Techno-overload; technostress; small business owners; entrepreneurs; well-being outcomes; COVID-19 pandemic; France
Abstract :
[en] Technostress is an important by-product of information and communication technologies (ICT). The technostress literature suggests focusing on specific dimensions of technostress, such as techno-overload, which describes when ICT usage demands to work faster and longer. However, only a few studies have dealt with the technostress of small business owners, let alone techno-overload. This is surprising since work overload in general has been identified as an important dimension of job stress for small business owners, and technostress has been identified as an important impediment for workers in general. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of techno-overload on well-being outcomes (as a composite measure consisting of physical well-being, mental well-being, sleep quality, burnout, and loneliness) using three data sets of French small business owners. Our results indicate a strong negative correlation between techno-overload and our composite measure of well-being for all three data sets. We interpret our findings for several different disciplines: information systems, small business owners and entrepreneurship, health and well-being, psychology and organization studies. Our data also allow for the identification of contextual effects – the COVID-19 pandemic – since one survey was conducted before, one at the start of, and one during the pandemic.
Research center :
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT) > EINT-Entrepreneurship, Innovation and New Technology
Disciplines :
General management, entrepreneurship & organizational theory
Author, co-author :
Thurik, Roy
Benzari, Alexandre
FISCH, Christian ; University of Luxembourg > Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SNT) > Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and New Technology (EINT)
Mukerjee, Jinia
Torrès, Olivier
External co-authors :
yes
Language :
English
Title :
Techno-overload and well-being of French small business owners: identifying the flipside of digital technologies
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.
Bibliography
Akande, A. 1994. “ Coping with Entrepreneurial Stress: Evidence from Nigeria.” Journal of Small Business Management 32 (1): 83–87.
Antonovsky, A. 1979. Health, Stress and Coping, the Jossey-Bass Social and Behavioural Science Series. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Antonovsky, A. 1987. Unraveling the Mystery of Health –How People Manage Stress and Stay Well, the Jossey-Bass Social and Behavioural Science Series. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Artz, B., I. Kaya, and O. Kaya. 2022. “ Gender Role Perspectives and Job Burnout.” Review of Economics of the Household 20 (2): 447–470. doi: 10.1007/s11150-021-09579-2.
Audretsch, D. B., and M. Belitski. 2017. “ Entrepreneurial Ecosystems in Cities: Establishing the Framework Conditions.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 42 (5): 1030–1051. doi: 10.1007/s10961-016-9473-8.
Audretsch, D. B., and M. Belitski. 2021. “ Knowledge Complexity and Firm Performance: Evidence from the European SMEs.” Journal of Knowledge Management 25 (4): 693–713. doi: 10.1108/JKM-03-2020-0178.
Autio, E., S. Nambisan, L. D. Thomas, and M. Wright. 2018. “ Digital Affordances, Spatial Affordances, and the Genesis of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 12 (1): 72–95. doi: 10.1002/sej.1266.
Ayyagari, R., V. Grover, and R. Purvis. 2011. “ Technostress: Technological Antecedents and Implications.” MIS Quarterly 35 (4): 831–858. doi: 10.2307/41409963.
Barlette, Y., and A. Jaouen. 2019. “ Information Security in SMEs: Determinants of CEOs’ Protective and Supportive Behaviors.” Systèmes d’information & management 24 (3): 7–40. doi: 10.3917/sim.193.0007.
Baron, R. A., R. J. Franklin, and K. M. Hmieleski. 2016. “ Why Entrepreneurs Often Experience Low, Not High, Levels of Stress: The Joint Effects of Selection and Psychological Capital.” Journal of Management 42 (3): 742–768. doi: 10.1177/0149206313495411.
Barreto, M., C. Victor, C. Hammond, A. Eccles, M. T. Richins, and P. Qualter. 2021. “ Loneliness Around the World: Age, Gender, and Cultural Differences in Loneliness.” Personality and Individual Differences 169: 110066. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066.
Bawden, D., and L. Robinson. 2020. “ Information Overload: An Overview.” In Oxford Encyclopedia of Political Decision Making, edited by D. P. Redlawsk, 1–49. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1360.
Becker, C. M., M. A. Glascoff, and W. M. Felts. 2010. “ Salutogenesis 30 Years Later: Where Do We Go from Here? ” The International Electronic Journal of Health Education 13: 25–32.
Belitski, M., C. Guenther, A. S. Kritikos, and R. Thurik. 2022. “ Economic Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses.” Small Business Economics 58 (2): 593–609. doi: 10.1007/s11187-021-00544-y.
Benzari, A., A. Khedhaouria, O. Torrès, and A. Cucchi. 2022. “ The Impact of Technostress on Small Business Owners’ Burnout: The Mediating Role of Strain.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. Forthcoming.
Berg-Beckhoff, G., G. Nielsen, and E. Ladekjær Larsen. 2018. “ Use of Information Communication Technology and Stress, Burnout, and Mental Health in Older, Middle-Aged, and Younger Workers–Results from a Systematic Review.” International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 23 (2): 1–12. doi: 10.1080/10773525.2018.1436015.
Bi, R., R. M. Davison, and K. X. Smyrnios. 2017. “ E-Business and Fast Growth SMEs.” Small Business Economics 48 (3): 559–576. doi: 10.1007/s11187-016-9788-8.
Binder, M., and A. Coad. 2013. “ Life Satisfaction and Self-Employment: A Matching Approach.” Small Business Economics 40 (4): 1009–1033. doi: 10.1007/s11187-011-9413-9.
Block, J. H., C. O. Fisch, A. Hahn, and P. G. Sandner. 2015. “ Why Do SMEs File Trademarks? Insights from Firms in Innovative Industries.” Research Policy 44 (10): 1915–1930. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2015.06.007.
Block, J. H., J. M. Millan, A. Moritz, and J. D. Ramos-Poyatos. 2022. “ Working Hours, Working Time Flexibility and Stress at Work of Different Types of Entrepreneurs.” Revue de l’Entrepreneuriat Vol. 21 (HS2): 59–100. Forthcoming. doi: 10.3917/entre.hs2.0059.
Boerma, T., A. R. Hosseinpoor, E. Verdes, and S. Chatterji. 2016. “ A Global Assessment of the Gender Gap in Self-Reported Health with Survey Data from 59 Countries.” BMC Public Health 16 (1): 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3352-y.
Bohlmann, C., A. Rauch, and H. Zacher. 2017. “ A Lifespan Perspective on Entrepreneurship: Perceived Opportunities and Skills Explain the Negative Association Between Age and Entrepreneurial Activity.” Frontiers in Psychology 8: 2015. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02015.
Borle, P., K. Reichel, F. Niebuhr, and S. Voelter-Mahlknecht. 2021. “ How are Techno-Stressors Associated with Mental Health and Work Outcomes? A Systematic Review of Occupational Exposure to Information and Communication Technologies Within the Technostress Model.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (16): 8673. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18168673.
Boyd, D. P., and D. E. Gumpert. 1983. “ Coping with Entrepreneurial Stress.” Harvard Business Review 61 (2): 44–64.
Brod, C. 1984. Technostress: The Human Cost of the Computer Revolution. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley.
Buttner, E. H. 1992. “ Entrepreneurial Stress: Is It Hazardous to Your Health? ” Journal of Managerial Issues 4 (2): 223–240.
Buysse, D. J., T. H. M. CF ReynoldsIII, S. R. BermanMonk, and D. J. Kupfer. 1989. “ The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A New Instrument for Psychiatric Practice and Research.” Psychiatry Research 28 (2): 193–213. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4.
Califf, C. B., and S. Brooks. 2020. “ An Empirical Study of Techno-Stressors, Literacy Facilitation, Burnout, and Turnover Intention as Experienced by K-12 Teachers.” Computers & Education 157: 103971. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103971.
Canazei, M. D., D. Bassa, P. Jimenez, M. Bühner, A. Fink, K. Bauernhofer, S. Luttenberger, et al. 2018. “ Gender Differences in Different Dimensions of Common Burnout Symptoms in a Group of Clinical Burnout Patients.” Neuropsychiatry 8 (6): 1967–1976. doi: 10.4172/Neuropsychiatry.1000539.
Carayon, P., and M. J. Smith. 2014. “ The Balance Concept Revisited: Finding Balance to Reduce Stress in a Frantic World of IT.” In The Impact of ICT on Quality of Working Life, edited by C. Korunka and P. Hoonakker, 105–121. Dordrecht: Springer.
Cardon, M. S., and P. C. Patel. 2015. “ Is Stress Worth It? Stress‐related Health and Wealth Trade‐offs for Entrepreneurs.” Applied Psychology 64 (2): 379–420. doi: 10.1111/apps.12021.
Carod-Artal, F. J., and C. Vázquez-Cabrera. 2013. “ Burnout Syndrome in an International Setting.” In Burnout for Experts, edited by S. Bährer-Kohler, 15–35. Boston: Springer.
Choi, S. B., and M. S. Lim. 2016. “ Effects of Social and Technology Overload on Psychological Well-Being in Young South Korean Adults: The Mediatory Role of Social Network Service Addiction.” Computers in Human Behavior 61: 245–254. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.032.
Clark, M. A., J. S. Michel, L. Zhdanova, S. Y. Pui, and B. B. Baltes. 2016. “ All Work and No Play? A Meta-Analytic Examination of the Correlates and Outcomes of Workaholism.” Journal of Management 42 (7): 1836–1873. doi: 10.1177/0149206314522301.
Cubbon, L., K. Darga, U. D. Wisnesky, L. Dennett, and C. Guptill. 2021. “ Depression Among Entrepreneurs: A Scoping Review.” Small Business Economics 57 (2): 781–805. doi: 10.1007/s11187-020-00382-4.
Demerouti, E., A. B. Bakker, F. Nachreiner, and W. B. Schaufeli. 2001. “ The Job Demands-Resources Model of Burnout.” The Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (3): 499–512. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499.
Douglas, E. J., D. A. Shepherd, and C. Prentice. 2020. “ Using Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis for a Finer-Grained Understanding of Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Venturing 35 (1): 105970. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.105970.
Edmunds, A., and A. Morris. 2000. “ The Problem of Information Overload in Business Organisations: A Review of the Literature.” International Journal of Information Management 20 (1): 17–28. doi: 10.1016/S0268-4012(99)00051-1.
Eggers, F. 2020. “ Masters of Disasters? Challenges and Opportunities for SMEs in Times of Crisis.” Journal of Business Research 116: 199–208. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.025.
Elia, G., A. Margherita, and G. Passiante. 2020. “ Digital Entrepreneurship Ecosystem: How Digital Technologies and Collective Intelligence are Reshaping the Entrepreneurial Process.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 150: 119791. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119791.
Fatima, Y., S. A. Doi, J. M. Najman, and A. Al Mamun. 2016. “ Exploring Gender Difference in Sleep Quality of Young Adults: Findings from a Large Population Study.” Clinical Medicine & Research 14 (3–4): 138–144. doi: 10.3121/cmr.2016.1338.
Fayolle, A., and W. Nakara. 2012. “ Création par nécessité et précarité: la face pathogène de l’entrepreneuriat.” In La santé du Dirigeant, edited by O. Torrès, 15–27. Louvain-la-Neuve: De Boeck.
Feng, M. 2021. “ The Effects of Techno-Stress in the Role Stress Context Applied on the Proximity Manager Performance: Conceptual Development and Empirical Validation.” Journal of Organizational and End User Computing (JOEUC) 33 (1): 1–18. doi: 10.4018/JOEUC.2021010101.
Fernet, C., O. Torrès, S. Austin, and J. St-Pierre. 2016. “ The Psychological Costs of Owning and Managing an SME: Linking Job Stressors, Occupational Loneliness, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Burnout.” Burnout Research 3 (2): 45–53. doi: 10.1016/j.burn.2016.03.002.
Fischer, T., M. Reuter, and R. Riedl. 2021. “ The Digital Stressors Scale: Development and Validation of a New Survey Instrument to Measure Digital Stress Perceptions in the Workplace Context.” Frontiers in Psychology 12: 607598. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.607598.
Fokkema, T., J. De Jong Gierveld, and P. A. Dykstra. 2012. “ Cross-National Differences in Older Adult Loneliness.” The Journal of Psychology 146 (1–2): 201–228. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2011.631612.
Forbes, D. P., P. S. Borchert, M. E. Zellmer–bruhn, and H. J. Sapienza. 2006. “ Entrepreneurial Team Formation: An Exploration of New Member Addition.” Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 30 (2): 225–248. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00119.x.
Fors Connolly, F., I. Johansson Sevä, and T. Gärling. 2021. “ The Bigger the Better? Business Size and Small-Business Owners’ Subjective Well-Being.” Journal of Happiness Studies 22 (3): 1071–1088. doi: 10.1007/s10902-020-00264-2.
Friedsam, H. J., and H. W. Martin. 1963. “ A Comparison of Self and Physicians’ Health Ratings in an Older Population.” Journal of Health and Human Behavior 4 (3): 179–183. doi: 10.2307/2948660.
Gielnik, M. M., H. Zacher, and M. Frese. 2012. “ Journal of Health and Human Behavior.” Journal of Business Venturing 27 (1): 127–142. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2010.05.002.
Godin, I., P. Desmarez, and C. Mahieu. 2017. “ Company Size, Work-Home Interference, and Well-Being of Self-Employed Entrepreneurs.” Archives of Public Health 75 (1): 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s13690-017-0243-3.
Grandner, M. A., N. P. Patel, P. R. Gehrman, D. Xie, D. Sha, T. Weaver, and N. Gooneratne. 2010. “ Who Gets the Best Sleep? Ethnic and Socioeconomic Factors Related to Sleep Complaints.” Sleep medicine 11 (5): 470–478. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2009.10.006.
Guiliani, F., and O. Torrès. 2018. “ Entrepreneurship: An Insomniac Discipline? An Empirical Study on SME Owners/Directors.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 35 (1): 81–101. doi: 10.1504/IJESB.2018.094273.
Gumpert, D. E., and D. P. Boyd. 1984. “ The Loneliness of the Small-Business Owner.” Harvard Business Review 62 (6): 18–24.
Gunia, B. C. 2018. “ The Sleep Trap: Do Sleep Problems Prompt Entrepreneurial Motives but Undermine Entrepreneurial Means? ” Academy of Management Perspectives 32 (2): 228–242. doi: 10.5465/amp.2016.0159.
Hang, Y., G. Hussain, A. Amin, and M. I. Abdullah. 2022. “ The Moderating Effects of Technostress Inhibitors on Techno-Stressors and Employee’s Well-Being.” Frontiers in Psychology 12: 821446. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.821446.
Hatak, I., and H. Zhou. 2021. “ Health as Human Capital in Entrepreneurship: Individual, Extension, and Substitution Effects on Entrepreneurial Success.” Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 45 (1): 18–42. doi: 10.1177/1042258719867559.
Hessels, J., C. A. Rietveld, and P. Van der Zwan. 2017. “ Self-Employment and Work-Related Stress: The Mediating Role of Job Control and Job Demand.” Journal of Business Venturing 32 (2): 178–196. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.10.007.
Heyman, D. K., and F. C. Jeffers. 1963. “ Effect of Time Lapse on Consistency of Self-Health and Medical Evaluations of Elderly Persons.” Journal of Gerontology 18 (2): 160–164. doi: 10.1093/geronj/18.2.160.
Hill, K., and S. Tams. 2018. “ Physiological, Psychological, and Behavioral Measures in the Study of is Phenomena: A Theoretical Analysis of Triangulation Strategies.” In Information Systems and Neuroscience, edited by F. D. Davis, R. Riedl, J. vom Brocke, P. M. Léger, and A. B. Randolph, 101–107. Cham: Springer.
Hoonakker, P. 2014. “ Information and Communication Technology and Quality of Working Life: Backgrounds, Facts, and Figures.” In The Impact of ICT on Quality of Working Life, edited by C. Korunka and P. Hoonakker, 9–23. Dordrecht: Springer.
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2019. Safety and Health at the Heart of the Future of Work: Building on 100 Years of Experience. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/events-training/events-meetings/world-day-for-safety/WCMS_686645/lang–en/index.htm
International Telecommunication Union (ITU). 2021. Measuring Digital Development: Facts and Figures 2021. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/FactsFigures2021.pdf
Joseph-Shehu, E. M., B. P. Ncama, N. Mooi, and T. P. Mashamba-Thompson. 2019. “ The Use of Information and Communication Technologies to Promote Healthy Lifestyle Behaviour: A Systematic Scoping Review.” BMJ Open 9 (10): e029872. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029872.
Julien, P. A. 2018. The State of the Art in Small Business and Entrepreneurship. London: Routledge.
Karimikia, H., H. Singh, and D. Joseph. 2021. “ Negative Outcomes of ICT Use at Work: Meta-Analytic Evidence and the Role of Job Autonomy.” Internet Research 31 (1): 159–190. doi: 10.1108/INTR-09-2019-0385.
Karr-Wisniewski, P., and Y. Lu. 2010. “ When More is Too Much: Operationalizing Technology Overload and Exploring Its Impact on Knowledge Worker Productivity.” Computers in Human Behavior 26 (5): 1061–1072. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.008.
Khedhaouria, A., and A. Cucchi. 2019. “ Technostress Creators, Personality Traits, and Job Burnout: A Fuzzy-Set Configurational Analysis.” Journal of Business Research 101: 349–361. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.04.029.
Kim, H. J., C. C. Lee, H. Yun, and K. S. Im. 2015. “ An Examination of Work Exhaustion in the Mobile Enterprise Environment.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 100: 255–266. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2015.07.009.
Kim, J., J. C. Park, and T. Komarek. 2021. “ The Impact of Mobile ICT on National Productivity in Developed and Developing Countries.” Information & Management 58 (3): 103442. doi: 10.1016/j.im.2021.103442.
Kirch, W. 2008. Encyclopedia of Public Health: Volume 1: A-H volume 2: I-Z. Berlin: Springer Science + Business Media.
Kollmann, T., C. Stöckmann, and J. M. Kensbock. 2019. “ I Can’t Get No Sleep—the Differential Impact of Entrepreneurial Stressors on Work-Home Interference and Insomnia Among Experienced versus Novice Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Business Venturing 34 (4): 692–708. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.08.001.
Korber, S. and R. B. McNaughton. 2018. “ Resilience and Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Literature Review.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 24 (7): 1129–1154. doi: 10.1108/IJEBR-10-2016-0356.
LaRose, R., R. Connolly, H. Lee, K. Li, and K. D. Hales. 2014. “ Connection Overload? A Cross Cultural Study of the Consequences of Social Media Connection.” Information Systems Management 31 (1): 59–73. doi: 10.1080/10580530.2014.854097.
Laspinas, M. L. 2015. “ Technostress: Trends and Challenges in the 21st Century Knowledge Management.” European Scientific Journal 11 (2): 1857–7881. https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/4970.
La Torre, G., A. Esposito, I. Sciarra, and M. Chiappetta. 2019. “ Definition, Symptoms and Risk of Techno-Stress: A Systematic Review.” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 92 (1): 13–35. doi: 10.1007/s00420-018-1352-1.
Lazarus, R. S., and S. Folkman. 1984. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer publishing company.
Lechat, T., and O. Torrès. 2016. “ Exploring Negative Affect in Entrepreneurial Activity: Effects on Emotional Stress and Contribution to Burnout.” In Emotions and Organizational Governance, edited by N. M. Ashkanasy, C. E. J. Härtel, and W. J. Zerbe, 69–99. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Lechat, T., and O. Torrès. 2017. “ Stressors and Satisfactors in Entrepreneurial Activity: An Event-Based, Mixed Methods Study Predicting Small Business Owners’ Health.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 32 (4): 537–569. doi: 10.1504/IJESB.2017.087838.
Lee, A. R., S. M. Son, and K. K. Kim. 2016. “ Information and Communication Technology Overload and Social Networking Service Fatigue: A Stress Perspective.” Computers in Human Behavior 55: 51–61. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.011.
Légifrance. 2016. LOI N° 2016-1088 du 8 Août 2016 Relative au Travail, à la Modernisation du Dialogue Social et à La Sécurisation des Parcours Professionnels. [Law n° 2016-1088 of 8 August 2016 on Work, on the Modernization of Social Dialogue and on the Securing of Career Paths]. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000032983213/
Légifrance. 2020. Article L2242-17 of the Labour Code. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000039785096/
LePine, J. A., N. P. Podsakoff, and M. A. LePine. 2005. “ A Meta-Analytic Test of the Challenge Stressor–Hindrance Stressor Framework: An Explanation for Inconsistent Relationships Among Stressors and Performance.” Academy of Management Journal 48 (5): 764–775. doi: 10.5465/amj.2005.18803921.
le Roux, D. J., and P. A. Botha. 2021. “ Investigating the Impact of Technostress on Productivity and Overall Life Satisfaction of Managers Working at a South African Ferrochrome Smelting Company.” SA Journal of Human Resource Management 19: a1649. doi: 10.4102/sajhrm.v19i0.1649.
Lévesque, M., and U. Stephan. 2020. “ It’s Time We Talk About Time in Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 44 (2): 163–184. doi: 10.1177/1042258719839711.
Lewis, D. 1996. Dying for Information?. London: Reuters Business Information.
Lin, K. H., C. C. Wu, T. S. Chu, T. S. Huang, and Y. Y. Chen. 2020. “ Employer or Employee: Who is More Likely to Suffer from Burnout? ” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 62 (4): e154–159. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001825.
Lourel, M., N. Gueguen, and F. Mouda. 2007. “ L’évaluation du Burnout de Pines: Adaptation Et Validation En Version Française de L’instrument Burnout Measure Short Version (BMS-10) [The Burnout Assessment of Pines: A French Adaptation and Validation of the “Burnout Measure Short Version” (BMS-10)].” Pratiques Psychologiques 13 (3): 353–364. doi: 10.1016/j.prps.2007.06.001.
Maier, C., S. Laumer, M. Tarafdar, J. Mattke, L. Reis, and T. Weitzel. 2021. “ Challenge and Hindrance is Use Stressors and Appraisals: Explaining Contrarian Associations in Post-Acceptance is Use Behavior.” Journal of the Association for Information Systems 22 (6): 1590–1624. doi: 10.17705/1jais.00709.
Maier, C., S. Laumer, J. Wirth, and T. Weitzel. 2019. “ Technostress and the Hierarchical Levels of Personality: A Two-Wave Study with Multiple Data Samples.” European Journal of Information Systems 28 (5): 496–522. doi: 10.1080/0960085X.2019.1614739.
Malach-Pines, A. 2005. “ The Burnout Measure, Short Version.” International Journal of Stress Management 12 (1): 78–88. doi: 10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.78.
Manzano-García, G., J. C. Ayala-Calvo, and P. Desrumaux. 2021. “ Entrepreneurs’ Capacity for Mentalizing: Its Influence on Burnout Syndrome.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (1): 3. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18010003.
Marchesnay, M., and P. A. Julien. 1990. “ The Small Business: As a Transaction Space.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 2 (3): 267–278. doi: 10.1080/08985629000000017.
Marsh, E., E. P. Vallejos, and A. Spence. 2022. “ The Digital Workplace and Its Dark Side: An Integrative Review.” Computers in Human Behavior 128: 107118. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.107118.
Maslach, C., S. E. Jackson, and M. P. Leiter. 1996. MBI: Maslach Burnout Inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Matthes, J., K. Karsay, D. Schmuck, and A. Stevic. 2020. “ “Too Much to Handle”: Impact of Mobile Social Networking Sites on Information Overload, Depressive Symptoms, and Well-Being.” Computers in Human Behavior 105: 106217. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.106217.
Milićević-Kalašić, A. 2013. “ Burnout Examination.” In Burnout for Experts, edited by S. Bährer-Kohler, 169–183. Boston: Springer.
Newlin, A. M. B. 2020. “ More Specific Than “Small”: Identifying Key Factors to Account for the Heterogeneity in Stress Findings Among Small Businesses.” In Entrepreneurial and Small Business Stressors, Experienced Stress, and Well-Being, edited by P. L. Perrewé, P. D. Harms, and C. H. Chang, 95–122. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
Nicolaou, N., P. H. Phan, and U. Stephan. 2021. “ The Biological Perspective in Entrepreneurship Research.” Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 45 (1): 3–17. doi: 10.1177/1042258720967314.
Nikolova, M. 2019. “ Switching to Self-Employment Can Be Good for Your Health.” Journal of Business Venturing 34 (4): 664–691. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.09.001.
Norlund, S., C. Reuterwall, J. Höög, B. Lindahl, U. Janlert, and L. S. Birgander. 2010. “ Burnout, Working Conditions and Gender-Results from the Northern Sweden MONICA Study.” BMC Public Health 10 (1): 1–9. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-326.
Nuallaong, W. 2013. “ Burnout Symptoms and Cycles of Burnout: The Comparison with Psychiatric Disorders and Aspects of Approaches.” In Burnout for Experts, edited by S. Bährer-Kohler, 47–72. Boston: Springer.
Omrane, A., A. Kammoun, and C. Seaman. 2019. “ Entrepreneurial Burnout: Causes, Consequences and Way Out.” FIIB Business Review 7 (1): 28–42. doi: 10.1177/2319714518767805.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2017. Enhancing the contributions of SMEs in a global and digitalised economy. https://www.oecd.org/industry/C-MIN-2017-8-EN.pdf
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). 2019. Going Digital Shaping Policies, Improving Lives. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/going-digital-shaping-policies-improving-lives_9789264312012-en
Park, J., B. Han, and Y. Kim. 2020. “ Comparison of Occupational Health Problems of Employees and Self-Employed Individuals Who Work in Different Fields.” Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health 75 (2): 98–111. doi: 10.1080/19338244.2019.1577209.
Patzelt, H., and D. A. Shepherd. 2011. “ Negative Emotions of an Entrepreneurial Career: Self-Employment and Regulatory Coping Behaviors.” Journal of Business Venturing 26 (2): 226–238. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.08.002.
Pfaffinger, K. F., J. A. Reif, and E. Spieß. 2020. “ When and Why Telepressure and Technostress Creators Impair Employee Well-Being.” International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics 28 (2): 1–16. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2020.1846376.
Purvanova, R. K., and J. P. Muros. 2010. “ Gender Differences in Burnout: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 77 (2): 168–185. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.006.
Raghupathi, V., and W. Raghupathi. 2020. “ The Influence of Education on Health: An Empirical Assessment of OECD Countries for the Period 1995–2015.” Archives of Public Health 78 (1): 1–18. doi: 10.1186/s13690-020-00402-5.
Ragu-Nathan, T. S., M. Tarafdar, B. S. Ragu-Nathan, and Q. Tu. 2008. “ The Consequences of Technostress for End Users in Organizations: Conceptual Development and Empirical Validation.” Information Systems Research 19 (4): 417–433. doi: 10.1287/isre.1070.0165.
Reinecke, L., S. Aufenanger, M. E. Beutel, M. Dreier, O. Quiring, B. Stark, K. Wölfling, and K. W. Müller. 2017. “ Digital Stress Over the Life Span: The Effects of Communication Load and Internet Multitasking on Perceived Stress and Psychological Health Impairments in a German Probability Sample.” Media psychology 20 (1): 90–115. doi: 10.1080/15213269.2015.1121832.
Renaud, K., and J. Ophoff. 2021. “ A Cyber Situational Awareness Model to Predict the Implementation of Cyber Security Controls and Precautions by SMEs.” Organizational Cybersecurity Journal: Practice, Process and People 1 (1): 24–46. doi: 10.1108/OCJ-03-2021-0004.
Reynolds, P. D., S. M. Camp, W. D. Bygrave, E. Autio, and M. Hay. 2002. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor GEM 2001 Summary Report. London: London Business School and Babson College.
Riedel-Heller, S. G., A. Busse, and M. C. Angermeyer. 2006. “ The State of Mental Health in Old-Age Across the ’Old’ European Union - a Systematic Review.” Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica 113 (5): 388–401. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00632.x.
Riedl, R., H. Kindermann, A. Auinger, and A. Javor. 2012. “ Technostress from a Neurobiological Perspective.” Business and Information Systems Engineering 4 (2): 61–69. doi: 10.1007/s12599-012-0207-7.
Riedl, R., and K. VanMeter. 2020. “ Explaining Inconsistent Research Findings on the Relationship Between Age and Technostress Perceptions: Insights from the Neuroscience Literature.” In NeuroIs 2020: Information Systems and Neuroscience, edited by F. D. Davis, R. Riedl, J. vom Brocke, P. M. Léger, A. B. Randolph, and T. Fischer, 307–320. Cham: Springer.
Rutkowski, A. F., and C. S. Saunders. 2018. Emotional and Cognitive Overload: The Dark Side of Information Technology. London: Routledge.
Ryan, R. M., R. R. Curren, and E. L. Deci. 2013. “ What Humans Need: Flourishing in Aristotelian Philosophy and Self-Determination Theory.” In The Best Within Us: Positive Psychology Perspectives on Eudaimonia, edited by A. S. Waterman, 57–75. Washington D.C: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/14092-004.
Salanova, M., S. Llorens, and E. Cifre. 2013. “ The Dark Side of Technologies: Technostress Among Users of Information and Communication Technologies.” International Journal of Psychology 48 (3): 422–436. doi: 10.1080/00207594.2012.680460.
Salazar-Concha, C., P. Ficapal-Cusí, J. Boada-Grau, and L. J. Camacho. 2021. “ Analyzing the Evolution of Technostress: A Science Mapping Approach.” Heliyon 7 (4): e06726. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06726.
Savikko, N., P. Routasalo, R. S. Tilvis, T. E. Strandberg, and K. H. Pitkälä. 2005. “ Predictors and Subjective Causes of Loneliness in an Aged Population.” Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 41 (3): 223–233. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2005.03.002.
Scott, D. A., B. Valley, and B. A. Simecka. 2017. “ Mental Health Concerns in the Digital Age.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 15 (3): 604–613. doi: 10.1007/s11469-016-9684-0.
Shepherd, C. D., G. Marchisio, S. C. Morrish, J. H. Deacon, and M. P. Miles. 2010. “ Entrepreneurial Burnout: Exploring Antecedents, Dimensions and Outcomes.” Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship 12 (1): 71–79. doi: 10.1108/14715201011060894.
Sonnentag, S. 2018. “ The Recovery Paradox: Portraying the Complex Interplay Between Job Stressors, Lack of Recovery, Poor Well-Being.” Research in Organizational Behavior 38: 169–185. doi: 10.1016/j.riob.2018.11.002.
Sonnentag, S., and C. Fritz. 2007. “ The Recovery Experience Questionnaire: Development and Validation of a Measure for Assessing Recuperation and Unwinding from Work.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 12 (3): 204–221. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.204.
Srivastava, S. C., S. Chandra, and A. Shirish. 2015. “ Technostress Creators and Job Outcomes: Theorising the Moderating Influence of Personality Traits.” Information Systems Journal 25 (4): 355–401. doi: 10.1111/isj.12067.
Stephan, U. 2018. “ Entrepreneurs’ Mental Health and Well-Being: A Review and Research Agenda.” Academy of Management Perspectives 32 (3): 290–322. doi: 10.5465/amp.2017.0001.
Tarafdar, M., C. L. Cooper, and J. F. Stich. 2019. “ The Technostress Trifecta ‐ Techno Eustress, Techno Distress and Design: Theoretical Directions and an Agenda for Research.” Information Systems Journal 29 (1): 6–42. doi: 10.1111/isj.12169.
Tarafdar, M., and R. M. Davison. 2018. “ Research in Information Systems: Intra-Disciplinary and Inter-Disciplinary Approaches.” Journal of the Association for Information Systems 19 (6): 523–551. doi: 10.17705/1jais.00500.
Tarafdar, M., Q. Tu, B. S. Ragu-Nathan, and T. S. Ragu-Nathan. 2007. “ The Impact of Technostress on Role Stress and Productivity.” Journal of Management Information Systems 24 (1): 301–328. doi: 10.2753/MIS0742-1222240109.
Taser, D., E. Aydin, A. O. Torgaloz, and Y. Rofcanin. 2022. “ An Examination of Remote E-Working and Flow Experience: The Role of Technostress and Loneliness.” Computers in Human Behavior 127: 107020. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.107020.
Tetrick, L. E., K. J. Slack, N. Da Silva, and R. R. Sinclair. 2000. “ A Comparison of the Stress–Strain Process for Business Owners and Nonowners: Differences in Job Demands, Emotional Exhaustion, Satisfaction, and Social Support.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 5 (4): 464–476. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.5.4.464.
Thomée, S., L. Dellve, A. Härenstam, and M. Hagberg. 2010. “ Perceived Connections Between Information and Communication Technology Use and Mental Symptoms Among Young Adults-A Qualitative Study.” BMC Public Health 10 (1): 1–14. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-66.
Torrès, O., A. Benzari, C. Fisch, J. Mukerjee, A. Swalhi, and R. Thurik. 2022a. “ Risk of Burnout in French Entrepreneurs During the COVID-19 Crisis.” Small Business Economics 58 (2): 717–739. doi: 10.1007/s11187-021-00516-2.
Torrès, O., A. Benzari, A. Swalhi, and R. Thurik. 2021a. “ Confinement et Risque de Burnout des Dirigeants Propriétaires de PME: Le Syndrome d’Épuisement d’Empêchement.” Revue Internationale PME 34 (2): 62–80. doi: 10.7202/1079188ar.
Torrès, O., C. Fisch, J. Mukerjee, F. Lasch, and R. Thurik. 2021b. “ Health Perception of French SME Owners During the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic.” International Review of Entrepreneurship 19 (2): 151–168.
Torrès, O., F. Guiliani, and R. Thurik. 2022b. “ Entrepreneurship and Health: An Existential Perspective.” Revue de l’Entrepreneuriat 21 (HS2): 11–32. Forthcoming. doi: 10.3917/entre.hs2.0011.
Torrès, O., and C. Kinowski-Moysan. 2019. “ Dépistage de l’épuisement et Prévention du Burnout des Dirigeants de PME - D’une Recherche Académique à une Valorisation Sociétale.” Revue Française de Gestion 45 (284): 171–189. doi: 10.3166/rfg.2019.00379.
Torrès, O., G. Soenen, and R. Thurik. 2022c. “ Entrepreneurs’ Well-Being, Burnout and Recovery Experiences ”. Paper presented at the 20th Interdisciplinary European Conference on Entrepreneurship Research (IECER), Maastricht, October 26-28.
Torrès, O., and R. Thurik. 2019. “ Small Business Owners and Health.” Small Business Economics 53 (2): 311–321. doi: 10.1007/s11187-018-0064-y.
Van der Zwan, P., R. Thurik, I. Verheul, and J. Hessels. 2016. “ Factors Influencing the Entrepreneurial Engagement of Opportunity and Necessity Entrepreneurs.” Eurasian Business Review 6 (3): 273–295. doi: 10.1007/s40821-016-0065-1.
Visentin, D. C., M. Cleary, and S. Minutillo. 2020. “ Small Business Ownership and Mental Health.” Issues in Mental Health Nursing 41 (5): 460–463. doi: 10.1080/01612840.2020.1733871.
Wach, D., U. Stephan, E. Weinberger, and J. Wegge. 2021. “ Entrepreneurs’ Stressors and Well-Being: A Recovery Perspective and Diary Study.” Journal of Business Venturing 36 (5): 106016. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2020.106016.
Wei, X., S. Cang, and R. D. Hisrich. 2015. “ Entrepreneurial Stressors as Predictors of Entrepreneurial Burnout.” Psychological Reports 116 (1): 74–88. doi: 10.2466/01.14.PR0.116k13w1.
Weinberger, E., D. Wach, U. Stephan, and J. Wegge. 2018. “ Having a Creative Day: Understanding Entrepreneurs’ Daily Idea Generation Through a Recovery Lens.” Journal of Business Venturing 33 (1): 1–19. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.09.001.
White, J. V., and V. K. Gupta. 2020. “ Stress and Well-Being in Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review and Future Research Agenda.” In Entrepreneurial and Small Business Stressors, Experienced Stress, and Well-Being, edited by P. L. Perrewé, P. D. Harms, and C. H. Chang, 65–93. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
Wiklund, J., B. Nikolaev, N. Shir, M. D. Foo, and S. Bradley. 2019. “ Entrepreneurship and Well-Being: Past, Present, and Future.” Journal of Business Venturing 34 (4): 579–588. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.01.002.
Williamson, A. J., J. J. Gish, and U. Stephan. 2021. “ Let’s Focus on Solutions to Entrepreneurial Ill-Being! Recovery Interventions to Enhance Entrepreneurial Well-Being.” Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 45 (6): 1307–1338. doi: 10.1177/10422587211006431.
World Health Organization (WHO). 1948. Constitution. https://apps.who.int/gb/bd/PDF/bd47/EN/constitution-en.pdf?ua=1
Xu, F., and L. Jin. 2022. “ Impact of Daily Entrepreneurial Stressors on Long-Term Transformational Leader Behaviors and Well-Being: Differences in Experienced and Nascent Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Business Research 139: 280–291. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.09.059.
Yanguas, J., S. Pinazo-Henandis, and F. J. Tarazona-Santabalbina. 2018. “ The Complexity of Loneliness.” Acta Bio-medical: Atenei Parmensis 89 (2): 302–314. doi: 10.23750/abm.v89i2.7404.
Yeager, D. S., C. J. Bryan, J. J. Gross, J. S. Murray, D. Krettek Cobb, P. HF Santos, H. Gravelding, M. Johnson, and J. P. Jamieson. 2022. “ A Synergistic Mindsets Intervention Protects Adolescents from Stress.” Nature 607 (7919): 512–520. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04907-7.
Zahra, S. A. 2007. “ Contextualizing Theory Building in Entrepreneurship Research.” Journal of Business Venturing 22 (3): 443–452. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.04.007.
Zbierowski, P., A. Brzozowska, and M. Gojny-Zbierowska. 2019. “ Well-Being of Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Their Entrepreneurial Life.” Problemy Zarządzania 1/2019 (81): 212–238. doi: 10.7172/1644-9584.81.10.
