WEISS, Thomas ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine (FSTM) > Department of Physics and Materials Science (DPHYMS)
RAMIREZ SANCHEZ, Omar ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine (FSTM) > Department of Physics and Materials Science (DPHYMS)
Paetel, Stefan; Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW),
Witte, Wolfram; Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW),
Nishinaga, Jiro; Research Institute for Energy Conservation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology- Japan
Feurer, Thomas; Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
SIEBENTRITT, Susanne ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine (FSTM) > Department of Physics and Materials Science (DPHYMS)
External co-authors :
yes
Language :
English
Title :
Metastable Defects Decrease the Fill Factor of Solar Cells
Publication date :
2023
Journal title :
Physical Review Applied
eISSN :
2331-7019
Publisher :
American Physical Society, College Park, United States - Maryland
M. Nakamura, K. Yamaguchi, Y. Kimoto, Y. Yasaki, T. Kato, and H. Sugimoto, Cd-free (Equation presented) thin-film solar cell with record efficiency of 23.35%, IEEE J. Photovoltaics 9, 1863 (2019). 2156-3381 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2019.2937218
S. Siebentritt, et al., Heavy alkali treatment of (Equation presented) solar cells: Surface versus bulk effects, Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 1903752 (2020). 1614-6832 10.1002/aenm.201903752
M. Krause, A. Nikolaeva, M. Maiberg, P. Jackson, D. Hariskos, W. Witte, J. A. Márquez, S. Levcenko, T. Unold, R. Scheer, and D. Abou-Ras, Microscopic origins of performance losses in highly efficient (Equation presented) thin-film solar cells, Nat. Commun. 11, 4189 (2020). 2041-1723 10.1038/s41467-020-17507-8
M. A. Green, E. D. Dunlop, J. Hohl-Ebinger, M. Yoshita, N. Kopidakis, and X. Hao, Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 58), Prog. Photovoltaics 29, 657 (2021). 1062-7995 10.1002/pip.3444
K. Yoshikawa, H. Kawasaki, W. Yoshida, T. Irie, K. Konishi, K. Nakano, T. Uto, D. Adachi, M. Kanematsu, H. Uzu, and K. Yamamoto, Silicon heterojunction solar cell with interdigitated back contacts for a photoconversion efficiency over 26%, Nat. Energy 2, 17032 (2017). 2058-7546 10.1038/nenergy.2017.32
P. Jackson, R. Wuerz, D. Hariskos, E. Lotter, W. Witte, and M. Powalla, Effects of heavy alkali elements in (Equation presented) solar cells with efficiencies up to 22.6%, Phys. Status Solidi RRL 10, 583 (2016). 1862-6254 10.1002/pssr.201600199
T. P. Weiss, F. Ehre, V. Serrano-Escalante, T. Wang, and S. Siebentritt, Understanding performance limitations of (Equation presented) solar cells due to metastable defects-A route toward higher efficiencies, Solar RRL 5, 2100063 (2021). 2367-198X 10.1002/solr.202100063
F. Babbe, L. Choubrac, and S. Siebentritt, The optical diode ideality factor enables fast screening of semiconductors for solar cells, Solar RRL 2, 1800248 (2018). 2367-198X 10.1002/solr.201800248
T. Wang, F. Ehre, T. P. Weiss, B. Veith-Wolf, V. Titova, N. Valle, M. Melchiorre, O. Ramírez, J. Schmidt, and S. Siebentritt, Diode factor in solar cells with metastable defects and back contact recombination, Adv. Energy Mater. n/a, 2202076 (2022). 1614-6832 10.1002/aenm.202202076
T. Meyer, F. Engelhardt, J. Parisi, and U. Rau, Spectral dependence and Hall effect of persistent photoconductivity in polycrystalline (Equation presented) thin films, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 5093 (2002). 0021-8979 10.1063/1.1459597
M. Igalson, M. Maciaszek, K. Macielak, A. Czudek, M. Edoff, and N. Barreau, Concentration of defects responsible for persistent photoconductivity in (Equation presented): Dependence on material composition, Thin Solid Films 669, 600 (2019). 0040-6090 10.1016/j.tsf.2018.11.038
S. Lany and A. Zunger, Light-and bias-induced metastabilities in (Equation presented) based solar cells caused by the ((Equation presented)-(Equation presented)) vacancy complex, J. Appl. Phys. 100, 113725 (2006). 0021-8979 10.1063/1.2388256
J. Bailey, G. Zapalac, and D. Poplavskyy, in Conference Record of the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (2016), pp. 2135.
K. Decock, P. Zabierowski, and M. Burgelman, Modeling metastabilities in chalcopyrite-based thin film solar cells, J. Appl. Phys. 111, 043703 (2012). 0021-8979 10.1063/1.3686651
K. Macielak, M. Maciaszek, M. Igalson, P. Zabierowski, and N. Barreau, Persistent photoconductivity in polycrystalline (Equation presented) thin films: Experiment versus theoretical predictions, IEEE J. Photovoltaics 5, 1206 (2015). 2156-3381 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2015.2423491
D. V. Lang and R. A. Logan, Large-Lattice-Relaxation Model for Persistent Photoconductivity in Compound Semiconductors, Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 635 (1977). 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.635
K. Bothe, R. Hezel, and J. Schmidt, Recombination-enhanced formation of the metastable boron-oxygen complex in crystalline silicon, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1125 (2003). 0003-6951 10.1063/1.1600837
A. Nagaoka, D. Kuciauskas, and M. A. Scarpulla, Doping properties of cadmium-rich arsenic-doped (Equation presented) single crystals: Evidence of metastable AX behavior, Appl. Phys. Lett. 111, 232103 (2017). 0003-6951 10.1063/1.4999011
I. Mosquera-Lois, S. R. Kavanagh, A. Walsh, and D. O. Scanlon, " Identifying the ground state structures of point defects in solids " arXiv (2022). arXiv:2207.09862
H. Neumann and R. D. Tomlinson, Relation between electrical properties and composition in (Equation presented) single crystals, Solar Cells 28, 301 (1990). 0379-6787 10.1016/0379-6787(90)90065-D
O. Ramirez, E. M. Lanzoni, T. P. Weiss, R. Poeira, R. Leturcq, A. Redinger, and S. Siebentritt, How much gallium do we need for a p-type (Equation presented), APL Mater. 10, 061108 (2022). 2166-532X 10.1063/5.0091676
T. Trupke, R. A. Bardos, M. D. Abbott, and J. E. Cotter, Suns-photoluminescence: Contactless determination of current-voltage characteristics of silicon wafers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 093503 (2005). 0003-6951 10.1063/1.2034109
P. Wurfel, The chemical potential of radiation, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 15, 3967 (1982). 0022-3719 10.1088/0022-3719/15/18/012
P. Calado, D. Burkitt, J. Yao, J. Troughton, T. M. Watson, M. J. Carnie, A. M. Telford, B. C. O'Regan, J. Nelson, and P. R. F. Barnes, Identifying Dominant Recombination Mechanisms in Perovskite Solar Cells by Measuring the Transient Ideality Factor, Phys. Rev. Appl. 11, 044005 (2019). 2331-7019 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.11.044005
P. Caprioglio, M. Stolterfoht, C. M. Wolff, T. Unold, B. Rech, S. Albrecht, and D. Neher, On the relation between the open-circuit voltage and quasi-Fermi level splitting in efficient perovskite solar cells, Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1901631 (2019). 1614-6832 10.1002/aenm.201901631
P. Caprioglio, C. M. Wolff, O. J. Sandberg, A. Armin, B. Rech, S. Albrecht, D. Neher, and M. Stolterfoht, On the origin of the ideality factor in perovskite solar cells, Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 2000502 (2020). 1614-6832 10.1002/aenm.202000502
D. Kuciauskas, J. Moseley, P. Ščajev, and D. Albin, Radiative efficiency and charge-carrier lifetimes and diffusion length in polycrystalline (Equation presented) heterostructures, Phys. Status Solidi RRL 14, 1900606 (2020). 1862-6254 10.1002/pssr.201900606
R. Noufi, R. Axton, C. Herrington, and S. K. Deb, Electronic properties versus composition of thin films of (Equation presented), Appl. Phys. Lett. 45, 668 (1984). 0003-6951 10.1063/1.95350
M. A. Contreras, J. Tuttle, A. Gabor, A. Tennant, K. Ramanathan, S. Asher, A. Franz, J. Keane, L. Wang, J. Scofield, and R. Noufi, in Conference Record of the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (1994), pp. 68.
A. M. Gabor, J. R. Tuttle, D. S. Albin, M. A. Contreras, R. Noufi, and A. M. Hermann, High-efficiency (Equation presented)-x Se2solar cells made from (Equation presented) precursor films, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 198 (1994). 0003-6951 10.1063/1.112670
A. Kanevce, S. Paetel, D. Hariskos, and T. Magorian Friedlmeier, Impact of RbF-PDT on (Equation presented) solar cells with (Equation presented) and (Equation presented) buffer layers, EPJ Photovoltaics 11, 8 (2020). 2105-0716 10.1051/epjpv/2020005
S. Essig, S. Paetel, T. M. Friedlmeier, and M. Powalla, Challenges in the deposition of (Equation presented) absorber layers for thin-film solar cells, J. Phys.: Mater. 4, 024003 (2021). 2515-7639 10.1088/2515-7639/abd73d
M. H. Wolter, B. Bissig, E. Avancini, R. Carron, S. Buecheler, P. Jackson, and S. Siebentritt, Influence of sodium and rubidium postdeposition treatment on the quasi-Fermi level splitting of (Equation presented) thin films, IEEE J. Photovoltaics 8, 1320 (2018). 2156-3381 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2855113
J. Nishinaga, T. Koida, S. Ishizuka, Y. Kamikawa, H. Takahashi, M. Iioka, H. Higuchi, Y. Ueno, H. Shibata, and S. Niki, Effects of long-term heat-light soaking on (Equation presented) solar cells with KF postdeposition treatment, Appl. Phys. Express 10, 092301 (2017). 1882-0778 10.7567/APEX.10.092301
T. Feurer, B. Bissig, T. P. Weiss, R. Carron, E. Avancini, J. Löckinger, S. Buecheler, and A. N. Tiwari, Single-graded CIGS with narrow bandgap for tandem solar cells, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 19, 263 (2018). 1468-6996 10.1080/14686996.2018.1444317
T. Feurer, F. Fu, T. P. Weiss, E. Avancini, J. Löckinger, S. Buecheler, and A. N. Tiwari, RbF post deposition treatment for narrow bandgap (Equation presented) solar cells, Thin Solid Films 670, 34 (2019). 0040-6090 10.1016/j.tsf.2018.12.003
D. Regesch, L. Gütay, J. K. Larsen, V. Deprédurand, D. Tanaka, Y. Aida, and S. Siebentritt, Degradation and passivation of (Equation presented), Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 112108 (2012). 0003-6951 10.1063/1.4752165
F. Babbe, L. Choubrac, and S. Siebentritt, Quasi Fermi level splitting of (Equation presented)-rich and (Equation presented)-poor (Equation presented) absorber layers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 082105 (2016). 0003-6951 10.1063/1.4961530
T. P. Weiss, B. Bissig, T. Feurer, R. Carron, S. Buecheler, and A. N. Tiwari, Bulk and surface recombination properties in thin film semiconductors with different surface treatments from time-resolved photoluminescence measurements, Sci. Rep. 9, 5385 (2019). 2045-2322 10.1038/s41598-019-41716-x
F. Pianezzi, P. Reinhard, A. Chirilǎ, B. Bissig, S. Nishiwaki, S. Buecheler, and A. N. Tiwari. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 8843 (2014). 1463-9076 10.1039/c4cp00614c
A. Czudek, A. Eslam, A. Urbaniak, P. Zabierowski, R. Wuerz, and M. Igalson, Evolution of the electrical characteristics of (Equation presented) devices with sodium content, J. Appl. Phys. 128, 173102 (2020). 0021-8979 10.1063/5.0025183
O. Ramírez, M. Bertrand, A. Debot, D. Siopa, N. Valle, J. Schmauch, M. Melchiorre, and S. Siebentritt, The effect of potassium fluoride postdeposition treatments on the optoelectronic properties of (Equation presented) single crystals, Solar RRL 5, 2000727 (2021). 2367-198X 10.1002/solr.202000727
R. K. Ahrenkiel, Semiconductors and Semimetals (Academic Press, Boston, 1993), p. 39.
F. Werner, D. Colombara, M. Melchiorre, N. Valle, B. El Adib, C. Spindler, and S. Siebentritt, Doping mechanism in pure (Equation presented), J. Appl. Phys. 119, 173103 (2016). 0021-8979 10.1063/1.4947585
A. R. Burgers, J. A. Eikelboom, A. Schonecker, and W. C. Sinke, in Conference Record of the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (1996), pp. 569.
T. P. Weiss, S. Nishiwaki, B. Bissig, R. Carron, E. Avancini, J. Löckinger, S. Buecheler, and A. N. Tiwari, Injection current barrier formation for RbF postdeposition-treated (Equation presented)-based solar cells, Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5, 1701007 (2018). 2196-7350 10.1002/admi.201701007
F. Werner, M. H. Wolter, S. Siebentritt, G. Sozzi, S. Di Napoli, R. Menozzi, P. Jackson, and W. Witte, "Alkalie treatment of (Equation presented) thin film absorbers: transport barriers and their influence on the admittance spectrum" unpublished (2017).
M. A. Green, Solar cell fill factors: General graph and empirical expressions, Solid-State Electron. 24, 788 (1981). 0038-1101 10.1016/0038-1101(81)90062-9
C.-M. Xu, X.-L. Xu, J. Xu, X.-J. Yang, J. Zuo, N. Kong, W.-H. Huang, and H.-T. Liu, Composition dependence of the Raman A 1 mode and additional mode in tetragonal (Equation presented)-(Equation presented)-(Equation presented) thin films, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 19, 1201 (2004). 0268-1242 10.1088/0268-1242/19/10/006
S. Lany and A. Zunger, Metal-Dimer Atomic Reconstruction Leading to Deep Donor States of the Anion Vacancy in II-VI and Chalcopyrite Semiconductors, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 156404 (2004). 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.156404
R. Scheer and H. W. Schock, Chalcogenide Photovoltaics: Physics, Technologies, and Thin Film Devices (Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2011).
D. Abou-Ras, N. Schäfer, N. Baldaz, S. Brunken, and C. Boit, Electron-beam-induced current measurements with applied bias provide insight to locally resolved acceptor concentrations at p-n junctions, AIP Adv. 5, 077191 (2015). 2158-3226 10.1063/1.4928097
F. Werner, Hall measurements on low-mobility thin films, J. Appl. Phys. 122, 135306 (2017). 0021-8979 10.1063/1.4990470
A. Klein, Energy band alignment in chalcogenide thin film solar cells from photoelectron spectroscopy, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 27, 134201 (2015). 0953-8984 10.1088/0953-8984/27/13/134201
T. Walter, R. Herberholz, and H. W. Schock, Distribution of defects in polycrytalline chalcopyrite thin films, Solid State Phenomena 51-52, 309 (1996). 1662-9779 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.51-52.309
C. van Berkel, M. J. Powell, A. R. Franklin, and I. D. French, Quality factor in a-(Equation presented):H nip and pin diodes, J. Appl. Phys. 73, 5264 (1993). 0021-8979 10.1063/1.353755
M. H. Wolter, R. Carron, E. Avancini, B. Bissig, T. P. Weiss, S. Nishiwaki, T. Feurer, S. Buecheler, P. Jackson, W. Witte, and S. Siebentritt, How band tail recombination influences the open-circuit voltage of solar cells, Prog. Photovoltaics 30, 702 (2022). 1062-7995 10.1002/pip.3449
S. J. Heise and J. F. López Salas, Charge separation effects in time-resolved photoluminescence of (Equation presented) thin film solar cells, Thin Solid Films 633, 35 (2017). 0040-6090 10.1016/j.tsf.2016.11.031
W. K. Metzger, I. L. Repins, M. Romero, P. Dippo, M. Contreras, R. Noufi, and D. Levi, Recombination kinetics and stability in polycrystalline (Equation presented) solar cells, Thin Solid Films 517, 2360 (2009). 0040-6090 10.1016/j.tsf.2008.11.050
M. Edoff, T. Jarmar, N. S. Nilsson, E. Wallin, D. Högström, O. Stolt, O. Lundberg, W. Shafarman, and L. Stolt, High V ocin ((Equation presented) solar cells, IEEE J. Photovoltaics 7, 1789 (2017). 2156-3381 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2017.2756058
I. Repins, M. A. Contreras, B. Egaas, C. DeHart, J. Scharf, C. L. Perkins, B. To, and R. Noufi, 19.9%-efficient (Equation presented) solar cell with 81.2% fill factor, Prog. Photovoltaics 16, 235 (2008). 1062-7995 10.1002/pip.822