Co-evaporation of CH3NH3PbI3: How Growth Conditions Impact Phase Purity, Photostriction, and Intrinsic Stability

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites are highly promising candidates for the upcoming generation of single- and multijunction solar cells. Despite their extraordinarily good semiconducting properties, there is a need to increase the intrinsic material stability against heat, moisture, and light exposure. Understanding how variations in synthesis affect the bulk and surface stability is therefore of paramount importance to achieve a rapid commercialization on large scales. In this work, we show for the case of methylammonium lead iodide that a thorough control of the methylammonium iodide (MAI) partial pressure during co-evaporation is essential to limit photostriction and reach phase purity, which dictate the absorber stability. Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements in ultrahigh vacuum corroborate that off-stoichiometric absorbers prepared with an excess of MAI partial pressure exhibit traces of low-dimensional (two-dimensional, 2D) perovskites and stacking faults that have adverse effects on the intrinsic material stability. Under optimized growth conditions, time-resolved photoluminescence and work functions mapping corroborate that the perovskite films are less prone to heat and light degradation.