The EU's Digital Identity Policy: Tracing Policy Punctuations

This paper analyzes the development of the European Union’s digital identity policy. The analysis focuses on the dynamics leading to a sudden shift from identity management as a sensitive topic under national competence towards a common, harmonized, user-centric European Digital Identity Framework layering on top of Member States’ existing systems. We adopted a syncretic approach to Punctuated Equilibrium Theory and focused specifically on the concept of policy punctuations and policy image. Process tracing is used as a method to trace and interpret causal mechanisms of policy processes. The empirical analysis is grounded in elite interviews and policy documentation. To open up the black box of policy-making, we analyze and disaggregate the policy process. We thereby provide a better understanding of the historical-political and technological mechanisms that determine particular policy outcomes.