Communication publiée dans un ouvrage (Colloques, congrès, conférences scientifiques et actes)
Automated Anonymization of Court Decisions: Facilitating the Publication of Court Decisions through Algorithmic Systems
TERZIDOU, Kalliopi
2023 • In ICAIL: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (Ed.) ICAIL '23: Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law
Algorithms; Anonymisation; Courts; Court Decisions; Data Protection; European Union; General Data Protection Regulation; Pseudonymization; Publication of Court Decisions
Résumé :
[en] The practice of anonymization of court decisions has been further systematized by EU Member States’ courts, after the entry into force of the General Data Protection Regulation and its transposition into national laws. Anonymization of the parties’ personal information protects their privacy during the publication of judgments, which is necessary for the scrutiny of the judiciary’s reasoning in a given case and the filing of an appeal whenever a party disagrees with the court’s reasoning and/or order. European courts have recently resorted to algorithmic approaches to automate the process of anonymization, which can bestow prompt and consistent application of anonymization rules for court administrations to comply with the applicable personal data protection legislation. These automated solutions can also encompass technical and administrative challenges, ranging from re-ιdentification risks that compromise the protection of the parties’ personal data to the lack of acceptance of the algorithmic system by court staff during their daily work routine. The present paper reviews current anonymization practices conducted through algorithmic techniques by, first, explaining the legal framework underlying the publication and anonymization of court decisions, second, examining three algorithmic solutions for the anonymization of court decisions by different EU Member States, and third, reflecting on their efficiencies and challenges for court administrations.
Disciplines :
Droit, criminologie & sciences politiques: Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres
Auteur, co-auteur :
TERZIDOU, Kalliopi ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Law, Economics and Finance (FDEF) > Department of Law (DL)
Co-auteurs externes :
no
Langue du document :
Anglais
Titre :
Automated Anonymization of Court Decisions: Facilitating the Publication of Court Decisions through Algorithmic Systems
Date de publication/diffusion :
07 septembre 2023
Nom de la manifestation :
19th ICAIL - International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law 2023 (ICAIL 2023)
Date de la manifestation :
19-06-2023 to 23-06-2023
Manifestation à portée :
International
Titre de l'ouvrage principal :
ICAIL '23: Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law
Auteur, co-auteur :
ICAIL: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law
Maison d'édition :
Association for Computing Machinery
Peer reviewed :
Peer reviewed
Focus Area :
Law / European Law
Projet FnR :
FNR14268506 - Digitalisation Law And Innovation, 2020 (01/10/2020-31/03/2027) - Herwig Hofmann
Application no. 76639/11. Denisov v. Ukraine. Grand Chamber. 25 September 2018. Retrieved from https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-186216. para. 96.
European Parliament and Council of the EU. 2016. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). Retrieved November 28, 2022 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj. Article 4 (1).
Council of Europe. 1953. European Convention on Human Rights - Official texts, Convention and Protocols. Retrieved January 22, 2022 from https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf. Articles 8 (2) and 10 (2).
Alan Akbik. The Flair NLP Framework. Institut für Informatik. Retrieved July 11, 2022 from https://www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/en/forschungen/gebiete/ml-en/Flair.
European Commission. 2000. Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Retrieved October 15, 2022 from http://data.europa.eu/eli/treaty/char_2012/oj/eng. Article 11.
Council of Europe. 1953. European Convention on Human Rights - Official texts, Convention and Protocols. Retrieved January 22, 2022 from https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf. Article 10.
OECD. 2010. The Right to Open Public Administrations in Europe: Emerging Legal Standards. OECD, Paris. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1787/5km4g0zfqt27en. 10-11.
Policy Department C - Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs European Parliament and Vesna Naglič. 2013. National Practices with Regard to the Accessibility of Court Documents. Retrieved February 4, 2023 from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/IPOLJURI_ET(2013)474406. 21-29.
Marc van Opijnen, Ginevra Peruginelli, Eleni Kefali, and Monica Palmirani. 2017. On-Line Publication of Court Decisions in the EU: Report of the Policy Group of the Project ‘Building on the European Case Law Identifier.’ Rochester, NY. Retrieved February 3, 2023 from https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3088495. 11-13.
Application no. 40908/05. Fazliyski v. Bulgaria. Fourth Section. 16 April 2013. Retrieved from https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-118573. para. 69.
Application no. 7984/77. Pretto and Others v. Italy. Court (Plenary). 08 December 1983. Retrieved from https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-57561. para. 21.
Application no. 7984/77. Pretto and Others v. Italy. Court (Plenary). 08 December 1983. Retrieved from https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-57561. para. 26.
Marc van Opijnen. 2016. Court Decisions on the Internet: Development of a Legal Framework in Europe. Journal of Law, Information and Science (2016). Retrieved February 7, 2023 from http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JlLawInfoSci/2016/3.html. 5-7.
Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. 1995. Recommendation No. R (95) 11 concerning the selection, processing, presentation and archiving of court decisions in legal information retrieval systems. Retrieved February 6, 2023 from https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=09000016804f 120c. Appendix I. Section III.
EUR-Lex website. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html.
European e-Justice Portal website. Retrieved from https://ejustice.europa.eu/home?action=home&plang=en.
European Parliament. 2016. Regulation (EU) 2018/1724 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 2 October 2018 establishing a single digital gateway to provide access to information, to procedures and to assistance and problem-solving services and amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012 (Text with EEA relevance.). Retrieved February 7, 2023 from http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2018/1724/oj/eng. Article 1 (1) (a).
European Commission. 2020. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions l Digitalisation of justice in the European Union - A toolbox of opportunities. Retrieved February 7, 2023 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0710. 13-14.
European Commission. European e-Justice Portal - European Case Law Identifier (ECLI). Retrieved February 7, 2023 from https://ejustice.europa.eu/content_european_case_law_identifier_ecli-175-en.do.
European Commission. 2021. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council laying down harmonised rules of Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain Union legislative acts. Retrieved October 19, 2022 from https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52021PC0206. Articles 8-15.
Loi n° 2005009655 du 10/08/2005 instituant le système d’information Phenix (1). Retrieved from http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/loi_a1.pl?language=fr&la=F&cn=2005081057&table_name=loi&&caller=list&F&fromtab=loi&tri=dd+AS+R ANK&rech=1&numero=1&sql=(text+contains+(%27%27))#Art.9. Article 9.
Bundesminister für Justiz. 1968. Bundesgesetz vom 19. Juni 1968 über den Obersten Gerichtsho. Retrieved from https://www.jusline.at/gesetz/oghg/paragraf/15. § 15 (4) OGHG Entscheidungsdokumentation Justiz; Service Public Federal Justice. 2005.
L'Assemblée nationale et le Sénat. 2019. Loi n° 2019-222 du 23 mars 2019 de programmation 2018-2022 et de réforme pour la justice (1). Retrieved from https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/article_jo/JORFARTI000038261761. Article 33.
Ministru kabineta noteikumi Nr.123. 2009. Noteikumi par tiesu informācijas publicēšanu mājaslapā internetā un tiesu nolēmumu apstrādi pirms to izsniegšanas. Retrieved from https://likumi.lv/ta/id/187832-noteikumi-partiesu-informacijas-publicesanu-majaslapa-interneta-un-tiesu-nolemumuapstradi-pirms-to-izsniegsanas. Article 12.
Ministerstva spravodlivosti Slovenskej republiky. 2011. Vyhláška č. 482/2011 Z. z. Vyhláška Ministerstva spravodlivosti Slovenskej republiky o zverejňovaní súdnych rozhodnutí. Retrieved from https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2011-482#p4. Articles 4-5.
Ministerstva spravedlnosti. 2002. (1/2002 MS) Instrukce, Ministerstva spravedlnostize dne 3. prosince 2001, č. j. 505/2001–Org, kterou se vydává vnitřní a kancelářský řád pro okresní, krajské a vrchní soudy. Retrieved from https://www.nkcr.cz/data/predpisy/VKR_k_12_3_2018.pdf.
Justitsministeriet. 1988. CIR nr 85 af 08/07/1988. Cirkulære om indlæggelse af afgørelser i Retsinformation. https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/mt/1988/85. Articles 2-7.
de Rechtspraak, Anonimiseringsrichtlijnen. Retrieved from https://www.rechtspraak.nl/Uitspraken/Paginas/Anonimiseringsrichtlijnen.a spx.
Ανώτατο Δικαστήριο. 2018. Εγκύκλιος-Οδηγίες/Ανωνυμοποίηση δικαστικών αποφάσεων. Retrieved from http://www.supremecourt.gov.cy/Judicial/sc.nsf/All/B450E5061E647886C225837C00309575?OpenDocument.
Korkein hallinto-oikeus. 2019. Päätösten julkaisukäytäntö. Retrieved from https://www.kho.fi/fi/index/paatokset/julkaisuohje.html.
Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés. 2001. Délibération 01-057 du 29 novembre 2001. Retrieved from https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/cnil/id/CNILTEXT000017653503/#:~:text= Une%20pr%C3%A9caution%20minimale%20%C3%A0%20l,rendus%20li brement%20accessibles%20sur%20Internet.
Αρχή Προστασίας Δεδομένων. 2000. Ανακοίνωση αποφάσεων του ΣτΕ σε τρίτους. Retrieved from https://www.dpa.gr/el/enimerwtiko/prakseisArxis/anakoinosi-apofaseontoy-ste-se-tritoys.
Directorate-General for Library, Research and Documentation. Research Note. 2017. Anonymity of the parties on the publication of court decisions. Retrieved from https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2021-02/ndr_2017002_neutralisee-en.pdf. 1-7.
Marc van Opijnen, Ginevra Peruginelli, Eleni Kefali, and Monica Palmirani. 2017. On-Line Publication of Court Decisions in the EU: Report of the Policy Group of the Project ‘Building on the European Case Law Identifier.’ Rochester, NY. Retrieved February 3, 2023 from https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3088495. 24-26.
Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission) and Trasys International. 2020. Study on the use of innovative technologies in the justice field: final report. Publications Office of the European Union, LU. Retrieved January 24, 2022 from https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2838/585101. 111-142.
Das Bundesrechenzentrum Kompetenzzentrum für Digitalisierung. 2022. Einsatz von künstlicher Intelligenz bei der Anonymisierung von Gerichtsentscheidungen: Justiz gewinnt eAward 2022. Retrieved January 30, 2023 from https://www.brz.gv.at/presse/eaward2022.html.
Das Bundesrechenzentrum Kompetenzzentrum für Digitalisierung. 2022. Mein Name ist Nym, Ano Nym. Bundesrechenzentrum. Retrieved January 30, 2023 from https://www.brz.gv.at/was-wir-tun/Innovationen/Mein-Nameist-Nym-Ano-Nym.html.
Ministry of Justice of Finland. 2018. Anoppi project. Retrieved January 25, 2022 from https://oikeusministerio.fi/en/project?tunnus=OM042:00/2018.
Communiqué du Parquet général. 2022. Lancement d’une application pour faciliter la pseudonymisation de décisions judiciaires. Retrieved July 11, 2022 from http://justice.public.lu/fr/actualites/2022/07/communique-parquetgeneral-juano.html.
Portail des marchés publics du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. 2019. Détails de la consultation, Paperless Justice, JUPAL Rapport Final. Retrieved from https://pmp.b2g.etat.lu/index.php?page=entreprise.EntrepriseDemandeTelechargementDce&id=517006&orgAcronyme=t5y. 1.
Ministry of Justice of Austria. Martin Hackl and David Steinbauer. 2021. Anonymization of court decisions in Austria. Webinar on the use of AI in the justice field. 29 March 2021. Retrieved from https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/202104/anonymisation_webinar_29032021_austria.pdf.
European Data Protection Supervisor and Agencia Española de Protección de Datos. 2021. 10 Misunderstandings Related to Anonymisation, Retrieved from https://edps.europa.eu/system/files/2021-04/21-04-27_aepdedps_anonymisation_en_5.pdf. 6.
Predictice. Predictice pour les avocats individuels. Retrieved February 4, 2023 from https://blog.predictice.com/avocat-individuel.
Marie-Francine Moens and RIK De busser. 2002. First steps in building a model for the retrieval of court decisions. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 57, 5 (November 2002), 429–446. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1006/ijhc.2002.1029. 434-435.
Das Bundesrechenzentrum Kompetenzzentrum für Digitalisierung. 2022. Mein Name ist Nym, Ano Nym. Bundesrechenzentrum. Retrieved January 30, 2023 from https://www.brz.gv.at/was-wir-tun/Innovationen/Mein-Nameist-Nym-Ano-Nym.html.
Ministry of Justice of Austria. Martin Hackl and David Steinbauer. 2021. Anonymization of court decisions in Austria. Webinar on the use of AI in the justice field. 29 March 2021. Retrieved from https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2021-04/anonymisation_webinar_29032021_austria.pdf.
Alex Hern. 2019. “Anonymised” Data Can Never Be Totally Anonymous, Says Study. The Guardian. 23 July 2019. sec. Technology. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jul/23/anonymised-datanever-be-anonymous-enough-study-finds.
P.L.M Kelani Bandara, HMN Dilum Bandara, and Shantha Fernando. 2020. Evaluation of Re-identification Risks in Data Anonymization Techniques Based on Population Uniqueness. In 2020 5th International Conference on Information Technology Research (ICITR). 1–5. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITR51448.2020.9310884. 2.
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party. 2014. Opinion 05/2014 on Anonymisation Techniques. 0829/14/EN WP216. 10 April 2014. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/justice/article-29/documentation/opinionrecommendation/files/2014/wp216_en.pdf. 12-23.
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party. 2014. Opinion 05/2014 on Anonymisation Techniques. 0829/14/EN WP216. 10 April 2014. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/justice/article-29/documentation/opinionrecommendation/files/2014/wp216_en.pdf. 8-10.
European Commission. 2012. Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on European standardisation, amending Council Directives 89/686/EEC and 93/15/EEC and Directives 94/9/EC, 94/25/EC, 95/16/EC, 97/23/EC, 98/34/EC, 2004/22/EC, 2007/23/EC, 2009/23/EC and 2009/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Decision 87/95/EEC and Decision No 1673/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Text with EEA relevance. Retrieved February 4, 2023 from http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2012/1025/oj/eng. Preambles 1, 33, and 34.
Ministry of Justice of the United Kingdom. 2022. Data First: Criminal Courts Linked Data. 10 March 2022. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1058219/data-first-criminal-courts-linked-data.pdf. 14-23.
Erwin Filtz, Sabrina Kirrane, and Axel Polleres. 2021. The linked legal data landscape: linking legal data across different countries. Artif Intell Law 29, 4 (December 2021), 485–539. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-021-09282-8. 486-487.
Das Bundesrechenzentrum Kompetenzzentrum für Digitalisierung. 2022. Mein Name ist Nym, Ano Nym. Bundesrechenzentrum. Retrieved January 30, 2023 from https://www.brz.gv.at/was-wir-tun/Innovationen/Mein-Nameist-Nym-Ano-Nym.html.
Parquet général de Luxembourg. La Justice du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg - Base de Jurisprudence JUDOC. https://justice.public.lu/fr/jurisprudence/jurisprudence-judoc.html.