Legal Requirements; AI-assisted RE; Natural Language Processing; Requirements Templates
Résumé :
[en] [Context] In legal requirements elicitation, requirements analysts need to extract obligations from legal texts. However, legal texts often express obligations only indirectly, for example, by attributing a right to the counterpart. This phenomenon has already been described in the Requirements Engineering (RE) literature. [Objectives] We investigate the use of requirements templates for the systematic elicitation of legal requirements. Our work is motivated by two observations: (1) The existing literature does not provide a harmonized view on the requirements templates that are useful for legal RE; (2) Despite the promising recent advancements in natural language processing (NLP), automated support for legal RE through the suggestion of requirements templates has not been achieved yet. Our objective is to take steps toward addressing these limitations. [Methods] We review and reconcile the legal requirement templates proposed in RE. Subsequently, we conduct a qualitative study to define NLP rules for template recommendation. [Results and Conclusions] Our contributions consist of (a) a harmonized list of requirements templates pertinent to legal RE, and (b) rules for the automatic recommendation of such templates. We evaluate our rules through a case study on 400 statements from two legal domains. The results indicate a recall and precision of 82,3% and 79,8%, respectively. We show that introducing some limited interaction with the analyst considerably improves accuracy. Specifically, our human-feedback strategy increases recall by 12% and precision by 10,8%, thus yielding an overall recall of 94,3% and overall precision of 90,6%.
Centre de recherche :
Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT) > Software Verification and Validation Lab (SVV Lab)
Disciplines :
Sciences informatiques
Auteur, co-auteur :
SLEIMI, Amin ; University of Luxembourg > Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SNT)
CECI, Marcello ; University of Luxembourg > Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SNT)
SABETZADEH, Mehrdad ; University of Luxembourg > Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SNT)
BRIAND, Lionel ; University of Luxembourg > Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SNT)
Dann, John
Co-auteurs externes :
no
Langue du document :
Anglais
Titre :
Automated Recommendation of Templates for Legal Requirements
Date de publication/diffusion :
2020
Nom de la manifestation :
28th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE'20)
Date de la manifestation :
from 31-08-2010 to 04-09-2020
Manifestation à portée :
International
Titre de l'ouvrage principal :
Proceedings of the 28th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE'20)
Maison d'édition :
IEEE, Etats-Unis
Peer reviewed :
Peer reviewed
Projet FnR :
FNR11801776 - Semantic Metadata And Compliance Rule Extraction From Legal Texts, 2017 (01/01/2018-30/04/2021) - Lionel Briand
T. D. Breaux, M. W. Vail, and A. I. Anton, "Towards regulatory compliance: Extracting rights and obligations to align requirements with regulations, " in Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE?06), 2006, pp. 46-55.
P. Darke and G. Shanks, "Stakeholder viewpoints in requirements definition: A framework for understanding viewpoint development approaches, " Requirements Engineering, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 88-105, 1996.
E. Hull, K. Jackson, and J. Dick, Requirements Engineering. Springer London, 2010.
D. Leffingwell and D. Widrig, Managing Software Requirements: A Use Case Approach. Addison-Wesley, 2003.
R. Young, Effective Requirements Practices. Addison-Wesley, 2001.
J. Young and A. Anton, "A method for identifying software requirements based on policy commitments, " in Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE?10), 2010, pp. 47-56.
T. D. Breaux and D. G. Gordon, "Regulatory requirements traceability and analysis using semi-formal specifications, " in Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality. Springer, 2013, pp. 141-157.
A. Sleimi, N. Sannier, M. Sabetzadeh, L. C. Briand, and J. Dann, "Automated extraction of semantic legal metadata using natural language processing, " in Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE?18), 2018, pp. 302-311.
J. Bentham and H. Hart, Of laws in general. University of London, Athlone Press, 1945.
W. N. Hohfeld, "Fundamental legal conceptions as applied in judicial reasoning, " The Yale Law Journal, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 710-770, 1917.
N. Kiyavitskaya, A. Krausov, and N. Zannone, "Why eliciting and managing legal requirements is hard, " in 2008 Requirements Engineering and Law, 2008, pp. 26-30.
C. Palomares, C. Quer, and X. Franch, "Requirements reuse and requirement patterns: A state of the practice survey, " Empirical Software Engineering, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 2719-2762, 2017.
S. Robertson, "Requirements patterns via events/use cases, " in Proceedings of the Third Conference on the Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP?96), 1996.
M. B. Dwyer, G. S. Avrunin, and J. C. Corbett, "Patterns in property specifications for finite-state verification, " in Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Software Engineering(ICSE?99), 1999, pp. 411-420.
A. Mavin, P. Wilkinson, A. Harwood, and M. Novak, "Easy approach to requirements syntax (ears), " in Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE?09), 2009, pp. 317-322.
Y. Yoshida, K. Honda, Y. Sei, H. Nakagawa, Y. Tahara, and A. Ohsuga, "Towards semi-Automatic identification of functional requirements in legal texts for public administration, " in Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conferenceon Legal Knowledge and Information Systems (JURIX?13), 2013, pp. 175-184.
M. Palmirani, G. Governatori, A. Rotolo, S. Tabet, H. Boley, and A. Paschke, "Legalruleml: Xml-based rules and norms, " in Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Rule-Based Modeling and Computing on the Semantic Web (RuleML?11), 2011, pp. 298-312.
L. Marquez, X. Carreras, K. C. Litkowski, and S. Stevenson, "Semantic role labeling: An introduction to the special issue, " Computational Linguistics, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 145-159, 2008.
D. Gildea and D. Jurafsky, "Automatic labeling of semantic roles, " Computational Linguistics, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 245-288, 2002.
C. F. Baker, C. J. Fillmore, and J. B. Lowe, "The berkeley framenet project, " in Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-ACL?98), 1998, pp. 86-90.
Y. Miyao and J. Tsujii, "Deep linguistic analysis for the accurate identification of predicate-Argument relations, " in Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING?04), 2004, pp. 1392-1398.
K. Kipper, A. Korhonen, N. Ryant, and M. Palmer, "A large-scale classification of english verbs, " Language Resources and Evaluation, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 21-40, 2008.
B. Levin, English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation. University of Chicago Press, 1993.
N. Zeni, L. Mich, and J. Mylopoulos, "Annotating legal documents with gaiust 2.0, " Int. J. Metadata Semant. Ontologies, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 47-58, 2017.
A. Ottensooser, A. Fekete, H. A. Reijers, J. Mendling, and C. Menictas, "Making sense of business process descriptions: An experimental comparison of graphical and textual notations, " Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 596-606, 2012.
Z. Sharafi, A. Marchetto, A. Susi, G. Antoniol, and Y. Gueheneuc, "An empirical study on the efficiency of graphical vs.Textual representations in requirements comprehension, " in Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC?13), 2013, pp. 33-42.
S. Ghanavati, D. Amyot, and A. Rifaut, "Legal goal-oriented requirement language (legal GRL) for modeling regulations, " in 6th International Workshop on Modeling in Software Engineering, MiSE. ACM, 2014, pp. 1-6.
M. Ceci, T. Butler, L. O?Brien, and F. Al Khalil, "Legal patterns for different constitutive rules, " in AI Approaches to the Complexity of Legal Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 105-123.
T. Athan, H. Boley, G. Governatori, M. Palmirani, A. Paschke, and A. Z. Wyner, "OASIS LegalRuleML, " in Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL?13), 2013, pp. 3-12.
T. D. Breaux, "A method to acquire compliance monitors from regulations, " in Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Requirements Engineering and Law (RELAW?10), 2010, pp. 17-26.
N. Sannier, M. Adedjouma, M. Sabetzadeh, and L. C. Briand, "An automated framework for detection and resolution of cross references in legal texts, " Requirements Engineering, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 215-237, 2017.
R. Levy and G. Andrew, "Tregex and tsurgeon: Tools for querying and manipulating tree data structures, " in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC?06), 2006, pp. 2231-2234.
O. Gurevich, R. Crouch, T. King, and V. De Paiva, "Deverbal nouns in knowledge representation, " Journal of Logic and Computation, vol. 18, 01 2006
