Non-stationary 3-D GBSM channel model for V2Vcommunications

The spatial characteristics of the propagation channel have a considerable impact onthe applicability of multi-antenna systems. In this paper, a non-stationary 3-D GBSMvehicle-to-vehicle channel model is proposed in the tunnel environment based on massivemultiple-input multiple-output antenna arrays. Instead of the plane wavefront assumptionsutilized in traditional multiple-input multiple-output systems, the proposed channel modelfor vehicle-to-vehicle communications uses spherical wavefront assumptions. Initially, thechannel impulse response and closed-form expression for the probability density func-tion of angle-of-departure and angle-of-arrival are derived in the elevation and azimuthplanes. Following that, due to the mobility of transmitting and receiving antenna arrays,expressions for the delay spread (DS), Doppler power spectrum density, temporal cross-correlation function, and channel capacity are extracted by examining line of sight andthe non line of sight propagation paths. The influence of numerous model parameterson the temporal cross-correlation function is also investigated, including antenna arrayspacing,K-factor, movement velocity, and time separation. The proposed 3-D model’s sta-tistical characteristics are verified through measurements, simulations, and analytical results,revealing its adaptability and effectiveness in the high-speed-train environment.