The developmental state in ecological modernization and the politics of environmental framings: the case of Singapore and implications for East Asia

In East Asia, climate change as a policy concern has been a late developer. The last decade, however, has seen the mainstreaming of environmental is- sues in core policy circles, but in the form of market-friendly, pro-industrial development framings. This paper problematizes such environmental fram- ings by looking at the politics of state-led ecological modernization and the institutional reforms that have emerged out of it. It argues that State-led ecological modernization necessarily leads to environmental framings that are too narrowly defined by state and industrial interests – hence the focus on carbon emissions, energy security and the impact on Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The State-driven assumption that society can modernize itself out of its environmental crisis through greater advancements in technological development also ignores the fact that this process often leads to the creation of other environmental and social problems, which in turn undermines the fundamental goals of stability and sustainability. Civil society needs to be given greater space in the policy and framing processes in order to have a more balanced policy approach to environmental reform in a more equitable way.