nat. Methods 17, 261–272 (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2
Müllner, D. Modern hierarchical, agglomerative clustering algorithms. Preprint at 10.48550/arXiv.1109.2378 (2011).
Ward, J. H. Jr. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 58, 236–244 (1963). DOI: 10.1080/01621459.1963.10500845
Acsádi, G., Nemeskéri, J. Balás, K. History of Human Life Span and Mortality (trans. Balás, K.) 113–135 (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1970).
Gurven, M. & Kaplan, H. Longevity among hunter‐gatherers: a cross‐cultural examination. Popul. Dev. Rev. 33, 321–365 (2007). DOI: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00171.x
Wang, E. T., Kodama, G., Baldi, P. & Moyzis, R. K. Global landscape of recent inferred Darwinian selection for Homo sapiens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103, 135–140 (2006). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509691102
Gurven, M., Allen-Arave, W., Hill, K. & Hurtado, A. M. Reservation food sharing among the Ache of Paraguay. Hum. Nat. 12, 273–297 (2001). DOI: 10.1007/s12110-001-1000-3
Von Rueden, C., Gurven, M. & Kaplan, H. Why do men seek status? Fitness payoffs to dominance and prestige. Proc. Royal Soc. B 278, 2223–2232 (2011). DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2145
Geary, D. C. Evolution and proximate expression of human paternal investment. Psychol. Bull. 126, 55–77 (2000). DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.55
Kaplan, H., Hill, K., Lancaster, J. & Hurtado, A. M. A theory of human life history evolution: diet, intelligence, and longevity. Evol. Anthropol. 9, 156–185 (2000). DOI: 10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:4<156::AID-EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-7
Burnstein, E., Crandall, C. & Kitayama, S. Some neo-Darwinian decision rules for altruism: weighing cues for inclusive fitness as a function of the biological importance of the decision. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 67, 773–789 (1994). DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.5.773
