nucleus; viral RNA nuclear export; viral ribonucleoprotein complexes; virus; Karyopherins; Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Viral; Viral Proteins; Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/physiology; Cell Nucleus/virology; Cytoplasm/metabolism; DNA Viruses/physiology; Humans; Karyopherins/metabolism; Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins/metabolism; RNA Transport; RNA, Viral/genetics; RNA, Viral/physiology; Retroviridae/physiology; Viral Proteins/metabolism; Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; DNA Viruses; Retroviridae; Infectious Diseases; Virology
Abstract :
[en] The nuclear export of cellular mRNAs is a complex process that requires the orchestrated participation of many proteins that are recruited during the early steps of mRNA synthesis and processing. This strategy allows the cell to guarantee the conformity of the messengers accessing the cytoplasm and the translation machinery. Most transcripts are exported by the exportin dimer Nuclear RNA export factor 1 (NXF1)-NTF2-related export protein 1 (NXT1) and the transcription-export complex 1 (TREX1). Some mRNAs that do not possess all the common messenger characteristics use either variants of the NXF1-NXT1 pathway or CRM1, a different exportin. Viruses whose mRNAs are synthesized in the nucleus (retroviruses, the vast majority of DNA viruses, and influenza viruses) exploit both these cellular export pathways. Viral mRNAs hijack the cellular export machinery via complex secondary structures recognized by cellular export factors and/or viral adapter proteins. This way, the viral transcripts succeed in escaping the host surveillance system and are efficiently exported for translation, allowing the infectious cycle to proceed. This review gives an overview of the cellular mRNA nuclear export mechanisms and presents detailed insights into the most important strategies that viruses use to export the different forms of their RNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Precision for document type :
Review article
Disciplines :
Biochemistry, biophysics & molecular biology
Author, co-author :
GALES, Jón Pol ; Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, The French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
Kubina, Julie; Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, The French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France ; SVQV UMR-A 1131, INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, F-68000 Colmar, France
Geldreich, Angèle; Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, The French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
Dimitrova, Maria; Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, The French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
External co-authors :
yes
Language :
English
Title :
Strength in Diversity: Nuclear Export of Viral RNAs.
Funding: The M.D. viral mRNA nuclear export project was supported by Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, France. J.P.G. and J.K. PhD are/were supported by fellowships from the Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l’Innovation.The M.D. viral mRNA nuclear export project was supported by Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, France. J.P.G. and J.K. PhD are/were supported by fellowships from the Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation.
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