[en] Motivations for migratory movements tend to be contextualised at an individual level and refer to opportunities related to the country of destination. In the Portuguese context, this view is increasingly limited when we analyse the emigration of young adults since this process directly involves family figures in the country of origin, as they tend to be the first source of support. This paper aims to explore the dimensions of intergenerational solidarity, analysing conflict as transversal dimension and the presence of ambivalence, for a proposal of behaviour typologies in Portuguese transnational families. Using a qualitative approach, young Portuguese adults who emigrated in the European space and Schengen area (N = 22) were interviewed addressing questions about their migratory projects, as well as their dynamics with their parents in Portugal. A thematic analysis was carried out with the support of the NVivo software. The results indicate four behaviour typologies: (1) high cohesion and dependence, (2) full solidarity tested with resilience, (3) affective and functional solidarities, with normative and value divergences, and (4) no solidarity and irreconcilable differences. The findings suggest the impact of intergenerational norms and values, as they may be at the origin of communicational patterns that increase well-being and resilience in migration projects.
Centre de recherche :
Lifespan Development, Family, & Culture
Disciplines :
Sciences sociales & comportementales, psychologie: Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres
Auteur, co-auteur :
Barros, Carlos
McGarrigle, Jennifer
Santos, Ana Sofia
ALBERT, Isabelle ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences (DBCS) > Lifespan Development, Family and Culture
MURDOCK, Elke ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences (DBCS) > Lifespan Development, Family and Culture
Co-auteurs externes :
yes
Langue du document :
Anglais
Titre :
Solidarity Typologies in Dynamics Between Portuguese Emigrants and Their Parents
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia Post-Doctoral Fellowship from the Universidade Católica Portuguesa and PORTICUS. Universidade Católica Portuguesa
Albertini, M., & Kohli, M. (2013). The generational contract in the family: An analysis of transfer regimes in Europe. European Sociological Review, 29(4), 828–840. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480041
American Psychological Association. (2018). Ethics committee, rules and procedures. https://www.apa.org/ethics/committee-rules-procedures-2018.pdf
Antonucci, T. C., Jackson, J. S., & Biggs, S. (2007). Intergenerational relations: Theory, research, and policy. Journal of Social Issues, 63(4), 679–693. 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00530.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00530.x
Averill, J. B. (2002). Matrix analysis as a complementary analytic strategy in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Health Research, 12(6), 855–866. 10.1177/104973230201200611 DOI: 10.1177/104973230201200611
Barthassat, J. (2014). Positive and negative effects of parental conflicts on children’s condition and behaviour. Journal of European Psychology Students, 5(1), 10–18. 10.5334/jeps.bm DOI: 10.5334/jeps.bm
Baykara-Krumme, H. (2008). Reliable bonds? A comparative perspective of intergenerational support patterns among migrant families. In C. Saraceno (Ed.). Germany families, ageing and social policy. Intergenerational transfers in European welfare states (pp. 258–311).
Baykara-Krumme, H., & Fokkema, T. (2019). The impact of migration on intergenerational solidarity types. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(10), 1707–1727. 10.1080/1369183X.2018.1485203 DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2018.1485203
Barros, C. (2023) Connection in transnational families. Presence between face-to-face and digital spaces in Portuguese Emigrants. Trends In Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-023-00309-4
Bengston, V. L., & Mangen, D. J. (1988). Family intergenerational solidarity revisited. In D. J. Mangen, V. L. Bengston & P. H. Landry (Eds.). Measurement of intergenerational relations (pp. 222–238). Sage Publications.
Bengston, V. L., & Oyama, P. S. (2007). Intergenerational solidarity: Strengthening economic and social ties. United Nations. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/egm_unhq_oct07_bengtson.pdf
Bengston, V., Giarrusso, R., Mabry, J. B., & Silverstein, M. (2002). Solidarity, conflict, and ambivalence: Complementary or competing perspectives on intergenerational relationships? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 568–576. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3599924
Bengston, V. L., Lowenstein, A., Putney, N. M., & Gans, D. (2003). Global aging and the challenge to families. In V. L. Bengston & A. Lowenstein. (Eds.). Global aging and challenges to families (pp. 1–24). Aldine de Gruyter.
Bordone, V., & de Valk, H. A. (2016). Intergenerational support among migrant families in Europe. European Journal of Ageing, 13(3), 259–270. 10.1007/s10433-016-0363-6 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-016-0363-6
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage.
Charmaz, K. (2008). Constructionism and the grounded theory method. In J. A. Holstein & J. F. Gubrium (Eds.), Handbook of constructionist research (pp. 397–412). The Guildford Press.
Coimbra, S., & Mendonça, M. G. (2013). Intergenerational solidarity and satisfaction with life: Mediation effects with emerging adults. Paidéia, 23(55), 161–169. 10.1590/1982-43272355201303 DOI: 10.1590/1982-43272355201303
Coimbra, S., Ribeiro, L., & Fontaine, A. M. (2013). Intergenerational solidarity in an ageing society: Sociodemographic determinants of intergenerational support to elderly parents. In I. Albert & D. Ferring (Eds.), Intergenerational relations: European perspectives on family and society (pp. 205–222). The Policy Press.
de Haas, H. (2010). The internal dynamics of migration processes: A theoretical inquiry. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(10), 1587–1617. 10.1080/1369183X.2010.489361 DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2010.489361
Dykstra, P. A., & Fokkema, T. (2011). Relationships between parents and their adult children: A West European typology of late-life families, Ageing and Society, 31(4), 545–569. 10.1017/S0144686X10001108
Fingerman, K. L., Hay, E. L., & Birditt, K. S. (2004). The best of ties, the worst of ties: Close, problematic, and ambivalent social relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(3), 792–808. 10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00053.x DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00053.x
Fingerman, K. L., Pitzer, L., Lefkowitz, E. S., Birditt, K. S., & Mroczek, D. (2008). Ambivalent relationship qualities between adults and their parents: Implications for the well-being of both parties. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63(6), 362–371. 10.1093/geronb/63.6.P362 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/63.6.P362
Glaser, K., Tomassini, C., & Grundy, E. (2004). Revisiting convergence and divergence: Support for older people in Europe. European Journal of Ageing, 1, 64–72. 10.1007/s10433-004-0006-1 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-004-0006-1
Goeke-Morey, M. C., Cummings, E. M., & Papp, L. M. (2007). Children and marital conflict resolution: Implications for emotional security and adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(4), 744–753. 10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.744 DOI: 10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.744
Gomes R. M., Lopes, J. T., Vaz, H., Cerdeira, L., Ganga, R., Machado, M. L., Magalhães, D., Cabrito, B., Patrocínio, T., Silva, S., Brites, R., & Peixoto, P. (2015). Fuga de cérebros: Retratos da emigração portuguesa qualificada. Bertrand Editora.
Guo, M., Chi, I., & Silverstein, M. (2012). The structure of intergenerational relations in rural China: A latent class analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(5), 1114–1128. 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.01014.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.01014.x
Karpinska, K., & Dykstra, P. A. (2018). Codebook of the families of Poles in the Netherlands (FPN) survey. http://hdl.handle.net/1765/113808
King, R., & Lulle, A. (2016). Research on migration: Facing realities and maximising opportunities. A policy review. Publications Office of the European Union. https://hdl.handle.net/2134/13079600.v1
Kuzel, A. J., & Engel, J. D. (2001). Some pragmatic thoughts about evaluating qualitative health research. In J. M. Morse, J. M. Swanson, & A. J. Kuzel (Eds.), The nature of qualitative evidence (pp. 114–138). Sage.
Lowenstein, A. (2007). Solidarity-conflict and ambivalence: Testing two conceptual frameworks and their impact on quality of life for older family members. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 62(2), 100–107. 10.1093/geronb/62.2.S100 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/62.2.S100
Lüscher, K., & Hoff, A (2013). Intergenerational ambivalence: Beyond solidarity and conflict. In I. Albert, & D. Ferring (Eds.). Intergeneracional relations: European perspectives on family and society (pp. 39–63). Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447300984.003.0004
Mendonça, M., & Fontaine, A. M. (2013). Late nest leaving in Portugal: Its effects on individuation and parent–child relationships. Emerging Adulthood, 1(3), 233–244. 10.1177/2167696813481773 DOI: 10.1177/2167696813481773
Parrott, T. M., & Bengston, V. L. (1999). The effects of earlier intergenerational affection, normative expectations, and family conflict on contemporary exchange of help and support. Research on Aging, 21(1), 73–105. 10.1177/0164027599211004 DOI: 10.1177/0164027599211004
Phillipson, C. (2003). Globalisation and the future of ageing: Developing a critical gerontology. Sociological Research Online, 8(4), 144–152. 10.5153/sro.868 DOI: 10.5153/sro.868
Phinney, J. S., & Vedder, P. (2006). Family relationship values of adolescents and parents: Intergenerational discrepancies and adaptation. In J. W. Berry, J. S. Phinney, D. L. Sam, & P. Vedder (Eds.), Immigrant youth in cultural transition: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation across national contexts (pp. 167–184). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. DOI: 10.4324/9780415963619-7
Pires, R. P., Vidigal, I., Pereira, C., Azevedo, J., & Veiga, C. M. (2022). Emigração Portuguesa 2022: Relatório Estatístico. Observatório da Emigração e Rede Migra, CIES-Iscte. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/27896
Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2001). Legacies: The story of the immigrant second generation. University of California Press.
Roberts, R. E., & Bengston, V. L. (1990). Is intergenerational solidarity a unidimensional construct? A second test of a formal model. Journal of Gerontology, 45(1), 12–20. 10.1093/geronj/45.1.S12 DOI: 10.1093/geronj/45.1.S12
Rodrigues, J. P. V. (2013). Os avós na família e sociedade contemporânea: uma abordagem intergeracional e intercultural [Doctoral Dissertation, Universidade Aberta de Lisboa]. Repositório Aberto da Universidade Aberta. https://repositorioaberto.uab.pt/handle/10400.2/3426
Rooyackers, I. N., De Valk, H. A., & Merz, E. M. (2014). Mother–child relations in adulthood: Immigrant and nonimmigrant families in the Netherlands. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(4), 569–586. 10.1177/0022022113519856 DOI: 10.1177/0022022113519856
Rooyackers, I. N., De Valk, H. A., & Merz, E. M. (2016). Mother–child relations in adulthood within and across national borders: Non-Western immigrants in the Netherlands. Ageing & Society, 1(10), 1–26. 10.1017/S0144686X15000823 DOI: 10.1017/S0144686X15000823
Saraceno, C. (Ed.). (2008). Families, ageing and social policy: Intergenerational solidarity in European welfare states. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Schenk, N., & Dykstra, P. A. (2012). Continuity and change in intergenerational family relationships: An examination of shifts in relationship type over a three-year period. Advances in Life Course Research, 17(3), 121–132. 10.1016/j.alcr.2012.01.004 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2012.01.004
Senyürd, A., & Detzner, D. (2008). Intergenerational relationships in a transnational context: The case of Turkish families. Family Relations, 57(4), 457–467. 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00514.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00514.x
Silverstein, M., & Bengston, V. L. (1997). Intergenerational solidarity and the structure of adult child-parent relationships in American families. American Journal of Sociology, 103(2), 429–460. 10.1086/231213 DOI: 10.1086/231213
Van Gaalen, R., Dykstra, P. A., & Komter, A. E. (2010). Where is the exit? Intergenerational ambivalence and relationship quality in high contact ties. Journal of Aging Studies, 24(2), 105–114. 10.1016/j.jaging.2008.10.006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2008.10.006
Walsh, F. (2020). Loss and resilience in the time of COVID-19: Meaning making, hope, and transcendence. Family Process, 59(3), 898–911. 10.1111/famp.12588 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12588
