Artificial Intelligence; Judicial Administration; Justice; Efficiency; EU (European Union)
Résumé :
[en] Efficiency of judicial administration is one of the priorities of justice systems, it acts as a means to achieve effective administration of justice and wider access to courts through minimum spending of resources. One element associated with a satisfactory level of court efficiency is the integra- tion and use of digital technologies by judicial staff. Artificial Intelligence (AI) stands out as a superior al- ternative to traditional digital technologies due to its use of Machine Learning (ML), to achieve desig- nated goals. This article will trace the evolution EU policymakers’ understanding of AI in the context of EU Member States’ courts integrating AI systems to efficiently automate their judicial administration. By comparing AI definitions provided by EU bodies, specifically referencing the proposed AI Act, this article highlights the commonly accepted characteristics of AI. Additionally, it examines arguments put forth by leading computer scientists regarding the interpretation of “intelligence” in artificial artifacts. We will find that AI systems are perceived as systems employing ML and logic and knowledge-based approaches that are capable of mimicking basic human cognitive functions to autonomously automate manual tasks. These findings will be followed by remarks on the necessary steps for the integration of AI-based applications in EU justice systems.
Disciplines :
Droit judiciaire Droit européen & international Droit, criminologie & sciences politiques: Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres
Auteur, co-auteur :
TERZIDOU, Kalliopi ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Law, Economics and Finance (FDEF) > Department of Law (DL)
Co-auteurs externes :
yes
Langue du document :
Anglais
Titre :
The Evolution of the Perception of Artificial Intelligence in the EU: The Case of Judicial Administration
Date de publication/diffusion :
14 novembre 2023
Titre du périodique :
Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law
Council of Europe, 'The Functioning of Courts in the Aftermath of the Covid-19 Pandemic' (2020) accessed 15 August 2022.
Anne Sanders, 'Video-Hearings in Europe Before, During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic' (2021) International Journal for Court Administration , 12-14.
E-CODEX Website, 'Technical Solutions' accessed 16 August 2022.
Luciano Floridi and J.W. Sanders, 'On the Morality of Artificial Agents' (2004) Minds and Machines 14, no. 3 357-362.
High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence, 'A Definition of AI' (2018) 7.
Gokul Prasath, 'Difference between Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence and NLP' (2019) Medium (blog) .
IBM, 'What Is Machine Learning?' (2021) accessed 27 April 2022.
European Commission, 'Proposal for a Regulation laying down harmonised rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain Union legislative acts' (2021) Recital 40.
Joost Breuker, Andre Valente, and Radboud Winkels, “Legal Ontologies in Knowledge Engineering and Information Management,” Artificial Intelligence and Law 12 (December 1, 2004): 241-77, , at 269-273.
General Secretariat of the Council, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain Union legislative acts - General approach, 6 December 2022, .
See, for example, UNESCO, 'Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence' (2021) 10, and;
OECD, 'Scoping the OECD AI Principles: Deliberations of the Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence at the OECD (AIGO)' (2019) 7.
Philipp Hacker, Andreas Engel and Theresa List, 'Understanding and Regulating ChatGPT, and Other Large Generative AI Models: With input from ChatGPT' (Verfassungsblog, 20 January 2023) accessed 7 March 2023.
European Commission, 'Proposal for a Regulation laying down harmonised rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain Union legislative acts,' Preamble 5.2.2. - 5.2.4.
Tania Sourdin, 'Judge v Robot? Artificial Intelligence and Judicial Decision-Making' (2018) UNSW Law Journal 41, no. 4 1117-1119.
A. D. (Dory) Reiling, 'Courts and Artificial Intelligence' (2020) 11(2) International Journal for Court Administration 8 3-6. accessed 7 March 2023
Kalliopi Terzidou, 'The Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Judiciary and Its Compliance with the Right to a Fair Trial' (2022) 31 Journal of Judicial Administration 157-158.
Julia Angwin Mattu Jeff Larson,Lauren Kirchner,Surya, 'Machine Bias' ProPublica accessed 24 January 2022.
Nikolaos Aletras et al., 'Predicting Judicial Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights: A Natural Language Processing Perspective' (2016) PeerJ Computer Science 2 6-15.e
Justice.Fr, 'DataJust' accessed 25 January 2022.
Eric Niiler, 'Can AI Be a Fair Judge in Court? Estonia Thinks So' Wired accessed 18 August 2022.
Ministry of Justice of Estonia, 'Estonia Does Not Develop AI Judge | Justiitsministeerium' accessed 20 June 2022.
Jasper Ulenaers, 'The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Right to a Fair Trial: Towards a Robot Judge? (2020) Asian Journal of Law and Economics 11, no. 2 27-28.
Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission) and Trasys International, 'Study on the Use of Innovative Technologies in the Justice Field: Final Report' (2020) LU: Publications Office of the European Union, 111-142.
OpenAI, 'Introducing ChatGPT' accessed 7 March 2023.”plainCitation”:”OpenAI, 'Introducing ChatGPT' accessed 7 March 2023.
Luke Taylor, 'Colombian Judge Says He Used ChatGPT in Ruling' The Guardian (3 February 2023) accessed 8 March 2023.
Cambridge Dictionary, 'Definition of “Intelligence' accessed 19 August 2022.
John McCarthy, 'What Is Artificial Intelligence?' < http://jmc.stanford.edu/artificial-intelligence/what-is-ai/index. html> accessed 19 August 2022 2.
A. M. Turing, 'I.-Computing Machinery and Intelligence' (1950) Mind LIX, no. 236 433-451.
Tanel Alumäe, 'Transcription System for Semi-Spontaneous Estonian Speech' (2012) Human Language Technologies - The Baltic Perspective 10-11.
Diego Collarana et al., 'A Question Answering System on Regulatory Documents' (2018) Legal Knowledge and Information Systems 42.
T. J. M. Bench-Capon and Paul E. Dunne, 'Argumentation in Artificial Intelligence' (2007) Artificial Intelligence, 171, no. 10 619-621.
Diego Garat and Dina Wonsever, 'Automatic Curation of Court Documents: Anonymizing Personal Data'(2022) Information 13, no. 1 5-6.
See, for example, Alan Akbik, 'The Flair NLP Framework' Institut für Informatik accessed 11 July 2022.
Enrico Francesconi and Guido Governatori, 'Patterns for Legal Compliance Checking in a Decidable Framework of Linked Open Data' (2022) Artificial Intelligence and Law 6-7.
High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence, 'Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI' (2019) Publications Office of the EU 18.
Northpointe, 'Practitioner's Guide to COMPAS Core,' (2015) Northpointe, 27.
See, European Commission, 'Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)' (2016) Article 5.
European Commission, 'Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI' 15-20.
